Department of Civil Engineering
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Item A Case Study and Implementation of Lean Manufacturing in an Apparel Industry.(Daffodil International University, 23-07-29) Anik, MD. SalauddinThis report is titled A study on process excellence (LEAN) and its implementation in apparel Industries. The ability to put a new product or a new process on the market as quickly as possible is becoming increasingly important. For designing affordable and profitable products based on market realities and consumer expectations, systematic management is required. It is important to take into account open innovation, which is currently the subject of intense discussion and widespread adoption. Only a logical user interface and effective information management can make a number of good ideas work together successfully. An strategy for such a systematic innovation management is called "Design for Lean." This idea was created to realize innovations in a target-oriented manner, and it is closely related to the Lean approach, which is presently used globally to improve existing operations. Lean integrates a number of critical elements, such as the proactive involvement of employees, customer-focused product creation, the lowering of product and process complexity, and the regulation of innovation through a standardized process. The current toolkit exemplifies the tried-and-true strategy used by UMS to implement Design for Lean. Its constituent tools are arranged in a logical and comprehensible manner according to the process paradigm of Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, and Verify. It is simpler to coordinate the development of creative, target-oriented products and processes when the structure, which can be thought of as a red thread, is used. Through this thesis, I have tried to find out about process excellence (LEAN) & its practical implementation in Unifill Group’s Sister Concern Aman Graphics & Design Ltd. Which is a readymade garments( Knit & Woven) specialized in baby’s wear.Item A Case Study on the Sanitation System in Corail and Bagan Bari Slum Area(Daffodil International University, 22-09-01) Biswas, Shakirul IslamThe analysis of the Slum area visits explored in this work. I visit the place and watched their lifestyle. I study about sanitization, did research, and collect previous data through NGO and internet research. For a healthy life, we all need safe drinking water, and an environment to breathe easily. We need to understand we are destroying the environment for our future generations. We need to maintain a healthy lifestyle through health organizations provided by the government. In slum areas, people carry most germs with their bodies and they meet with us in a public place. They are not wearing any masks. The present study was conducted on slum people's lifestyles from October 2021 to August 2022. Their previous condition and present condition have been clarified. The authority must take necessary steps to control their unhealthy lifestyles. Keywords: Slum area, unhygienic latrine, sanitationItem A Comparative Study of M10 and M15 Concrete's Strength Using Hand Mixing Method & Machine Mixing Method(Daffodil International University, 22-10-12) Hossain, Shazzad; Amin, Md.Ruhul; Hossain, SabbirThe concrete cylindrical compression test was used in our studies of compressive strength tests as a partial replacement for fine aggregate. M10 concrete mix has a cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate ratio of 1:3:6, whereas M15 has a cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate ratio of 1:2:4. Both Hand Mixing and Machine Mixing have been utilized in the production of concrete cylinders, and both M10 and M15 ratios have been achieved. When making concrete, it is common practice to mix the components by hand rather than using a mixer machine. Concrete mixing without a mixer is reserved for low-volume projects when both the quantity of concrete needed and the need of a consistent mix are minimal. Machine mixing refers to combining the concrete materials in a concrete mixer. We began by sieving fine aggregates (sand) and course aggregates (stone chips). The slam test was then performed by mixing M10 and M15 concrete by hand and machine. We ended up making 36 concrete cylinders in total. On the UTM machine, we tested the compressive strength of those concrete cylinders. Experiment were done to analyze the compressive strength of M10 and M15 concrete using hand mixing method and machine mixing method. Also, we compare compressive strength of M10 and M15 Concrete between hand mixing and machine mixing method. The Highest Compressive strength achieved by Hand Mixing method for M10 4.46 N/mm2 at 28 days. Study result reveals that highest Compressive strength achieved by Machine Mixing method for M10 9.29 N/mm2 at 28 days, the Highest Compressive strength achieved by Hand Mixing method for M15 4.46 N/mm2 at 28 days, the Highest Compressive strength achieved by Machine Mixing method for M15 9.55 N/mm2 at 28 days.Item A Comparative Study of Several Parameters of Cement Available in Local Markets in Bangladesh(Daffodil International University, 22-12-24) Hassan, Md. Tajbiul; Akter, Josna; Islam, Md. MafikulCement tests are carried out to determine the durability and distinctive