Thesis 2011

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Diagnostic Pattern of the Typhoid Fever among the Children in a Tertiary Level Hospital
(East West University, 10/4/2011) Ruben, Asif Imran
Typhoid fever is a significant cause of mortality mostly in the developing countries. It requires rapid and accurate diagnosis followed by proper treatment for the improved outcome. That is why an effective, proper and specific diagnostic process is required that will facilitate, specify and help to determine the treatment of the disease. The main objective of this study was to compare the different diagnostic processes and to find out their effectiveness. This study was performed at the general wards of the ICH (Institute of Child Health) and SSF (Shishu Shastho Foundation). A total of 112 typhoid and 112 non typhoid patients were taken under this study and a structured questionnaire was used for data collection. From the study, it was found that among the patients 59% were male and 41 % were female, indicating that male patients were more prone to the disease than female patients. Majority of the patients belonged to the age group <3 years (40%), followed by 3-<6 years (30%), 6-<9 years (22%) and 9-12 years (8%). Among 112 typhoid patients, 94 have performed Widal test, of which 52% were positive in where 48% were found negative. Again 64 patients have done Blood culture test, where 67% were found positive and other 33% patients were negative. An interesting finding that 51 % patients were positive both in Widal test and Blood culture test where 49% were negative in both the cases. However these negative cases were considered as typhoid fever based on their symptoms. In comparison with the non typhoid patients, there was significant difference in ESR (0.00) where the mean value of typhoid patients (42.0955±20.4507) was higher than non typhoid patients (28.4054±21.56317). Another significant difference was observed in Platelet count, typhoid patients had higher Mean value of (262.8703±135.7310) than the non typhoid patients (346.3874±132.2486). This study also showed that significant difference in neutrophil count where typhoid patients had higher mean value (58.2162±15.7002) than non typhoid patients. But insignificant difference was found in RBC count (0.348). The result of the study showed that the Widal test and Blood culture test are the most significant parameters for the diagnosis of the typhoid fever. So the diagnostic tests should be confirmed to ensure proper diagnosis of typhoid fever which will ultimately lead to specific and precise treatment.
Study of Pharmaceutical Equivalence of Different Brands of Naproxen(500mg)Tablet.
(East West University, 10/4/2011) Afrin, Sabrina
The quality of pharmaceutical finished dosage forms is of major concern to the pharmaceutical industries. An important aspect of the development of any pharmaceutical product is to maintain the quality standards of the product. Pharmaceutical preparations take many shapes and forms and are administered through variety of routes. Oral solid dosage forms particularly the tablet dosage form is the most well known of all. Tablet dosage form of any pharmaceutical company goes through many research studies and experiments to maintain the proper quality standards. Different quality control tests are done to ensure quality product. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of different brands of naproxen tablets which are manufactured in Bangladesh. Different physical parameters like hardness, thickness, friability test were conducted to evaluate the quality of the tablets of different brands of naproxen. To assess its effectiveness potency test was conducted. Method: Four different brands ofNaproxen 500 mg were collected from the local market of Bangladesh. These were evaluated through the Quality control test(Hardness, thickness, friability test& potency test).Result & discussion: The range of hardness test result was 5-8kg. The friability test results were all in range of the standard value. The thickness results are in range. The potency value of all brands of naproxen tablet showed the standard value except Sonap, which is very poor (56.1%). Conclusion: Quality of a product is the major issue for any pharmaceutical company. To ensure quality product a pharmaceutical industry follows the international standards. So it can be said that quality is the main theme of any product. So to maintain the proper quality, quality control parameters must be followed.
In Vitro Antibacterial Susceptibility Test of Tridosil and Azimex-500
(East West University, 10/5/2011) Rahman, Masudur
Azithromycin IS a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic chemically related to erythromycin and clarithromycin. It is used to treat certain infections caused by bacteria, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and infections of the ears, lungs, skin, and throat. Quality of drugs must be controlled to get desired therapeutic effect. In a pharmaceutical sense, quality means checking and directing the degree or grade of excellence of processes and products. Antimicrobial susceptibility test is one of the quality control tests to estimate the quality and purity of antibiotics. It is performed by using disk diffusion test. The objective of the thesis is to measure the sensitivity and purity of the antibiotic by comparing with the standard. It is significant to determine the quality and purity of antibiotics because of rapid occurrence of antibiotic resistance due to use of substandard or poor quality drugs. The test was performed using Tridosil and Azimex-500 in three different concentrations such as 50 n;g, 75 n;g and 100 n;g. Three different species of bacteria such as E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi were inoculated on nutrient agar plates and different concentrations of sample were applied by disc diffusion method and incubated overnight. Inhibitory activity of the antibiotic was measured as zone of inhibition in mm. The zone of inhibition of the sample was compared with the zone of inhibition of the standard. Results show that both Tridosil and Azimex-500 contain sufficient amount of active ingredient which is required to achieve desired therapeutic activity. It indicates that the samples of different brands are manufactured according to GMP guidelines and have the quality which meets the standard specifications.
Sing and symptoms of the Typhoid Fever and ANC among the Children in ICH and SSF.
(East West University, 12/11/2011) Paul, Biplab Chandra
Typhoid fever is a serious and potentially fatal bacterial infection. It can cause symptoms of fever, abdominal pain and constipation. If they are not treated, symptoms can rapidly get worse and lead to serious complications. It is a serious health problem in the African and eastern parts of Asia especially in areas with poor sanitation and no access to clean water, such as India and most of Africa. The signs and symptoms playa major role in the determination of the disease, although it is only confirmed by a proper and acute diagnosis. But in true sense, an appropriate detail of sign and symptoms gives a clear indication to the diagnosis and ultimately treatment of Typhoid fever. Thus a specific, distinctive, clear and meaningful study on the sign and symptoms is vital in the treatment of the disease. The study was a case-control one conducted at the general wards ofICH (Institute of Child Health) and SSF (Shishu Shastho Foundation) to figure out the common sign and symptoms among the Typhoid patients. To conduct the study, a structures questionnaire was used as data source and a total of 112 Typhoid and Non-Typhoid patients were taken into consideration. It was interesting to find out that among the Typhoid patients, 59% were male and 41 % were female, meaning that the disease is much more prone to male. It was also found that the age group <3 years (40%) was the dominant group followed by 3-<6 years 130%),6-<9 years (22%), and 9-12 years (8%).Vomiting, abdominal pain, loose motion and constipation etc were among the leading signs and symptoms in Typhoid ferver according to the study. It signifies that the gastro-intestinal sign and symptoms are prevalent in the disease. But a significant finding obtained during the ANC calculation and Neutropenia measurement.ANC of the group (0-5x 103 ) was dominant in Non-Typhoid patients which is not usual. Again, ~eutropenia was also more prone to the Non-Typhoid patients rather than the Typhoid patients, which may be due to the exclusion of the count of the band forms ofneutrophils in the complete blood count (CBC) differential or genetic or regional differences. The study result also showed that maximum (61%) no. of Typhoid patients came up with two sign and symptoms. However, it is clear from the study that an accurate and specific study of the sign and symptoms and ANC is necessary and facilitates the diagnosis and treatment of Typhoid fever.
In vitro sensitivity study of Zoxanide against clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica.
(East West University, 12/11/2011) Islam, Zahidul
Amebiasis is a very common disease allover the world. Almost 10% people of the world suffer from amoebiasis. Poverty, ignorance, overcrowding, poor sanitation and malnutrition favor transmission and increased disease burden. Entamoeba histolytica is the etiological agent of amoebic dysentery and amoebic liver abscess. The objective of this study was to find out the in vitro sensitivity of Nitazoxanide against clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica. Entamoeba histoiytica isolates were collected from the stool and then cultured in different culture medium. Zoxanide was prepared in different concentrations of 4.6, 2.3 ,1.15 , 0.575 , 0.287 ,0.143 and 0.07187 J.1M using the Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) solvent. They were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. After incubation the isolates of viable Entamoeba histoiytica were counted. The viable counts of the Entamoeba histolytica in each concentration of Zoxanide were compared to the initial concentration as well as the control. As the concentrations of Nitazoxanide decreases (4.6, 2.3, 1.15, 0.575, 0.287, 0.143 and 0.07187 flM), the inhibitory activity of Zoxanide was also found to be decreased. Further studies are needed to check the efficacy of other brands ofNitazoxanide.
Prescription Pattern of Three Upazila Health Complexes of Bangladesh.
(East West University, 12/22/2011) Chowdhury, Md Shaidur Rahman
In developing countries like Bangladesh, medically inappropriate, ineffective, and economically inefficient use of pharmaceuticals is commonly observed in the health care system throughout the world. Various forms of inappropriate prescribing often remain unnoticed by those who are involved in health sector decision making or delivery of health services. This problem will usually come to the attention of health decision makers or managers when there is an acute shortage of pharmaceutical budget and action for cost efficiency is required. This study investigated the pattern of utilization of health care services provided by the Upazila Health Complex (UHC). The overall aim of the study was to identify the factors that are affecting the use of Health Care (HC) services and to provide policy recommendations for improving the utilization of HC facilities at the UHC level. The study focuses on socio-economic factors, knowledge and attitude of the people and demographic factors that are affecting the use of HC services from population perspectives. The irrational use of drugs in the health care system is not only because of the financial reasons but also the policy makers and managers are usually most concerned. Irrational use of drug is harmful for the patients and for the nations.
Socio Demographic Analysis of the Tuberculosis Patients Associated with Anaemia.
(East West University, 12/23/2011) Rouf, Rupak
Bangladesh is one of the endemic region of Tuberculosis and Anaemia is a common complication of pulmonary tuberculosis. Environmental factors such as lacking of health hygienic, poor sanitation, water, food habits, living area, malnutrition, lack of medical care etc. are mainly associated with anaemia in TB. The major objective of this study was to determine different risk factors that are associated with Anaemia in Tuberculosis patients. The study was done at the general ward in National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital (NIDCH), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh. In this study 32 cases of TB patients were taken from the pulmonary TB patients who were infected or suspected to be infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection and blood sample were collected from them. This study gives the brief description of the demographic data of the studied patients including their age, sex, religion, living condition and area, working place, coughing condition, smoking condition and their height and weight. It was found that among the patients 65% were male and 35% were female, indicating that male patient were more prone to the disease than female patients. Majority of the patients belonged to the age group of 18-28 years (75%), followed by 29-39 years (67%), and ~ 40 years (35%). About 78% were unmarried and widowed and 79% were married. The study also shows that among the 23 patients 67% were uneducated/others and among the educated patients there where 44% people have education level between class 1-5, 67% between class 6-10 and 9% between class 10-Higher educations. The data indicates that among the patients there are 95% day labour, 82% employed, 75% bussinessmen & others and 50% housewife & unemployed. 79% have their monthly expenditure between 2500-15000 Tk. and 75% have between 2500-9000 Tk. Among them 83% live in Village, 78% in city, 67% in rural area and 100% in the slum area. Among studied tuberculosis patient 60% people have never smoked, 87% are currently smoking and 80% have smoked before & occasionally. The study also shows the coughing condition of the patients where 80% people have coughing problem before getting tuberculosis infection, 75% people don't. In the study 89% people are new smear positive, 50% people are new smear negative and 87% of people are relapse case and are infected because of previous treatment failure. The result of the study showed that different factors are also associated with anaemia in tuberculosis along with the major cause.
Analysis of Risk Factor for Cancer and its Determinants Among the Population of Bangladesh.
(East West University, 12/4/2011) Rafique, Md Farshad
Cancer is a abnormal mass of tissue, the growth exceed and uncordinant that of normal tissue. The cancer situation in Bangladesh is extremely alarming. In 2002, survivors per 1,000 people were below 2. The survey was conducted among the in-patients and out-patients. In this study an attempt has been made to present a descriptive view of risk factors for cancer in Bangladesh, and it is discussed in relation to age, sex, demographic and composition, occupation of the population, discussed about most common harmful habit, and correlated the harmful habit with cancer types. People living in highly industrialized and mobile tower containing communities with increased environmental risk factors are likely to have a higher probability to develop cancers. The most prevalent cancer in female is breast cancer 5.81% and in case of male the most common cancer is lung cancer 18.13%. In case of female harmful habit betel leaves causes breast cancer 5.32%. In case of male harmful habit smoking causes lung cancer 18.13%. Other cancer were found such as blood cancer 17.07%, gastrointestinal cancer 14.90%, genitourinary cancer 6.04%, neurological cancer 11.88%. This research paper helps for the analysis of risk factors for cancer and its determinants among the population of Bangladesh.
Pharmacological Investigations on Melocanna Baccifera
(East West University, 2011-06-27) Nessa, Meharun
Melocanna baccifera (roxb). ln Brine shrimp lethality bioassay the extract showed strong cytotoxicity where the LCso value of the leave extract was 177.86p9/ml. The neuropharmacological activity was evaluated by using hole cross and open field tests where not significant activity and no exploratory behavior was observed in the leavs extract treated mice as was in mice which were administered reference sedative drug diazepam. The analgesic activity was evaluated using acetic acid induced writhing test at the doses of Sgmg/kg, 100m9/kg and 200m9/kg body weight. The anti-inflammatory activity was measured by using Carrageenan- induced paw oedema.
In Vitro Sensitivity of Ornil and Robic against Clinical Isolates of Entamoeba Histolytica
(East West University, 2011-06-27) Mawarunnesa
unicellular organisms common in the environment: many are parasites of vertebrates vertebrates. Parasitology is the study of parasites and as such does not include bacterial, are viral parasites. Human parasites are separated into intestinal and blood-borne parasites. aside to be defined as intestinal it must have an intestinal life-cycle stage, though it may life-cycle stages in the heart, circulation, lung, tissue, other animals or the environment. These found in the intestines can be categorized into two groups: Protozoa and Helminths. There are four classes of Protozoa commonly found in fecal samples These are differentiated by the method of motility. Protozoa include Giardia, Trichomonas tosporidium, Pneumocystis.
Urinary Disease and Treatment Condition in Bangladesh
(East West University, 5/16/2011) Rahaman, Md. Mahbubur
Urinary system is one of the important part of our body. It is the major organ for waste material elimination from the body,this system started from the kidney and end to the uretharal duct that exposed to the external environment. Any dysfunction of this system is urinary disease. In Bangladesh the severity of this disease is high. Problems in the urinary system can be caused by aging, illness, or injury. As the person get older, changes in the kidneys' structure cause them to lose some of their ability to remove wastes from the blood. Illness or injury can also prevent the kidneys from filtering the blood completely or block the passage of urine. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition in men that affects the prostate gland. BPH is an enlargement of the prostate gland that can interfere with urinary function in older men. It causes blockage by squeezing the urethra, which can make it difficult to urinate .. Most men over age 60 have some BPH, but not all have problems with blockage. Interstitial cystitis (PBSIIC) is a chronic bladder disorder also known as frequencyurgency- dysuria syndrome. In this disorder, the bladder wall can become inflamed and irritated. The inflammation can lead to scarring and stiffening of the bladder, decreased bladder capacity, pinpoint bleeding, and, in rare cases, ulcers in the bladder lining. Kidney stones is the term commonly used to refer to stones, or calculi, in the urinary system. Stones form in the kidneys and may be found anywhere in the urinary system. They vary in size. Some stones cause great pain while others cause very little. The aim of treatment is to remove the stones, prevent infection, and prevent recurrence. Both nonsurgical and surgical treatments are used. Kidney stones affect men more often than women. Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland that results in urinary frequency and urgency, burning or painful urination, a condition called dysuria, and pain in the lower back and genital area, among other symptoms. In some cases, prostatitis is caused by bacterial infection and can be treated with antibiotics. Proteinuria is the presence of abnormal amounts of protein in the urine. Healthy kidneys take wastes out of the blood but leave in protein. Protein in the urine does not cause a problem by itself. But it may be a sign that your kidneys are not working properly. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by bacteria in the urinary tract. Women get UTIs more often than men. UTIs are treated with antibiotics. Drinking lots of fluids also helps by flushing out the bacteria.The name of the UTI depends on its location in the urinary tract. An infection in the bladder is caUed cystitis. If the infection is in one or both of the kidneys, the infection is called pyelonephritis. Urinary incontinence, loss of bladder control, is the involuntary passage of urine. There are many causes and types of incontinence, and many treatment options. Treatments range from simple exercises to surgery. Women are affected by urinary incontinence more often than men. Urinary retention, or bladderemptying problems. Normally, urination can be initiated voluntarily and the bladder empties completely. Urinary retention is the abnormal holding of urine in the bladder, causing pain and discomfort. Causes can include an obstruction in the urinary system, stress, or neurologic problems. This study was accomplished among the 77 patients of urology department of five different hospital in Dhaka city.!t was found that the most common type of urinary disease is the urinary tract obstraction that occure due to the mass formation in the urinary tract.About 29% of patients are suffering from this form of disease.Aolong with the urinary problem the patients are also some associated problem such as asthma, cough ,diabeities etc. As a treatment of the urinary disesase antibiotic drug such as cephalosporin,fluroquinolone,penicillin are used.But all of the disease can not be cure by the drug, in that case surgery is essential.
Investigation of cytotoxicity and anti-microbial property of the methanolic extract of aphanamixis polystachya fruit
(East West University, 5/29/2011) Alam, Md. Shafiul
The purpose of this study was to understand and investigate the cytotoxic and antimicrobial effect of the traditional medicinal plant Aphanamixis polystachya. Toxicologically it is classified under the family Meliaceae. In this paper the study was conveyed on the methanol extract of the fruit of Aphanamixis polystachya. Many researches were done on this plant species by many scholars at different time period but the intention of the study was to emphasize on the possibility of its cytotoxic property. To prove the cytotoxic property and detect its intensity, the Brine Shrimp Lethality Bio-assay and to measure the anti-microbial property Disk-diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) was chosen. After collection, identification and drying the fruit sample, extraction was performed by using methanol solvent system. The extracted components were used to measure the cytotoxicity level over Brine Shrimp Nauplii and anti-microbial property was tested over Candida albicans, Shigella dysentery and Staphylococcus aureus.
Study on Managerial Stress in Pharmaceutical Companies
(East West University, 5/29/2011) Mahmudul, Md. Yusuf Hasan
The purpose of this study is to chart the stressful life of a Manager & the percentage of the stress of the Manager. The study is based on a literature study & quantitative study using a sample of8 Bangladeshi Managers. This analysis is mostly based on Questionnaire regarding Job Stress in Pharmaceutical Sectors. This questionnaire is designed to obtain data for research purpose which helps to calculate the percentage of stress level for the Managers of different Pharmaceutical Companies. The above analysis shows that stress level is much higher for them. They are more stressed after returning home from office. Sometime they experienced chest pain, shortness of breath or panic attack at work. Sometimes have work at home which gives them much pain. Sometimes they are isolated from their friends and family. They try to reduce their workload which is impossible. This also gives them more stress.
Investigation of Different Pharmacokinetic Parameters along with in-vitro Dissolution Study of Metronidazole Immediate Release Tablets of Various Market Preparations Available in Bangladesh
(East West University, 6/1/2011) Rahman, Md. Regouanur
This experiment describes in vitro evaluation of Metronidazole immediate release tablet. Drug release study was evaluated for 75 minutes using United State Pharmacopeia (USP), paddle type (type-2) dissolution apparatus using 0.1 N Hel as the dissolution medium. The release mechanisms were explored and explained with zero order, first order, Hihuchi equations, and Korsmeyer equation. The content of active ingredient was a vital factor in controlling drug release pattern. It was found that after 75 minutes better market preparation Metronidazole maximum released. In this experiment various types of Metronidazole market preparations were used. Their other physical parameters were also studied. Generally, dissolution test is applied to evaluate various formulations for the selection of an optimum one. For this purpose, dissolution parameters are varied to investigate a method that can predict oral rate of absorption of metronidazole.
Management and Treatment of Migraine with the Available Market Preparations of Bangladesh
(East West University, 6/1/2011) Rahman, Md. Anisur
Migraine is a familial disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of headache widely variable in intensity, frequency and duration. Attacks are commonly unilateral and are usually associated with anorexia, nausea and vomiting".A subtype of vascular headaches characterized by periodic unilateral pulsatile headaches which begin in childhood, adolescence, or early adult life and recur with diminishing frequency during advancing years. The two major subtypes are classic migraine (i.e., migraine with aura) and common migraine (i.e., migraine without aura). Migrainous episodes may be associated with alterations in cerebral blood flow. Migraine is most likely a heterogeneous disorder and has trigger factors and multiple physiologic causes like fatigue or emotional stress, Secondary to brain dysfunction, Specific foods or alcohol etc. Symptoms of migraines are the result of a constriction and dilation or widening of arteries in the brain. This process results in the classic symptoms of migraine, which include a severe, throbbing persistent headache that increases in intensity. The first step in getting correct treatment is to get a correct diagnosis. Differential diagnosis of mlgrame may include medical history, headache diary, migraine triggers, investigations (only to exclude secondary causes), EEG, CT Brain etc. Advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of migraine have resulted in important breakthroughs in treatment. For example, understanding of the role of serotonin in the cerebrovascular circulation has led to the development of triptans for the acute relief of migraine headaches, and the identification of cortical spreading depression as an early central event associated with migraine has brought renewed interest m antiepileptic drugs for migraine prophylaxis. However, migraine still remains inadequately treated. Indeed, it is apparent that migraine is not a single disease but rather a syndrome that can manifest itself in a variety of pathological conditions. The consequences of this may be that treatment needs to be matched to particular patients. The management approach of migraine is to reducing the attack frequency and severity, avoiding escalation of headache medication, educating and enabling the patient to manage the disorder, improving the patient's quality of life. Clinical research needs to be devoted to identifying which sort of patients benefit best from which treatments, particularly in the field of prophylaxis. We propose four patterns of precipitating factors (adrenergic, serotoninergic, menstrual, and muscular) which may be used to structure migraine prophylaxis. Finally, little is known about long-term outcome in treated migraine. It is possible that appropriate early prophylaxis may modify the long-term course of the disease and avoid late complications.
Cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of argemone mexicana
(East West University, 6/15/2011) Islam, Israt
Argemone mexicana beJonging to too family of Papaveraceae has been st1.l.iied in this research work. Tre work was carried out fur evaluatbn of bioJogical activities of methanol, ethyl acetate and n-ooxane crude extracts of this phnt with special emphasis on cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity. In too brine shrimp lethality bioassay, too cytotoxicity exhibited by Jrethanolic extract was promising. On the otoor hand, ethyl acetate and n-hexane demonstrated moderate cytotoxic activity, in comparison to positive control (KMn04). Against the test micro-organisms too mne of inhibition prodoced by methanolic, ethyl acetate and n-ooxane crude extract ofArgemone mexicana was partially active and inactive with different co~ntratiom.
Rational Use of Drugs- a Prescription Based Study at Rangpur
(East West University, 6/26/2011) Farhan, Md. Mahshid
Rational Prescribing implies using the right drug for the right patient at the right time in the right dose and manner of administration, at affordable cost and with right information. Rational use of drugs has multi- dimensional aspects which include medical, social and economical values. Medicines are one of the important basic needs for human being. Medicines are to be used in an appropriate and safe way and only when needed. The main objective is to promote the "Rational use of medication" and "Essential drugs concept" in Bangladesh in order to optimize the usefulness of medicines and help bring equity in their access to promote rational prescription, identify magnitude and nature of inappropriate drug utilization and factors which influence the behavior of prescribers and patients, understand the adverse impacts of inappropriate use of drugs; describe factors which influence the decision-making process and specific medication use problems, find out the way of improving rational use of drug by following WHO patterns. This study was conducted in Rangpur medical college and in few clinics situated at Rangpur district. Patient based prescription audit was conducted and 91 prescriptions of patients were collected prospectively between January 2010 to July 2010. The survey was conducted among the in-patients and out-patients. Patient consent was taken and their respective prescription was copied, the data was collected and evaluated by using WHO guidelines
In Vitro Sensitivity Study of Different Brands of Ornidazole against Clinical Isolates of Entamoeba histolytica
(East West University, 6/26/2011) Afrin, Fahmia
Entamoeba histolytica is the etiological agent of amoebic dysentery and amoebic liver abscess. Amoebiasis is one of the most common health problems in the developing countries. Almost 10% people of the world are suffering from amoebiasis. Poverty, ignorance, overcrowding, poor sanitation and malnutrition favor transmission and increased disease burden. The main objective of the study was to find out the in vitro sensitivity of different brands of Omidazole against clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica. Entamoeba histolytica isolates was collected from the stool sample and cultured in different culture medium. Different brands of Omidazole were prepared in different concentrations of 4.6, 2.3 ,1.15 , 0.575 , 0.287 and 0.143 JlM using the Di-methyl sulphoxide (DMSO) solvent and incubated at 24 hours respectively. After incubation the isolates of viable Entamoeba histolytica were calculated. Viable count of the Entamoeba histolytica in each concentration of Omidazole (brands) were compared to the initial concentration and with the Omidazole standard. After 24 hours of incubation concentration of 4.6 JlM showed very few amounts of Entamoeba histoiytica. As the concentrations of Omidazole (brands and standard) decreased (4.6, 2.3 ,1.15 , 0.575 , 0.287 and 0.143 J!M), after 48 hours of incubation the viability of clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica increased These results showed that Omidazole brands were effective to inhibit the growth of clinical isolates Entamoeba histolytica.
