Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology

Browse

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 10 of 15
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    EFFECTS OF SPIRULINA ON POTASSIUM DICHROMATE INDUCED TOXICITIES IN MICE
    (Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2016-12) PAUL, SONTUSH RANJAN
    The present study was performed to observe the effect of spirulina in potassium dichromate induced toxicities in mice. Twenty five healthy mice were randomly divided into five equal groups recognized as T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 .Group T0was kept as a control group whereas T1was only treated with Potassium dichromate 40mg per 100ml drinking water. Group T2 was treated with Potassium dichromate 40mg and spirulina 70mg per 100ml drinking water. Group T3 was treated with Potassium dichromate 40mg and spirulina 140mg per 100ml drinking water. Group T4 was treated with Potassium dichromate 40mg and spirulina 280 mg per 100ml drinking water. Mice of group T0 (only Potassium dichromate) showed sudden onset of depression, restlessness, anorexia. The body weight gain was minimum (36.38%) not gain in mice of only Potassium dichromate treated T1 group in comparison to control group (T0). On the other hand, other treated group i.e Potassium dichromate plus spirulina treated groups T2, T3, and T4 the not gained body weight was 27.58%, 18.25% and 7.79% respectively, which was higher than only Potassium dichromate T1 group. Reduction of TEC, Hb and PCV values were significant (P˂0.01) in T1 (Potassium dichromate treated) groups. However, in potassium dichromate plus spirulina treated rest group’s reduction of TEC, Hb, and PCV were less than Potassium dichromate treated group. From the study, it can be concluded that Potassium dichromate is harmful to the body showing some toxic signs and also alterations some hematological parameters, where as Spirulina was found to be an effective in reduction of body burden of potassium dichromate.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    EFFECTS OF SPIRULINA ON COPPER SULPHATE INDUCED TOXICITIES IN MICE
    (Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2016-12) SARKER, SUJAN CHANDRA
    The present study was performed for finding the effect of spirulina in Copper Sulphate induced toxicities in mice. Twenty five healthy mice were randomly divided into five equal groups recognized as TO, T1, T2, T3 and T4 .Group T0 was kept as a control group whereas T1 was only treated with Copper Sulphate @ 20mg per 100ml drinking water. Group T2 was treated with Copper Sulphate @ 20 mg and Spirulina @ 70mg per 100ml drinking water. Group T3 was treated with Copper Sulphate @ 20 mg and Spirulina @ 140mg per 100ml drinking water. Group T4 was treated with copper Sulphate@ 20 mg and Spirulina @ 280 mg per 100ml drinking water. Mice of group To (only Copper Sulphate) showed sudden onset of depression, restlessness, anorexia. The body weight gain was minimum (54.43%) in mice of only Copper sulphate treated T1 group in comparison to control group (T0). On the other hand, other treated group i.e. Copper Sulphate plus spirulina treated groups T2, T3, and T4 the gaining body weight was 35.29%, 33.83% and 8.82% respectively, which was higher than only Copper Sulphate group T1. Reduction of TEC, Hb and PCV values were significant (P<0.01) in T1 (Copper Sulphate treated) groups. However, in copper plus spirulina treated rest group’s reduction of TEC, Hb, and PCV were less than Copper Sulphate treated group. From the study, it can be concluded that the treatment with spirulina was effective in Copper Sulphate induced toxicities and to restore altered values of Hematological Parameters.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF NITROXYNIL AND GARLIC AGAINST GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODIASIS IN BLACK BENGAL GOATS
    (Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2015-12) DASH, KARTIK CHANDRA
    The research was conducted at Government Goat Development Farm, Sylhet, Bangladesh from October 2012 to November 2012 to observe the comparative efficacy of nitroxynil (Nitronex ® ) and garlic against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected goats. The 30 infested goats (Black Bengal, Capra hircus) were randomly selected from 52 goats and divided into 3 equal groups (A, B and C), each group consisting of 10 goats. Group C served as the untreated control, whereas groups A and B were treated with nitroxynil (Nitronex ® ) and garlic respectively. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated through determination of parasitic prevalence, body weight gain and haematological findings. Faecal and blood samples were collected before treatment on day 0 and on post-treatment day 7, 14, 21 and 28 of study. Pre and post-treatment eggs per gram (EPG) values were recorded and efficacies compared. The results showed that the efficacy of nitroxynil (Nitronex ® ) was 92.57% and garlic 44.01%. Coprocultures from all pre treatment samples showed a predominance of Haemonchus (17.30%) and this was followed by mixed infestation (13.46%), Strongyloides (9.61%), Oesophagostomum (7.70%), Trichuris (5.77%) and Trichostrongylus (3.85%) also present. The body weight of the treated goats were significantly increased (p<0.01). Of the haematological parameters TEC, Hb and PCV values were lower on day 0 but turned to increase (p<0.05 and p<0.01) on day 28 of the study. On the other hand, ESR and TLC were higher before treatment (day 0) but decreased significantly (p<0.05 and p<0.01) on day 28. Finally, the results obtained in this study clearly showed that 10% aqueous solution of garlic (bulb) exerted a moderate anti-nematodial effect. It is also clear that the active ingredient of this plant is soluble in water. Further, pharmacological, chemical and chronic toxicological studies are still needed to evaluate the exact mechanism of action and safety of this plant extract. However, the present study encourages further need for research in to this cheap indigenous anthelmintic medicinal plant against the gastrointestinal nematodial infestation in goats.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIBIOGRAM STUDY OF BACTERIA FROM QUAIL FAECAL SAMPLES IN SYLHET SADAR
    (Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2015-06) AL-AMIN, MD. ABDULLAH
    The study was conducted to isolate and identify different bacteria from Quail in Sylhet Sadar. The study sample was faeces of Quail and was collected from Sarkar Quail and Poultry Hatchery, Kashem Quail and Breeder Hatchery and Shibganj Bazar, Sylhet. The samples were brought to the laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet for isolation, identification and antibiogram study. About 90 samples were examined of which 30 samples from Sarkar Quail and Poultry Hatchery, 30 samples from Kashem Quail and Breeder Hatchery and 30 samples from Shibganj Bazar, Sylhet. Out of 30 samples from Sarkar Quail and Poultry Hatchery 23 samples were positive for Escherichia coli, 20 samples were positive for Salmonella spp. and 05 samples were positive for Pseudomonas spp. Out of 30 samples from Kashem Quail and Breeder Hatchery 25 samples were positive for Escherichia coli, 23 samples were positive for Salmonella spp. and 06 samples were positive for Pseudomonas spp. Out of 30 samples from Shibganj Bazar 26 samples were positive for Escherichia coli, 22 samples were positive for Salmonella spp. and 07 samples were positive for Pseudomonas spp. The percentage of positive samples from Sarkar Quail and Poultry Hatchery for Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were 76.67%, 66.67% and 16.67% respectively. The percentage of positive samples from Kashem Quail and Breeder Hatchery for Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were 83.33%, 76.67% and 20.00% respectively. The percentage of positive samples from Shibganj Bazar for Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were 86.67%, 73.33% and 23.33% respectively. Antibiogram profiles indicate that E. coli isolated from apparently healthy quails were sensitive to Colistin sulphate, Neomycin, Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol and totally resistant to Cloxacillin and Amoxacillin. Salmonella spp. were 100% sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Colistin sulphate and 100% resistant to Amoxicillin, Ampicillin and cloxacillin. Pseudomonas spp. were fully sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Colistin sulphate and totally resistant to Amoxicillin, Ampicillin and Cloxacillin.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE IN SYLHET DISTRICT
    (Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2015-06) SARKER, SHARIFUL ALAM
    Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a disease of zoonotic importance as well as high priority all over the world. Risk factors for bovine tuberculosis in cattle are not well investigated in Bangladesh. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the associated risk factors for bTB along with determination of prevalence in cattle of Sylhet. A cross-sectional study was carried out to elucidate on 100 cattle from 56 households during January to November 2014. The face to face interview using a questionnaire and physical examination of cattle was performed to collect farm and animal level data. Risk factors analysis was done using bivariable followed by multiple logistic regressions with stepwise backward elimination method. The results of the study revealed overall tuberculosis prevalence was 1%. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed no significant association of bovine tuberculosis with other risk factors.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIBIOGRAM OF SALMONELLA FROM DIARRHOEIC CALVES IN SYLHET SADAR UPAZILLA
