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Item A Biotechnological Strategy to Improve Indigenous Potato Cultivars of Bangladesh with Enhanced Starch Content(University of Rajshahi, 2011) Alam, Mohammad Mahbube; Hossain, M. MonzurPresent study was under taken with a view to improve the yield potential of indigenous (local) potato varieties (IPVs). Six IPVs viz., Lap Shill, Patna, Shill Billet, Lap Parke, Sade Gutty and Challis were selected as experimental materials. This IPV s is popular among the potato growers of the Northern part of Bangladesh because of their high value due to high culinary quality and storability. However, tuber yield of these IPVs substantially decreased. They are cleverly infected with different viral diseases. In the present study three in vitro techniques viz., i) heat treatment followed by merriest culture for the development of virus free planting materials; ii) induction of micro tuber for rapid production of virus free planting materials and iii) induction and evaluation of soma clonally variation were employed for the varietal improvement of the selected IPVs. For the development of virus free planting materials, shoot tip explants of five weeks old tuber grown shoots of six IPV s were cultured on to MS0-agar medium and incubated in an incubator in dark at three different temperature regimes (37°C, 42°C and 47°C) and incubated for 10, 5 and 3 days, respectively. The shoot tip cultures were then transferred in a plant growth chamber and incubated for three weeks at 22°C in 16h/8h light/dark condition. The merriest were isolated from the shoot tips of in vitro grown plantlets. Individual merriest derived plantlets were carefully multiplied by node cutting and analyzed for potato virus X(PVX), Y(PVY) and potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) through ELISA. Thermal shock of in vitro grown plantlets at 47°C followed by merriest culture was found to be the best technique for virus elimination among tested IPV s. It was found that virus eradication from the indigenous varieties was very difficult. Shoot multiplication into MS semisolid basal medium supplemented with different cytokine’s, axons and GA3 either singly or in combination resulted that media formulation with 0.5 mg/I BAP + 0.5 mg/I GA3 found to be the best media formulation for merriest culture establishment and subsequent shoot proliferation. Among the carbon sources sucrose was found to be the best and 3% sucrose was better than 6% sucrose for merriest derived shoot proliferation. The tuber yield/plant of in vitro produced plantlets in the field was much better than the tuber grown plants. Furth encore, in vitro produced plantlets of all the indigenous varieties having nominal plant height produced more but smaller tubers/plant than the tuber derived plants. The aim of next part of the present investigation was to establish a standardized protocol for large scale in vitro propagation of virus free planting materials through in vitro tube relation for four IPV s (Lap Shill, Patna, Shill Balata and Lap Parke). Micro tubers were induced in vitro to merriest derived shoots by manipulating the concentration of BA, KIN and sucrose in MS medium. Between two cytokine’s, KIN showed better performance than BA in micro tuber induction. Among the six concentrations (2-12 mg/I) of KIN, 10 mg/I KIN was the most effective and more preferred concentration for micro tuber induction. In continuous dark it was observed that increase the level of KIN also increased the percentage of tube relation and number and weight of micro tuber/shoot. By increasing the concentration of sucrose increased the frequency of in vitro tube relation. The media containing 60 g/1 was found to be the best among seven concentrations (20-80 g/1) of sucrose tested followed by 70 g/1 sucrose for micro tuber induction for all four IPVs. Assessment of the effect of photoperiods on micro tuber induction showed that longer photoperiod condition was better for in vitro tube relation at all levels of KIN for all four IPV s. Short day photoperiod gave a response similar to continuous dark. The 24 h photoperiods produced significantly more micro tubers than 0 (continuous dark) and 8 h photoperiods at all levels of KIN. The micro tubers induced to develop in 8 mg/I KIN supplied medium had shorter dormant period (time taken from harvesting to sprouting). Field evaluation results indicated that among four IPVs higher tuber weight was found in IPV Patna. The third part of this study was carried with a view to optimize culture media foundation for callus induction and subsequent plant regeneration in four IPV s (Lap Shill, Patna, Shill Billet and