qualities of cement. Today, a number of tests on cement are used to evaluate its quality. Various Cement Testing Methods are used to determine cement's qualities, including its specific gravity, strength, fineness, consistency, etc. Before using a material in a construction project, it must be tested. We have worked with cement of different companies in Bangladesh market, we have worked with cement of four types of companies, which are Shah Cement, Fresh Cement, Premier Cement, Bengal Cement. With four types of cement, we have done three types of tests which are Normal Consistency, Initial Setting Time, and Compression Strength test of Cement mortar. Normal Consistency, Initial Setting Time, Compression strength Test of Cement mortar after testing these we got many results which we describe below. Premier cement at 30% of water for (90 ml) and penetration 10 mm. Premier cement at 30% of water for (90 ml), It took 165 minutes for penetration 25 mm. Shah Cement for 28 days compression test of cement mortar was found to be 28.28 Mpa.Item A Comparative Study on Conventional and Sustainable Wash processes in Denim Garments for Environmental Impacts(Daffodil International University, 23-03-12) Rashed, Md.; Islam, Sanzir; Bahadur, Md. ArmanAs the faded denim or old look denim is favored by the present youth, washing has become a vital issue for the technologists to change denim attire to satisfy the interest of existing pattern. The primary elements influencing shoppers when choosing articles of clothing are stylish appearance and design. Denim articles of clothing are oppressed in mechanical washing to get explicit appearance and handle. The washing and completing cycles are used with the end goal of design and extraordinary plans are applied for various impacts which are very noteworthy for promoting denim market. Denim also plays a vital role in our economy. The aim of this paper is to find out the effect of changes occurs in physical properties of denim when it is subjected to conventional wash or sustainable wash. To comparing the conventional wash and environment friendly sustainable wash. In the report we try to figure out the changes of Environment Impact for denim after wash and before wash, and compared them to each other. Weight loss percentage also include in the report. We used denim fabric (70% cotton, 28 % polyester 2 % Viscose). We take EMI score for sustainable wash and conventional wash. The EMI score for both tests are measured with the help of lab. This score indicates (0-33 low impact), (34-66 medium impact) above 66 is high impact on environment. Which is not good for environment. We find Sustainable wash chemical, water impact, chemical consumption is less than conventional wash. We try to find out new technology in denim wash, which will be fruitful for this sector and sustainable wash. In this paper with the help of our teacher we tried to know some upcoming technology which is necessary for denim development, like, laser machine, ozone machine effect on denim wash. With the use of these machine denim development will be improved in a sustainable way.Item A Comparative Study on M15 and M20 Concrete Strength Variation Using Hand Mixing and Machine Mixing Method(Daffodil International University, 22-12-22) Islam, Daudul; Hassan, Arif; Kamal, Sadia; Shekh, Md. NuralamConcrete is one of the oldest and most widely used building materials in the world, mostly because it is inexpensive, readily available, has a long lifespan, and can withstand harsh weather conditions. There are many ways to produce concrete in this modern day like Ready mixing, Machine mixing and Hand mixing concrete. The primary goals of this experiment are to determine the most cost-effective concrete and to compare the effects of hand mixing and machine mixing on the compressive and split tensile strengths of concrete.In the current experimental study, concrete mixes with proportions M15 and M20 were used. A total of 72 cylinders, 4 inches in diameter and 8 inches high, were cast and tested experimentally. These cylinders were used to measure the compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete after 7, 14 and 28 days. Samples were removed from the curing tank just prior to testing. A compression test was performed using a compression tester (UTM). We found the maximum compressive strength is 2442 psi for M20 and 2151 psi for M15 concrete by using Machine mix procedure. The value of Hand mix concrete is 1619 psi for M20 and 1431 psi for M15 grade concrete. Again, in the split tensile strength test we get better value for Machine mix rather than Hand mix concrete. So, it is clear that the Machine mixing concrete is more effective than Hand mixing concrete for any types of constructions. Keyword: Hand mixing, Machine mixing, Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Economical cost.Item A Comparison of Characteristics of Waste Plastic, Crumb Rubber and Polymer Modified Bitumen Based on Previous Studies(Daffodil International University, 2021-01-21) Rakhi, Nusrat Jahan; Mridha, Abdul Ahad; Bristy, Sharmin Nahar; Murad, Md. Saiful IslamTransportation plays an important role in the rapid economic development of a nation. Transportation increases the quality and variety of consumer goods, thereby stimulating the demand and development of trade and economy of