    (Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2015-06) HOSSAIN, MD. MANIK
    The study was conducted for the isolation, identification and antibiogram study of Salmonella from rectal swab of diarrhoeic calves collected from different dairy farms at Sylhet Sadar Upazilla. A total of 80 rectal swabs were tested; of which 16 (20%) samples were culture positive for Salmonella. All of the isolates revealed similar morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. The isolates produced raised, rounded/circular, smooth, glistening, opaque, colorless, transparent/translucent colonies with black center on SS agar; colorless, smooth, pale and transparent and raised colonies on MacConkey agar; pale pink colored colonies on BGA; colorless/pale colonies without metallic sheen on the EMB agar, and colourless colonies on VRB agar. They fermented dextrose, maltose and mannitol; produced acid and gas, but did not ferment lactose and sucrose. On TSI agar slant, Salmonella showed expected result. The isolates of Salmonella were Methyl red and Citrate Utilization test positive; indole and Voges-Proskauer test negative. In antibiogram study among the 16 isolates of Salmonellae, 16 (100%) were highly sensitive to Ceftriaxone. 68.75% were highly, 12.5% were moderately, 6.25% were less sensitive, and 12.5% were resistance to Cephalexin. 56.25% were highly, 25% were moderately sensitive, and 18.75% were resistance to Gentamycin. 43.75% were highly, 25% were moderately, 12.5% were less sensitive, and 18.75% were resistance to Cotrimazole. 25% were highly, 18.75% were moderately, 43.75% were less sensitive, and 12.5% were resistance to Chloramphenicol, 18.75% were highly, 43.75% were moderately, 25% were less sensitive, and 12.5% were resistance to Amoxicillin, 6.25% were highly, 31.25% were moderately, 18.75% were less sensitive, and 43.75% were resistance to Ampicillin, 50% were moderately, 31.25% were less sensitive, and 18.75% were resistance to Erythromycin, 31.25% were moderately, 18.75% were less sensitive, and 50% were resistance to Nalidixic acid, 100% of the isolates were resistance to Penicillin and Bacitracin. Our study suggests that, Salmonella with antibiotic resistance is circulating among the cattle population in Sylhet Sadar Upazilla, many of the isolates were found multi-drug resistant. As Salmonella is a leading member of the Enterobacteriaceae, it may exchange its resistance criteria to other members of the family. Therefore, continuous monitoring and judicious use of antibiotic must be implemented. Salmonella has huge zoonotic importance that is why veterinarians should be more stringent in applying the proper antibiotic in treating animals.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    EFFECTS OF PROBIOTICS ON GROWTH PERFORM ANCE AND HEM ATO-BIOCHEM ICAL PARAM ETERS IN BROILER AT SYLHET
    (Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2015-06) HOSSAIN, MD. JAKIR
    The research was conducted to observe efficacy of commercially available probiotics on broilers. One hundred Day-Old broiler chicks (Hubbard Classic) were assigned to 4 treatment group (each group contain 25 birds). Treatment group T0 referred to control supplied with no probiotics supplementation, group T1, group T2 and group T3 provided with (Levucell ® SB), SPORICH-PLUS, and Protexin ® ). Chicks were reared for twenty eight days. Body weight was determined at seven days interval. Broilers were scarified at the end of 28 days and whole blood samples were taken for hematological and biochemical analysis. Serum samples were taken and assayed for estimation of biochemical tests. Body weight gains were increased significantly (p<0.01) in birds supplemented with probiotics compared to control group. At 7 &14 days effects on body weight among the probiotics group- T3 (Protexin ® ) worked better which gives more BW (172.964±6.94 gm) & (435.04±9.59 gm) than other two groups which were statistically significant (p>0.01). In case of body weight at 21 & 28 days among the probiotics group- T2 (SPORICH-PLUS) worked better obtained highest BW (1031.81±11.14 gm), (1464.72±13.14 gm) respectively than group T1 (Levucell ® SB), group- T3 (Protexin ® ) and control T0 which was statistically significant (p<0.01). On the other hand at 7 days among these probiotics group- T3 (Protexin ® ) had better performance on FCR (0.896±0.0007) than group T1 (Levucell ® SB), group T2 (SPORICH-PLUS), and control T0 which was statistically significant (p<0.01) in contrast of them FCR at 14 & 21 days among the probiotics group T2 had better performance (1.203±0.001) and (1.310±0.014) than group T1, T3 and control T0 which significant level was (p<0.01) but FCR in 28 days (1.410±0.014) group T2 had better performance than others and significant level was at 5 % (p<0.05). In this the experiment adding probiotics in drinking water had significant effects on these hematological parameters in Hemoglobin (Hb) and Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC) at 5 % level (p<0.05) but on Packed Cell Volume (PCV) had no significant effect p>0.05. Significant effects also found on biochemical parameters on urea (p<0.05), on the other hand effects on other biochemical parameters like Uric Acids, SGOT (AST), SGPT (ALT), Creatinine and Fat had also significant level at 1 % (p<0.01). As any probiotics had significant effects on hematological parameters-Total erythrocytes count (TEC), Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and biochemical parameters- Urea, Uric Acids, SGOT (AST), SGPT (ALT), Creatinine and Fat the best one SPORICH-PLUS was selected on the basis of body weight gain and FCR in broilers.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    EFFECTS OF SPIRULINA ON BODY WEIGHT, HEMATOBIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN ZIENDING DUCKS AT SUNAMGONJ DISTRICT
    (Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2015-06) DAS, POPY
    The present study was undertaken with a view to evaluate the effects of Spirulina in ducks during the period between Januarys to July 2015. One hundred and twenty five (125) ducks their average age about 7 days and average body weight was 158 gm. They were randomly divided into five equal groups (n=25) and marked as T T T T3 and T4 0, 1, 2, groups. Ducks of T group were given normal feed and water and kept as control. Ducks 0 of Group T1 were fed with recommended feed and drinking water treated with spirulina @ 50mg/L. Group T2 were fed with recommended feed and drinking water treated with spirulina @100 mg/L. Group T3 were fed with recommended feed and drinking water treated with spirulina @ 150mg/L. Group T4 were fed with recommended feed and drinking water treated with spirulina @200mg/L throughout the weeks. At the end of 42 days, body weight of birds fed 200, 150 and 100 mg Spirulina/L drinking water was significantly (P≤0.05) heavier by 17.15, 14.92 and 12.39 %, followed by group fed 50 mg Spirulina/L drinking water (9.51%), compared to the control birds. All dietary supplements of spirulina significantly (P<0.05) increased TEC (million/µL) of ducks by 11.55, 16.88, 18.22 and 19.55 % in groups fed 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg Spirulina/L drinking water compared with control group, respectively at the end of 42 days. The present results showed significant (P<0.05) increase in PCV (%) of ducks fed 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg Spirulina/L drinking water by 0.66, 1.32, 1.99 and 2.49% compared with the control group, respectively at the end of 42 days. Inclusion of spirulina in ducks diet significantly (P<0.05) increased Hb (g%), being significantly (P<0.05) higher in groups fed 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg Spirulina/L drinking water by 1.48, 2.05, 2.96 and 3.64% as compared to the control group, respectively at the end of 42 days. All dietary supplements of spirulina were significantly (P<0.05) decreased (SGPT) of ducks by 3.79, 4.69, 5.77 and 6.67 % in groups fed 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg Spirulina/L drinking water compared with control group, respectively at the end of 42 days. The present results were showed significantly (P<0.05) decreased in SGOT of ducks fed 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg Spirulina/L drinking water by 6.99, 10.60, 14.18 and 16.83 % compared with the control group, respectively at the end of 42 days. Present study reveals that spirulina may be helpful for improving good health in ducks.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF ATA (Annona reticulata) LEAF EXTRACTAND IVERMECTIN AGAINST ECTOPARASITES IN GOAT
    (Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2014-12) RAHMAN, MD. RASHIDUR
    The research work was carried out for a period of 6 months from January to June, 2014 in the Department of Pharmacology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet and Sylhet Government Goat Developing Farm to evaluate the comparative efficacy of herbal drug Annona reticulata (English name: Custard apple and locally called ‘Ata’) solutions by spraying (7.5%, 15% and 30%) and Ivermectin against ectoparasitic infestation in goat. Twenty five goats of heavily infested with ectoparasites were selected and randomly divided into 5 equal groups (T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4) each group consisting of 5 goats. Goats of group T0 was kept as infected control. Remaining 4 groups i.e. T1, T2, T3 and T4 were treated with Annona reticulata (Ata) spray and