Lap Parke). The callus derived plantlets of four IPVs were transplanted on to field and possible occurrence of some clonally variation was evaluated. Two types of explants taken from in vitro shoots of four IPVs were cultured on to MS medium supplemented with various axons and cytokine’s. It was observed that 2,4-D was the best axing when used singly for callus induction in potato and 2.5 mg/I was found to be the most effective in callus induction. Between two types of explants, intermodal explants were found more responsive than leaf explants for callus formation. The combinations of BA+NAA and KIN+NAA combination was found more effective for shoot regeneration for intermodal and leaf explants derived calla. BA+NAA combination was found to be more effective than KIN+NAA for maximum shoot induction from leaf explants derived calla. Among various treatments, the media fortified with 3.0 mg/I BA+0.l mg/I NAA and 3.0 mg/I BA+ 1.0 mg/I NAA were found to be the best formulations. The highest 50% calla derived from intermodal explants induced to develop multiple shoots regeneration in medium having 4.0 mg/I KIN+ 1.0 mg/I NAA. Plants regenerated through callus culture displayed pronounced some clonally variations for plant height, number of leaves/plant, number of tubers/plant, tuber weight/plant and starch content in tuber. Some of the some clones showed promisingly higher amount of tuber yield per plant with enhanced starch content in the tuber. This variation may be useful for varietal improvement of this IPV s, but further study is needed for this.Item A Comparative Effects of Some Selected Medicinal Plants on Blood Sugar Level, Lipid Profile and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Normal and Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats(University of Rajshahi, 2016) Khatune, Naznin Ara; Wahed, Mir Imam IbneDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a common and serious metabolic disorder throughout the world. Despite the availabilities of hypoglycemic agents from natural and synthetic sources, diabetes and its complications continued to be a major health care problem. The management of diabetes without any side effects is still a challenge; therefore plants continue to play an important role in the discovery of new compounds for the treatment of this disease. The study was undertaken to evaluate the comparative effects of some selected medicinal plants on blood sugar level, lipid profile and oral glucose tolerance test in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The dried coarse powders from plants were exhaustively extracted with ethanol by cold extraction. An effort was made to investigate the acute toxicity (LD50) of the extracts. Diabetes was induced in Norwegian Long Evans rats by a single intra-peritoneal administration of alloxan monohydrate (110mg/kg). Preliminary hypoglycemic properties were investigated at 30, 60 and 90 mins after the oral administration of extracts in fasting rats. The qualitative presence of phytoconstituents in the extracts was also determined by standard methods. On the basis of preliminary screening the plant Grewia asiatica (GAE), Alpinia nigra (ANE) and Urginea indica (UIE) extracts with demonstrable hypoglycemic activity were further evaluated for their safety and efficacy in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. After induction of diabetes the rats were divided into several groups for oral administration of GAE (200, 400mg/kg), ANE (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) and UIE (12, 25 mg/kg) once daily for a period of 15 days. Metformin (150mg/kg) was used as standard drug. The survival rate, time course of changes in blood sugar levels (FBS) and body weights were measured after the treatment. We have also estimated serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and high density lipoprotein (HDL), serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and creatine kinase-myocardium type (CK-MB). To compare the effects of GAE200, ANE100 and UIE25 in diabetic rats, we have examined OGTT, lipid profiles, liver glycogen and histopathology. A comparative in-vitro antioxidant activity including flavonoid content, phenolic content, total antioxidant activity, reducing power capacity and 1,1-diphenyl-2- picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity were also carried out. Finally, the bioactive principles from UIE were isolated and identified through bio-assay guided fractionations using chromatographic techniques and spectral analysis respectively. Our results demonstrated that ethanol extracts from plants were non-toxic in rats. All the plants possessed hypoglycemic activities of which GAE (200mg/kg), ANE (100mg/kg) and UIE (25mg/kg) showed remarkable efficacy. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of GAE, ANE and UIE revealed the presence of triterpenoid, flavonoid, steroid, glycoside, saponin and tannin. The 15 days survival rate among the treatment groups was 100% (p<0.001 vs DC). Oral administration of GAE, ANE and UIE significantly lowered the fasting blood sugar levels and the effects were dose-dependent. Oral ingestion of GAE, ANE and UIE significantly improved body weight and organ weight and reduced the levels SGOT and CK-MB. The data revealed that the level HDL increased and the level of TC and TG were significantly decreased with GAE, ANE and UIE at all dose levels. Also the increment of LDL, VLDL and LDL/HDL ratio were significantly attenuated after the treatment. Diabetic rats treated with GAE, ANE and UIE, showed significant improvement in oral glucose tolerance and restored the liver glycogen content. All the extracts have favorable effects on the preservation pancreatic morphology as evidenced by increase number of viable β-cells of the pancreas. Among the treatment groups UIE25 showed most significant reduction in blood sugar level, lipid profile, and restoration of liver glycogen and normalization of pancreatic β-cells architecture. The free radical scavenging activity of extracts GAE, ANE and UIE showed considerable total antioxidant activity with IC50 of 76.45±0.21μg/ml, 43.25±0.15μg/ml and 27.50±0.021 μg/ml, respectively in DPPH scavenging assay. Among the three plant extracts the UIE showed the highest iron reducing capacity (absorbance 1.31 at 200μg/ml vs ascorbic acid standard 1.55 at 200 μg/ml), total phenol content (87.74mg of GAE/g dried extract), total flavonoid (67.72mg of quercetin/g dried extract) and total antioxidant (307.25 mg of ascorbic acid/g dried extract). Two compounds UC-1 and UC-3 were isolated from chloroform fractions of UIE and were identified as 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one and 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2- methyl-4H-chromen-4-one, respectively. These compounds were the first report of isolation from the plant Urginea indica. Further, rats treated with UC-1 and UC-3 showed a significant improvement in glucose tolerance, attenuated blood sugar levels and lipid profiles; and restored liver glycogen content. Oral ingestion of UC-1 and UC-3 significantly reduced the levels of SGOT and CK-MB as well as improvement in pancreatic β-cell architectures. We concluded that the plant bark of Grewia asiatica (Phalsa), rhizome of Alpinia nigra (Jangli Ada) and bulb of Urginea indica (Bon Pianj) as well as isolated compounds UC-1 and UC-3 exhibited significant effects on the fasting blood glucose level, improvement in liver glycogen content, serum SGOT, CK-MB levels as well as organ protection. The beneficial effects of extracts as well as isolated compounds can be partially explained by the preservation of pancreatic β-cell structure through the suppression of oxidative stress. However, the exact mechanism by which UC-1 and UC-3 exerted its beneficial effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats remained to be elucidated.Item A Comparative Study between Majority and Minority group on Liberalism-Conservatism Attitudes in Bangladesh(University of Rajshahi, 2013) Bhattacharjee, Chaya; Haque, Md. EnamulThe present study attempted at investigating the similarities and differences of liberalism-conservatism attitudes of majority and minority groups as related to gender and socio-economic status differences within the framework of socio cultural background in Bangladesh. The study has been developed under the theoretical framework of (i) Realistic Group Conflict Theory; (ii) Social Identity Theories; (iii) Social In Group and Out Group Model; (iv) Psychoanalytic Approaches; (v) Sociological Approaches; (vi) Liberalism - Conservatism Approach; and (vii) Rotter’s Social Learning Theory and Internal - External Control of Personality. All these theoretical interpretation have been utilized and integrated in order to show similarities and differences of liberalism-conservatism attitudes of majority (Muslim) and minority (Hindu) groups in Bangladesh. The present study used a multidimensional correlation approach with a criterion group design. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, criterion groups of majority (Muslim) and minority (Hindu) were selected on the basis of their personal information sheet and religious affiliation. Majority (Muslim) and minority (Hindu) further subdivided into male and female on the basis of their personal information sheet. These were again subdivided into upper middle SES and lower middle SES on the basis of their SES criteria questionnaire. This criterion group design has been utilized for distinguishing differences and similarities of liberalism-conservatism attitudes as related to personality variables and socio-economic status for this study. In the second phase, the criterion groups were given measures of (i) Liberalism-conservatism attitude, (ii) Majority-minority attitude, (iii) personality and (iv) Demographic variables. Socio-demographic information included occupation, annual income and education questionnaire. The study utilized a sample comprised of majority (Muslim) and minority (Hindu) groups which were drawn from Dhaka and Rajshahi cities. Each group was composed of 120 respondents equally divided into Muslim and Hindu. Again these groups were subdivided into male and female. Furthermore, these groups were subdivided into upper middle SES and lower middle SES. Thus the total respondents were 240 Ss. The main objective of the study was to find out the similarities and differences in majority-minority attitudes, liberalism-conservatism attitudes and internality, powerful others and chance with reference to gender and SES of Muslim and Hindu ethnic groups of Bangladesh. Some specific objectives of the study are as follows: i. To study the patterns of similarities and differences in majority-minority attitudes as a function of ethnicity. ii. To study the patterns of differences and similarities in liberalism-conservatism attitude with reference to ethnicity. iii. To study patterns of similarities and differences in certain personality variables including internality, powerful others and chance as related to ethnicity………………………….Item A Comparative Study of the Elderly Living in Old Age Home and Urban Family in Bangladesh(University of Rajshahi, 2016) Sarker, Samiran; Rahman, Md. FaizarThe growing trend of the elderly in Bangladesh is increasing rapidly. The size of the elderly was 5.42% in 1991, 6.38% in 2001 and 7.48% in 2011 of the total population of Bangladesh and it is projected to increase 10.39% in 2030 and 18.60% in 2050. Thus, the elderly issue is an important issue to consider and a big challenge for the development of the country. Again, in urban context increasing rate of the elderly is higher than the overall growth of the country. That was 14.9% in 1980, 19.8% in 1990, 23.6% in 2000 and 28.9% in 2012. It happens for two reasons; impact of declining birth and death rate and rural-urban migration. Due to capitalism, globalization and modernization, socio-economic and cultural situation are changing very rapidly, as a result nuclear family and individualism have become a common tendency of urban society nowadays. Traditional living arrangement of the elderly is changing and becoming congested the place of living with children and grandchildren. New concept of living arrangement ‘Old Age Home’ has been developed in Bangladesh few decades ago that is socio-culturally totally different from traditional living arrangement. The researcher has tried to find out differences between the elderly living in OAH and that of Urban Family in Bangladesh through this comparative study. To achieve the goal 94 respondents have been taken from two types of OAHs (47 respondents from OAH where the elderly live with pay and 47 respondents from OAH where the elderly live without pay) and 94 respondents from urban family. Two sets of questionnaire have also been developed for two categories of respondents (OAH and urban family) and they have been interviewed face to face. Questions were related with four major variables (social status, economic status, health status and psychological status of the elderly) of the study. From the findings of the socio-economic status it is found that regarding marital status, relationship between husband and wife, relationship between respondents and family members, relationship between respondents and relatives, personal need priorities, decision making ability, food intake, participation in social programmed/occasions/festivals, property, income, present profession, old age allowance and financial help from various sources, freedom fighter status, separate room for living and so on, the elderly of urban family hold better position than the elderly of OAH. But in few cases the elderly of OAH hold better position than the elderly of urban family, such as: literacy rate and higher education, systematic and well disciplined lifestyle, regular prayer, habit, library facilities and scope of newspaper reading etc. Again, from the findings of the health status it is seen that regarding physical condition, diseases