the nation. Transport provides various employment opportunities and boosts up the economy of the country. Roads make a crucial contribution to economic development and growth and bring important social benefits. They are of vital importance in order to make a nation grow and develop. In addition, providing access to employment, social, health, and education services make a road network crucial in fighting against poverty. Roads open up more areas and stimulate economic and social development. Every year more and more roads are being constructed which needs a huge collection of bitumen. The primary objective of this thesis is to Comparison on Specific gravity, Ductility, Softening Point, of bitumen modified by waste plastic, crumb rubber & polymer. Comparison of Optimum binder content on each case of modification. Environmental impact assessment for each case. Recommendation for the best modifier of Bitumen Among these three materials. The data of the previous research are collected to determine the best modifiers of bitumen. Finally, considering the optimum point, we recommend the best bituminous modifier for decreasing the cost and quality improvement of bitumen.Item A Comprehensive Analysis Of Socio-Economic And Travel Behavior Factors Influencing University Students Mode Choice In The Daffodil Smart City Area(Daffodil International University, 2025-11-24) Mannan, Md Abdul; Hoq, Mohammad JahirulThis study presents a comprehensive analysis of the socio-economic and travel behaviorfactors that are usually influence the kind of mode choice to university students in the Daffodil Smart City area of Ashulia sub-urban of Dhaka. As urban expansion through the help of sub-urban surroundings and rising student populations reshape mobility asneeds, understanding the determinants of students travel decisions becomes type of crucial for sustainable transport planning as part of sustainable development. Based on previous theories of mode choice and existing empirical research in Dhaka and Toronto,this study explores the state of variables as travel time, cost, distance, etc. Home income, gender, vehicle ownership and possession of a license is everlasting. Influence selection of students among the alternative modes of transport that are available to commute. Firstly, the main survey data were gathered among the students of the university who live and study there studying in or around the Daffodil Smart City campus as similar to Halls. And modelled with discrete choice techniques, such as Multinomial Logit. They are (MNL), Nested Logit (NL) and Cross-Nested Logit (CNL) frameworks. The results disclose that that travel charge, income and time do not merely considerably affect student choices. But also behavioral change and frequency of trips, and socio-economic factors including additional and significant roles in are played by income, gender and vehicle ownership. Selecting mode preferences of eight available modes what can be chosen as mode. As an output of the study, the sensitivity of students tend to is mentioned. Affordability and accessibility, which implies preference of public and non-motorized. Among the lower-income groups. This discovery will provide a useful contribution. To those accountable policy-makers who make policy about such, transport planners, and university administrations wishing to develop inclusive and student-friendly mobility. Policies that enhance sustainability and equitable access of transport modes in the university and local or local modes are available in the emerging urban universities similar to the Daffodil Smart City area.Item A Comprehensive Study on Reinforced Concrete Building at Different Seismic Zones In Bangladesh(Daffodil International University, 2025-07-24) Rayhan, Md.; Mondol, Md. Tohidul; Bhowmik, Saurav; Islam, Md. AmirulThis thesis examines the seismic performance and cost implications of a low-rise garment factory (150 x 72 ft, 79 ft tall) across all four seismic zones defined by BNBC-2020, using ETABS-21 for structural analysis. In the absence of shear walls, Zone 4 demonstrates the highest seismic vulnerability, with a maximum storey displacement of 3.5 inches at the rooftop and a peak drift of 0.015hx between the second and third floors. These results underscore the necessity for high-strength steel (compressive strength >40 MPa, tensile strength >60 ksi) and flexible or hybrid structural systems to ensure stability and safety in this high-risk zone. For Zones 1–3, a 1.5–2.5% reinforcement rate is adequate to maintain structural integrity, assuming stable interest rates. The analysis indicates that base shear values from ETABS-21 are 5–15% lower than those derived from BNBC-2020, highlighting the need for additional verification to meet safety standards. In Zone 2, elevated rebar demand promotes the use of larger columns (16" x 16"), which can reduce material costs by up to 15%, enhancing cost efficiency. The study emphasizes the unique seismic challenges faced by Bangladesh’s garment industry, a vital economic pillar, necessitating advanced construction techniques and modern earthquake- resistant technologies. By integrating high-strength materials and optimized structural designs, the research advocates for safer, more cost-effective, and sustainable building practices. These findings are critical for ensuring the durability and resilience of industrial structures in seismically active regions while complying with BNBC-2020 standards. The thesis strongly supports zone-specific design strategies to address varying seismic risks, promoting innovative engineering solutions that balance safety, efficiency, and sustainability. This approach is essential for supporting Bangladesh’s infrastructure development and economic stability, particularly in the garment sector, which faces significant environmental challenges. By adopting these advanced methods, the industry can achieve long-term resilience, ensuring both worker safety and economic viability in the face of seismic hazards, thereby contributing to the nation’s sustainable growth and development.Item A Comprehensive Study on Road Accident in Dhaka -Tangail (N4) Highway based on FIR data from Highway Police(Daffodil International University, 2024-11-11) Sajib, AKM Sabbir Ahmed; Banik, TanmoyOne of Bangladesh's busiest and most significant highways, the Dhaka-Tangail highway links the nation's capital city with its northern areas. Nevertheless, in spite of its importance, the highway is notorious for having a high number of traffic accidents. Because of the deaths, injuries, and property damage these accidents produce, they are becoming a major source of concern for the public and for the government. Dhaka Tangail highway still a dead trap. 229 deaths in 133 road accidents in a year. According to a study released by RSF (Reporters Without Borders), 186 individuals sustained injuries on the Dhaka-Tangail route in total last year. 78 more persons lost their lives in 47 motorcycle accidents. 48 bystanders or pedestrians and 54 additional auto rickshaw passengers perished in those incidents.Item A Comprehensive Valuation Report on a Proposed Mortgage Property(Daffodil International University, 2025-01-12) Hossen, Md AnowerThis report presents an in-depth property valuation of a proposed mortgage, located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study includes a detailed examination of the land, building structure, utilities, and other factors influencing the property's overall market value. The property surveyed is a three-storied residential building, with a plinth area of 2490 sq. ft. and a total floor area of 6232 sq. ft. The structure is built on a pile foundation with an RCC frame, ensuring durability and stability. Utilities such as gas, water, and electricity are readily available, enhancing the property's appeal. The market value of the property was calculated at Tk. 4,23,27,500.00, while theforced sale value is estimated at Tk. 3,38,62,000.00. Depreciation was applied using the Straight-Line Method at a rate of 2.5% annually. Furthermore, the value of the property as eligible security was assessed at Tk. 2,11,63,750.00. This valuation report highlights the importance of precise and reliable property assessment, particularly in the context of mortgage security. The findings affirm that the property holds significant market value and serves as a secure asset for both the lender and the borrower due to its advantageous location and the ongoing development of the surrounding area.Item A Comprehensive Valuation Report on a Proposed Mortgage Property(Daffodil International University, 2025-01-12) Hossen, Md AnowerThis report presents an in-depth property valuation of a proposed mortgage, located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study includes a detailed examination of the land, building structure, utilities, and other factors influencing the property's overall market value. The property surveyed is a three-storied residential building, with a plinth area of 2490 sq. ft. and a total floor area of 6232 sq. ft. The structure is built on a pile foundation with an RCC frame, ensuring durability and stability. Utilities such as gas, water, and electricity are readily available, enhancing the property's appeal. The market value of the property was calculated at Tk. 4,23,27,500.00, while the forced sale value is estimated at Tk. 3,38,62,000.00. Depreciation was applied using the Straight-Line Method at a rate of 2.5% annually. Furthermore, the value of the property as eligible security was assessed at Tk. 2,11,63,750.00. This valuation report highlights the importance of precise and reliable property assessment, particularly in the context of mortgage security. The findings affirm that the property holds significant market value and serves as a secure asset for both the lender and the borrower due to its advantageous location and the ongoing development of the surrounding area.Item A Performance Study of Shear Wall for Different Positions in Building Plan Configuration.(Daffodil International University, 2021-01-31) Miah, Md. Kaium; Rana, Md. Masud; Hosen, Md. BayezidThe consequences of lateral loads like earthquake loads, wind loads and blast forces are the highest considerations subject now a days. Provide enough strength and stability in counter to the lateral loads is one of the most difficult challenges faced by designers. To safeguard the structure against lateral loads provides shear wall in the structures as counteract object of lateral forces. The present papers describes the performance of shear wall for different positions in building plan configuration. The design and analysis of the building with RCC shear wall is carried out using software ETABS. Earthquake load and the various parameters like response factor, reduction factor, importance factor and Zone factor are taken from BNBC 2020. The target of this thesis is to determine the appropriate positions of shear wall in the building to get better strength and stability of the structure. To achieve the goal in four places were analyzed. Therefore, one model without shear wall and other three with shear walls in different positions. There are 10 storied building has been considered. Effects of varying positions of shear walls and comparison of the results of displacements, drift and rebar percentages is presented. Shear wall structure is an efficient seismic resistance structural system. Shear wall give stiffness & strength laterally and can easily control horizontal displacement. Shear wall plays an important role when two or more walls are attached. The results are optimal for seriously considering all of the factors.Item A Representation of Dynamic Traffic Volume Analysis for a Corridor of Mirpur Road adjacent to Daffodil International University(Daffodil International University, 2019-10-12) Morshed, Neaj; Mohammad, Taj; Bostame, Md. BayjidTraffic congestion is a critical concern in most cities. Inefficient traffic control wastes time and fuel and causes harmful carbon emissions, road accidents, and many economic problems. This thesis focuses on a cooperative traffic control framework for optimizing the travel time also for a better uniform traffic Flow in multiple intersections of Mirpur Road. To reach the goal, we firstly select four intersections from Mirpur road. The number of upward and downward vehicles in each intersection will be calculated for three scheduled times of the day. We need to count traffic volume in order to better portrait the congestion scenario. Then we shall transform the count data to PCU (Passenger Car Unit) based on a standard reference. At the same time, each intersection co-ordinate has to be extracted to draw the polygon line using ArcGIS application in order to simulate the traffic volume dynamically over the days of data collection. Finally, we will obtain the simulation output which will help to represent the current traffic situation on the Mirpur road. However, the data count may not be decent enough to portrait the actual situation yet this could be a helpful approach for proceeding towards the digitalization of the traffic count on a real scale. Thus, in future studies this approach can be utilized to determine the procedure for automation of traffic signals as well as implementing state of the art concepts for an alleviated congestion scenario.Item A Representation of the Congestion Situation Including Saturation Flow Analysis Adjacent to Daffodil International University(Daffodil International University, 2020-01-08) Sarkar, Md. Nafiul Islam; Hemal, Afrose-Al-Raza; Islam, Md. MonirulTraffic is now a growing concern in most cities around the world. Inadequate traffic control wastes time and energy and causes harmful carbon emissions, road accidents and many economic problems. This thesis focuses on a cooperative traffic control framework to optimize travel time for better uniform traffic flow across multiple sections of Mirpur Road. To reach the target, we first select three segments from Mirpur Road. The number of vehicles up and down in each section will be calculated for the three scheduled times of the day. We need to count traffic to get a better picture of the traffic scene. We will then convert the calculated data into a PCU (passenger car unit) based on a standard reference. We will determine the capacity of the road for the selected sections and we will also determine the saturation flow for the selected intersections. Lastly, a comparison will be made between our roadway capacity and saturation flow. Then compare the output which will help to represent the current traffic conditions of the Mirpur road. However, while data computation may not be decent enough to illustrate the actual situation, it may be helpful to have a true scale of information to help traffic computation lead to digitalization. Thus, in future studies this approach can be used to determine the method of automation of the traffic signals.Item A Review on the Utilization of Rice Husk Ash as Admixture in Concrete(Daffodil International University, 2024-07-15) Roy, Tithi; Hossain, FihadTo evaluate the usage of rice husk ash as an additive in a typical setting, the effects of adding RHA to concrete grades 20 and 30 at 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively, are determined. The recovered husk was sun dried, screened, and burned in an incinerator set at 400 degrees Celsius. After cooling and passing through a 425μm screen, the ash wasadded as an additive during mixing. Both grades of concrete were mixed, and both fresh and hardened concrete's characteristics were evaluated. The CS of a cylinder of RHA concrete samples that were curing in water was measured at 7, 14, and 28 days, respectively. The findings demonstrated that, for both concrete classes, the slump of RHAconcrete increases as the percentage of RHA added increases. The addition of 5% and 10% RHA, respectively, increases the cs of samples of both concrete classes cured in water; however, the strength gain was greater with the addition of 5% RHA. 15% addition of RHA lower than others two percent of addition of rice husk ashItem A study of knit faults and their inspection in weft knit fabric production.(Daffodil International University, 2024-02-12) Rahman, MD Atikur; zaman, MD RasheduzOn this examination, many types of single and double jersey machine faults were completed, and this article is focused on wastage and how this type of fault can be reduced. We also focused on several types of issues that the system faces while functioning. We have a problem. The main issue with these machines is waste. We have certain dyeing and finishing flaws that we have discovered and are working on developing. We plate how we can cut down on textural waste. Analyze the distinct typeof existing procedure and the fault-creation technique. It was quite tough to identify those flaws and develop them in the same manner. However, in this experimental work, we know how to accomplish it and how to solve any problems that arise. For this investigation, we collected several samples of typical knit fabric flaws as well as some quality inspection sheets completed using the four-point system approach from two reputable textile industries. We first analyzed the data from the quality inspection sheet, and then we examined how changing the stitch length affects the increase or decrease of mainly occurring flaws on grey knit materials. We collect all fault sample from“FABRICA KNIT COMPOSITE LTD.” “FAKHRUDDIN TEXTILE MILLS LTD,”Item A Study of Water Quality Parameters in Turag and Karnatuli Rivers:(Daffodil International University, 2024-06-26) Somaiya, Rahema Akter; Hossain, Md. MosaddekWater quality assessment plays a pivotal role in understanding the health and ecological status of freshwater ecosystems. This study investigates the spatial and temporal variations in water quality parameters in the Turag and Karnatuli rivers, employing a comparative approach. Seven sampling locations along the rivers were selected, considering factors such as industrial activities and ecological significance. Water samples were collected during both wet and dry seasons to capture seasonal variability. A comprehensive suite of water quality parameters, including pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), temperature, and turbidity, were analyzed. Statistical analyses, including Water Quality Index (WQI) calculations and correlation matrices, were employed to elucidate patterns and relationships among the parameters.Item A Study on different types of knit fabric faults and their inspection.(Daffodil International University, 2024-05-26) Joy, Estiak Ahammed; Ahmad, Md.Ripon; Mia, Safayet SajimOn this examination, many types of single and double jersey machine faults were completed, and this article is focused on wastage and how this type of fault can be reduced. We also focused on several types of issues that the system faces while functioning. We have a problem. The main issue with these machines is waste. We have certain dyeing and finishing flaws that we have discovered and are working on developing. We plate how we can cut down on textural waste. Analyze the distinct type of existing procedure and the fault-creation technique. It was quite tough to identify those flaws and develop them in the same manner. However, in this experimental work, we know how to accomplish it and how to solve any problems that arise. For this investigation, we collected several samples of typical knit fabric flaws as well as somequality inspection sheets completed using the four-point system approach from two reputable textile industries. We first analyzed the data from the quality inspection sheet, and then we examined how changing the stitch length affects the increase or decrease of mainly occurring flaws on grey knit materials. We collect all fault sample from “MARMA COMPOSITE LTD INTERNATIONAL CLASSIC COMPOSITE LTD,”Item A Study on E-Waste Management Practices In Dhaka, Bangladesh(Daffodil International University, 2025-07-24) Ahmed, Md Shahariar; Azgor, AliE-waste is now a significant issue affecting people in many different places. This country is highly affected as it isn’t well managed, has unenforced laws and uses a lot of unofficial recycling. Information from ten repair shops and five vandal shops was studied to investigate how e-waste is managed in Bangladesh. The study confirmed that most e-waste is handled in an unofficial way, endangering people and the environmentbecause of the use of lead, mercury and cadmium. A sustainable approach to managing e-waste in Bangladesh can protect the environment and benefit both the economy and people by mixing good practices found in Bangladesh with those from other countries. In comparison, an amount of 710 kg of waste is expected each month, consisting mainly of mobile phones (12%), laptops (13%), televisions (17%), refrigerators (15%), batteries (17%) and various electrical parts (26%). The problems are increased when recycling and disposal procedures are not followed properly. Of these findings, 73% chose to sell their e-waste to third parties that were not regulated and 27% simply threw it away in locations not closely monitored. Very few workers, only 27% and 13%, understand recycling and proper disposal methods, respectively.