Ivermectin respectively. The efficacy of Ata (Annona reticulate) leaf extract at 7.5 %, 15 % and 30 % were at 62 %, 67 % and 75 % respectively against ectoparasites in goat whereas the efficacy of Ivermectin was 100%. The pre-treatment (0 day) mean values of TEC (8.20±.035, 8.12±0.018, 8.25±0.020, 8.3±0.014, and 8.15±0.017), PCV (30.60±0.017, 30.49±0.028, 30.55±0.018, 30.7±0.035 and 30.3±0.065) and Hb (6.79±0.032, 7.45±0.020, 7.35±0.020, 7.2±0.029 and 7.25±0.018) were in the control and treated groups of T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. On the 28 day of the post-treatment, the mean values of TEC, PCV and HB were significantly (p<0.01) decreased upto TEC (7.7±0.031), PCV (29.5±0.038) and Hb (6.74±0.023) in the control groups but were significantly (p<0.01) increased upto TEC (9.38±0.023, 9.88±0.023, 10.43±0.021 and 11.2±0.038), PCV (31.18±0014, 31.33 ±0.024, 31.65 ±0.035 and 31.51±0.030) Hb (8.15±0.018, 8.27±0.023, 8.37±0.024 and 8.69±0.028) in the treated group of T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. The pre-treatment (0 day) mean values of TLC (7.2±0.037, th 7.28±0.146, 7.58±0.0.085, 7.96±0.170 and 8.46±0.140) and ESR (0.6±0.035, 0.25±0.018, 0.22±0.014, 0.2±0.017 and 0.28±0.0.020) were in the control and treated groups of T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. On the 28 day of the post-treatment, the mean values of TLC were significantly (p<0.01) increased upto TLC (7.58±0.082) and ESR (0.83±0.015) in the control groups but were significantly (p<0.01) decreased upto TLC (7.11±0.063, 7.37±0.069, 7.7±0.022 and 8.03±0.129) and ESR (0.2±0.035, 0.15 ±0.018, 0.13 ±0.011 and 0.15±0.018) in the treated group of T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. In this experiment all the goats following Ivermectin injection and Annona reticulata (Ata) spray remained healthy, no adverse effects and goat’s appetite increased, growth and coat colour improved rapidly.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF NEEM LEAVES, PINEAPPLE LEAVES AND LEVAMISOLE AGAINST GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODIASIS IN SHEEP
    (Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2014-12) SHAHA, ASHIS CHANDRA
    The experiment was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University (SAU), Sylhet for a period of six months from January to June, 2014 to study the effects of neem leaves, pineapple leaves and levamisole HCl against gastrointestinal nematodiasis in sheep. The study included 35 sheep of which 27 sheep were naturally infected and randomly selected 20 sheep on the basis of their egg count by McMaster method. The 20 sheep were divided into 4 groups each consisting of 5 animals. Group T0 served as the infected control group, whereas groups T1, T2, and T3 were treated with neem leaves, pineapple leaves (10% water extract of leaves @ 100 ml/sheep) and levamisole HCl (Levavet ® @ 8 mg/kg body weight), respectively. Faecal and blood samples were collected before treatment on day 0, and on post-treatment days 7 th , th st th 14 , 21 and 28 of study. Pre and post-treatment EPG (eggs per gram) values were recorded and efficacies compared. A significant (p<0.01) reduction of EPG count was found on 7 th , th st th 14 , 21 and 28 day of neem leaves (50.08%, 48.00%, 46.00% and 44.00%), pineapple leaves (40.00%, 37.77%, 35.55% and 31.11%) and levamisole HCl (72.72%, 70.90%, 69.09% and 67.27%) treated sheep. The EPG count of control group were significantly (p<0.01) increased about 2.17%, 4.34%, 8.69% and 15.21% on 7 th th st th , 14 , 21 and 28 day, respectively. The body weight was increased significantly (p<0.01) on 7 th th and 28 day and th (p<0.05) on 14 st and 21 day in neem leaves, pineapple leaves and levamisole HCl treated sheep. In case of control group, the body weight was decreased. After treatment with neem leaves, pineapple leaves and levamisole, total erythrocyte count (TEC) was increased significantly (p<0.01) on 14 th st and 21 day and (p<0.05) on 7 th th and 28 day in sheep. On the other hand total leukocyte count (TLC) was decreased significantly (p< 0.01) on 21 st day and th (p<0.05) on 14 day in sheep. The haemoglobin (Hb) content was increased significantly th (p<0.05) on 14 th and 28 day. The packed cell volume (PCV) was increased significantly th th (p<0.01) on 7 st th , 14 , 21 and 28 day. Levamisole HCl was more effective than neem and pineapple leaves extract against gastrointestinal nematodiasis in sheep. On the other hand comparatively neem leaves extract was more effective than pineapple leaves extract against gastrointestinal nematodiasis in sheep. So from the findings of this study, it is obvious that plant materials (10% water extract of neem leaves and pineapple leaves) have some potential effects on gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep.