Thesis 2011

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    Pharmacological Investigations on Melocanna Baccifera
    (East West University, 2011-06-27) Nessa, Meharun
    Melocanna baccifera (roxb). ln Brine shrimp lethality bioassay the extract showed strong cytotoxicity where the LCso value of the leave extract was 177.86p9/ml. The neuropharmacological activity was evaluated by using hole cross and open field tests where not significant activity and no exploratory behavior was observed in the leavs extract treated mice as was in mice which were administered reference sedative drug diazepam. The analgesic activity was evaluated using acetic acid induced writhing test at the doses of Sgmg/kg, 100m9/kg and 200m9/kg body weight. The anti-inflammatory activity was measured by using Carrageenan- induced paw oedema.
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    In Vitro Sensitivity of Ornil and Robic against Clinical Isolates of Entamoeba Histolytica
    (East West University, 2011-06-27) Mawarunnesa
    unicellular organisms common in the environment: many are parasites of vertebrates vertebrates. Parasitology is the study of parasites and as such does not include bacterial, are viral parasites. Human parasites are separated into intestinal and blood-borne parasites. aside to be defined as intestinal it must have an intestinal life-cycle stage, though it may life-cycle stages in the heart, circulation, lung, tissue, other animals or the environment. These found in the intestines can be categorized into two groups: Protozoa and Helminths. There are four classes of Protozoa commonly found in fecal samples These are differentiated by the method of motility. Protozoa include Giardia, Trichomonas tosporidium, Pneumocystis.
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    Socio Demographic Analysis of the Tuberculosis Patients Associated with Anaemia.
    (East West University, 12/23/2011) Rouf, Rupak
    Bangladesh is one of the endemic region of Tuberculosis and Anaemia is a common complication of pulmonary tuberculosis. Environmental factors such as lacking of health hygienic, poor sanitation, water, food habits, living area, malnutrition, lack of medical care etc. are mainly associated with anaemia in TB. The major objective of this study was to determine different risk factors that are associated with Anaemia in Tuberculosis patients. The study was done at the general ward in National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital (NIDCH), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh. In this study 32 cases of TB patients were taken from the pulmonary TB patients who were infected or suspected to be infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection and blood sample were collected from them. This study gives the brief description of the demographic data of the studied patients including their age, sex, religion, living condition and area, working place, coughing condition, smoking condition and their height and weight. It was found that among the patients 65% were male and 35% were female, indicating that male patient were more prone to the disease than female patients. Majority of the patients belonged to the age group of 18-28 years (75%), followed by 29-39 years (67%), and ~ 40 years (35%). About 78% were unmarried and widowed and 79% were married. The study also shows that among the 23 patients 67% were uneducated/others and among the educated patients there where 44% people have education level between class 1-5, 67% between class 6-10 and 9% between class 10-Higher educations. The data indicates that among the patients there are 95% day labour, 82% employed, 75% bussinessmen & others and 50% housewife & unemployed. 79% have their monthly expenditure between 2500-15000 Tk. and 75% have between 2500-9000 Tk. Among them 83% live in Village, 78% in city, 67% in rural area and 100% in the slum area. Among studied tuberculosis patient 60% people have never smoked, 87% are currently smoking and 80% have smoked before & occasionally. The study also shows the coughing condition of the patients where 80% people have coughing problem before getting tuberculosis infection, 75% people don't. In the study 89% people are new smear positive, 50% people are new smear negative and 87% of people are relapse case and are infected because of previous treatment failure. The result of the study showed that different factors are also associated with anaemia in tuberculosis along with the major cause.
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    Prescription Pattern of Three Upazila Health Complexes of Bangladesh.
    (East West University, 12/22/2011) Chowdhury, Md Shaidur Rahman
    In developing countries like Bangladesh, medically inappropriate, ineffective, and economically inefficient use of pharmaceuticals is commonly observed in the health care system throughout the world. Various forms of inappropriate prescribing often remain unnoticed by those who are involved in health sector decision making or delivery of health services. This problem will usually come to the attention of health decision makers or managers when there is an acute shortage of pharmaceutical budget and action for cost efficiency is required. This study investigated the pattern of utilization of health care services provided by the Upazila Health Complex (UHC). The overall aim of the study was to identify the factors that are affecting the use of Health Care (HC) services and to provide policy recommendations for improving the utilization of HC facilities at the UHC level. The study focuses on socio-economic factors, knowledge and attitude of the people and demographic factors that are affecting the use of HC services from population perspectives. The irrational use of drugs in the health care system is not only because of the financial reasons but also the policy makers and managers are usually most concerned. Irrational use of drug is harmful for the patients and for the nations.
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    In Vitro Antibacterial Susceptibility Test of Tridosil and Azimex-500
    (East West University, 10/5/2011) Rahman, Masudur
    Azithromycin IS a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic chemically related to erythromycin and clarithromycin. It is used to treat certain infections caused by bacteria, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and infections of the ears, lungs, skin, and throat. Quality of drugs must be controlled to get desired therapeutic effect. In a pharmaceutical sense, quality means checking and directing the degree or grade of excellence of processes and products. Antimicrobial susceptibility test is one of the quality control tests to estimate the quality and purity of antibiotics. It is performed by using disk diffusion test. The objective of the thesis is to measure the sensitivity and purity of the antibiotic by comparing with the standard. It is significant to determine the quality and purity of antibiotics because of rapid occurrence of antibiotic resistance due to use of substandard or poor quality drugs. The test was performed using Tridosil and Azimex-500 in three different concentrations such as 50 n;g, 75 n;g and 100 n;g. Three different species of bacteria such as E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi were inoculated on nutrient agar plates and different concentrations of sample were applied by disc diffusion method and incubated overnight. Inhibitory activity of the antibiotic was measured as zone of inhibition in mm. The zone of inhibition of the sample was compared with the zone of inhibition of the standard. Results show that both Tridosil and Azimex-500 contain sufficient amount of active ingredient which is required to achieve desired therapeutic activity. It indicates that the samples of different brands are manufactured according to GMP guidelines and have the quality which meets the standard specifications.
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    In vitro sensitivity study of Zoxanide against clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica.
    (East West University, 12/11/2011) Islam, Zahidul
    Amebiasis is a very common disease allover the world. Almost 10% people of the world suffer from amoebiasis. Poverty, ignorance, overcrowding, poor sanitation and malnutrition favor transmission and increased disease burden. Entamoeba histolytica is the etiological agent of amoebic dysentery and amoebic liver abscess. The objective of this study was to find out the in vitro sensitivity of Nitazoxanide against clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica. Entamoeba histoiytica isolates were collected from the stool and then cultured in different culture medium. Zoxanide was prepared in different concentrations of 4.6, 2.3 ,1.15 , 0.575 , 0.287 ,0.143 and 0.07187 J.1M using the Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) solvent. They were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. After incubation the isolates of viable Entamoeba histoiytica were counted. The viable counts of the Entamoeba histolytica in each concentration of Zoxanide were compared to the initial concentration as well as the control. As the concentrations of Nitazoxanide decreases (4.6, 2.3, 1.15, 0.575, 0.287, 0.143 and 0.07187 flM), the inhibitory activity of Zoxanide was also found to be decreased. Further studies are needed to check the efficacy of other brands ofNitazoxanide.
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    Analysis of Risk Factor for Cancer and its Determinants Among the Population of Bangladesh.
    (East West University, 12/4/2011) Rafique, Md Farshad
    Cancer is a abnormal mass of tissue, the growth exceed and uncordinant that of normal tissue. The cancer situation in Bangladesh is extremely alarming. In 2002, survivors per 1,000 people were below 2. The survey was conducted among the in-patients and out-patients. In this study an attempt has been made to present a descriptive view of risk factors for cancer in Bangladesh, and it is discussed in relation to age, sex, demographic and composition, occupation of the population, discussed about most common harmful habit, and correlated the harmful habit with cancer types. People living in highly industrialized and mobile tower containing communities with increased environmental risk factors are likely to have a higher probability to develop cancers. The most prevalent cancer in female is breast cancer 5.81% and in case of male the most common cancer is lung cancer 18.13%. In case of female harmful habit betel leaves causes breast cancer 5.32%. In case of male harmful habit smoking causes lung cancer 18.13%. Other cancer were found such as blood cancer 17.07%, gastrointestinal cancer 14.90%, genitourinary cancer 6.04%, neurological cancer 11.88%. This research paper helps for the analysis of risk factors for cancer and its determinants among the population of Bangladesh.
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    Sing and symptoms of the Typhoid Fever and ANC among the Children in ICH and SSF.
    (East West University, 12/11/2011) Paul, Biplab Chandra
    Typhoid fever is a serious and potentially fatal bacterial infection. It can cause symptoms of fever, abdominal pain and constipation. If they are not treated, symptoms can rapidly get worse and lead to serious complications. It is a serious health problem in the African and eastern parts of Asia especially in areas with poor sanitation and no access to clean water, such as India and most of Africa. The signs and symptoms playa major role in the determination of the disease, although it is only confirmed by a proper and acute diagnosis. But in true sense, an appropriate detail of sign and symptoms gives a clear indication to the diagnosis and ultimately treatment of Typhoid fever. Thus a specific, distinctive, clear and meaningful study on the sign and symptoms is vital in the treatment of the disease. The study was a case-control one conducted at the general wards ofICH (Institute of Child Health) and SSF (Shishu Shastho Foundation) to figure out the common sign and symptoms among the Typhoid patients. To conduct the study, a structures questionnaire was used as data source and a total of 112 Typhoid and Non-Typhoid patients were taken into consideration. It was interesting to find out that among the Typhoid patients, 59% were male and 41 % were female, meaning that the disease is much more prone to male. It was also found that the age group <3 years (40%) was the dominant group followed by 3-<6 years 130%),6-<9 years (22%), and 9-12 years (8%).Vomiting, abdominal pain, loose motion and constipation etc were among the leading signs and symptoms in Typhoid ferver according to the study. It signifies that the gastro-intestinal sign and symptoms are prevalent in the disease. But a significant finding obtained during the ANC calculation and Neutropenia measurement.ANC of the group (0-5x 103 ) was dominant in Non-Typhoid patients which is not usual. Again, ~eutropenia was also more prone to the Non-Typhoid patients rather than the Typhoid patients, which may be due to the exclusion of the count of the band forms ofneutrophils in the complete blood count (CBC) differential or genetic or regional differences. The study result also showed that maximum (61%) no. of Typhoid patients came up with two sign and symptoms. However, it is clear from the study that an accurate and specific study of the sign and symptoms and ANC is necessary and facilitates the diagnosis and treatment of Typhoid fever.
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    Study of Pharmaceutical Equivalence of Different Brands of Naproxen(500mg)Tablet.
    (East West University, 10/4/2011) Afrin, Sabrina
    The quality of pharmaceutical finished dosage forms is of major concern to the pharmaceutical industries. An important aspect of the development of any pharmaceutical product is to maintain the quality standards of the product. Pharmaceutical preparations take many shapes and forms and are administered through variety of routes. Oral solid dosage forms particularly the tablet dosage form is the most well known of all. Tablet dosage form of any pharmaceutical company goes through many research studies and experiments to maintain the proper quality standards. Different quality control tests are done to ensure quality product. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of different brands of naproxen tablets which are manufactured in Bangladesh. Different physical parameters like hardness, thickness, friability test were conducted to evaluate the quality of the tablets of different brands of naproxen. To assess its effectiveness potency test was conducted. Method: Four different brands ofNaproxen 500 mg were collected from the local market of Bangladesh. These were evaluated through the Quality control test(Hardness, thickness, friability test& potency test).Result & discussion: The range of hardness test result was 5-8kg. The friability test results were all in range of the standard value. The thickness results are in range. The potency value of all brands of naproxen tablet showed the standard value except Sonap, which is very poor (56.1%). Conclusion: Quality of a product is the major issue for any pharmaceutical company. To ensure quality product a pharmaceutical industry follows the international standards. So it can be said that quality is the main theme of any product. So to maintain the proper quality, quality control parameters must be followed.
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    Diagnostic Pattern of the Typhoid Fever among the Children in a Tertiary Level Hospital
    (East West University, 10/4/2011) Ruben, Asif Imran
    Typhoid fever is a significant cause of mortality mostly in the developing countries. It requires rapid and accurate diagnosis followed by proper treatment for the improved outcome. That is why an effective, proper and specific diagnostic process is required that will facilitate, specify and help to determine the treatment of the disease. The main objective of this study was to compare the different diagnostic processes and to find out their effectiveness. This study was performed at the general wards of the ICH (Institute of Child Health) and SSF (Shishu Shastho Foundation). A total of 112 typhoid and 112 non typhoid patients were taken under this study and a structured questionnaire was used for data collection. From the study, it was found that among the patients 59% were male and 41 % were female, indicating that male patients were more prone to the disease than female patients. Majority of the patients belonged to the age group <3 years (40%), followed by 3-<6 years (30%), 6-<9 years (22%) and 9-12 years (8%). Among 112 typhoid patients, 94 have performed Widal test, of which 52% were positive in where 48% were found negative. Again 64 patients have done Blood culture test, where 67% were found positive and other 33% patients were negative. An interesting finding that 51 % patients were positive both in Widal test and Blood culture test where 49% were negative in both the cases. However these negative cases were considered as typhoid fever based on their symptoms. In comparison with the non typhoid patients, there was significant difference in ESR (0.00) where the mean value of typhoid patients (42.0955±20.4507) was higher than non typhoid patients (28.4054±21.56317). Another significant difference was observed in Platelet count, typhoid patients had higher Mean value of (262.8703±135.7310) than the non typhoid patients (346.3874±132.2486). This study also showed that significant difference in neutrophil count where typhoid patients had higher mean value (58.2162±15.7002) than non typhoid patients. But insignificant difference was found in RBC count (0.348). The result of the study showed that the Widal test and Blood culture test are the most significant parameters for the diagnosis of the typhoid fever. So the diagnostic tests should be confirmed to ensure proper diagnosis of typhoid fever which will ultimately lead to specific and precise treatment.