Rational Use of Drugs-in Kalkini Upazila, Madaripur, a Prescription Based Study
(East West University, 6/26/2011) Islam, Syed Zahirul
Rational use of drugs has multi- dimensional aspects which include medical, social and economical values. Medicines are one of the important basic needs for human being. The main objective of this study is to promote the "Rational use of medication" in Bangladesh in order to optimize the usefulness of medicines and help bring equity in their access to promote rational prescription, identify magnitude and nature of inappropriate drug utilization and factors which influence the behavior of prescribes and patients, understand the adverse impacts of inappropriate use of drugs; describe factors which influence the decision-making process and specific medication use problems, find out the way of improving rational use of drug by following WHO patterns. This study was conducted at Kalkini Upazila in Madaripur District under Dhaka division. One hospital was chosen to do this work. Patient based prescription Survey was conducted and Fifty five prescriptions of patients were collected prospectively between September and December 2010. The survey was conducted among the in-patients and out-patients. Patient consent was taken and their respective prescription was copied, the data was collected and evaluated by using WHO guidelines & INRUD indicators. In this study, it was found that the average number of drugs was 4.25±1.54 prescribed per encounter, the average number of drugs prescribed by Generic name was 0.127± 0.33 per encounter, the average number of drugs prescribed in Brand name was 4.12± 1.65, the average number of Prescriptions drugs was 1.36±.75 prescribed per encounter, the average number of OTe drugs was 2.56±1.1l prescribed per encounter, the average number of Essential drugs was .61±.78 prescribed per encounter, the average number of Antibiotics was 1±0.66 prescribed per encounter, the average number of Injections was 0.48±.48 prescribed per encounter, the average of Vitamins was 0.127 ±0.38 prescribed per encounter, average consulting time 2.9 (min) & average dispensing time was 3.3 (min). The adequately labeled drug was average 3.38 and this survey also shows that only 36% patients know about the drug dosing schedule and 64% patients don't know about dosage schedule. It was obvious that the prescribing pattern was not rational regarding some particular parameters. Ensuring that the correct drug is given to the appropriate patient should be a high priority for all health professionals.
In-vitro Sensitivity Study of Nitazoxanide against Clinical Iaolates of Entamoeba Histolytica
(East West University, 6/27/2011) Rahman, Mymuna Mahsin
Entamoeba histolytica is the etiological agent of amoebic dysentery and amoebic feber abscess. Amoebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica associated with high morbidity and mortality continues to be a major public health problem throughout the world. Asymptomatic individuals account for almost 90% of the infections. Diarrheal disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries. Poverty, ignorance, overcrowding, poor sanitation and malnutrition favor transmission and increased disease burden. To identify, describe the symptoms of E.histolytica and analysis of the interacting: facts and cure of E.histolytica or more precisely in vitro sensitivity study of different brands of Nitazoxanide against clinical isolates of E.histolytica. The parasite count was adjusted to 6.3 x 105 mL_l in a medium. In vitro drug sensitivity assay of the Nitazoxanide was carried out by using microtiter plates after treatment with different concentration of Nitazoxanide. The experimental concentrations were 0.07, 0.14, 0.28, 0.58, 1.15, 2.3 and 4.6 11M. The viable parasites were counted by beamocytometer. After 24 h incubation the percentages of non viable count of Entamoeba histolytica was 83 .34% and the viable count was 18.65% when the concentration of Nitazoxanide was 0.07 11M. After 24 h incubation the percentages of non viable count was 94.84% and the viable count was 5.15%when the concentration ofNitazoxanide was 4.6 11M and the initial count was 6.3 x 105 mL The result shows that, Nitazoxanide is effective in the treatment ofa broad range of parasitic infections. So, the In vitro sensitivity of Nitazoxanide against Entamoeba histolytica is rugh and it is an innovative treatment option against amoebiasis