and duration of diseases, walking sometimes, using clean clothes, others help in physical weakness, memory status, sleeping condition and scope of others caring, the elderly of urban family belong in better position than the elderly of OAH. But regarding the some other issues of health status, such as: easy access to the medical facilities, regular walking, safe drinking water facilities, washing clothes from self, drug taking from self and habit of smoking/betel leaf-nut/tea-coffee/others, opposite scenario has been observed. From the psychological condition it is found that respondents’ attitude to the family members, family members’ attitude to the respondents, respondents’ attitude to the relatives, social outlook to the living arrangement of the elderly, experiences of life, freedom, self-esteem, satisfaction to life, alienation, having friends, scope of sharing personal matter, scope for going out, mixing with grandchildren and present relationship with OAH authority/head of family, for all these issues higher number of elderly of urban family opined positively than the elderly of OAH. But only for ‘arrangement of recreation’ higher number of the elderly of OAH gives positive opinion than the elderly of urban family. Thus, from the issue based discussion of the summary it is said that the overall situation (socio-economic status, health status and psychological condition) of the elderly of urban family is better than that of OAH of the study area. So, our concentration to the elderly should be enhanced and should take care the elderly within the family setting. Especially family members’ cooperation must be increased to the elderly. Based on the findings of the study policy suggestions have been made in two levels: government level and private level. In government level; long term population policy, reducing old age dependency ratio, continuation of growing trend of life expectancy, application of ‘Parents Maintenance Law 2013’ and ‘National Policy on Older Persons 2013’, financial support to the elderly, to aware the younger generation about their duties and responsibilities to the elderly have been emphasized. But in private level; to establish charitable institute/trust, to enhance the services to the elderly and to increase the NGO activities to the elderly have been highlighted.Item A Comparative Study on The Nutritional Quality of four Varieties of Healthy and Disease Affected Mulberry Leaves and Determination of Factors Associated with the Disease(University of Rajshahi, 2002) Tang, Md. Abul Kashem; Absar, NurulThe causal organisms, Cercospora moricola Cooke and Phyllactinia corylea Pers Karst responsible for leaf spot and powdery mildew diseases of mulberry leaf respectively were isolated, identified and characterized from the following observation, organisms are obligate parasite under the form of class Deuteromycetes and A5comycetes, optimum temperature 28-30°C and 20-25°C; Optimum pH 5.0-6.0 and 5.0; optimum relative humidity 90-100% and 70% for conidial germination respectively. The conidium of Q. moricola germinates better in rain water and 2.0-2.5% glucose solution whereas P. corylea germinates better in dew and 2.0% glucose solution. Out of the four varieties of the mulberry leaves examined, BM-2 is more resistance of leaf spot disease while BM-4 is more resistance of powdery mildew. The disease severity of leaf spot increases during the month of August while powdery mildew increases during the month of Febnmry. Among the six fungicides tested, Dithane M-45 and Bayleton-25wp were the most suitable fungicide for the control of leaf spot and powdery mildew disease respectively. The physiochemical compositions such as TT A, pH, moisture, ash, chlorophyll, protein, lipid, total sugar, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, starch, crude fibre, phenol, vitamin-c, vitamin-B 1, vitamin-B2, ~-carotene and minerals as well as content of enzymes such as amylase, protease, invertase, cellulase, polyphenol oxidase, ascorbic acid oxidase and peroxidse in four varieties of healthy, tukra disease affected, leaf spot disease affected and powdery mildew disease affected mulberry leaves at mature stage were compared. In general healthy mulberry leaf contained about 322-255 mg% chlorophyll, 71- 74% moisture, 3.08-3.40% ash, 4.08-4.62% protein, 1.97-2.10% lipid, 2.7-3.0% total sugar, 0.59-0.71 % reducing sugar, 2.06-2.31 % non-reducing sugar, 6.38- 7.22% starch, 6.08-7.04% crude fibre, 145-160 mg% phenol, 116-132 mg% vitamin-c, 98-120 mg% P-carotene, 44-60 mg% vitamin Bi and 0.47-0.53 mg% vitamin B2• The present data indicated that the contents of most of the chemical compositions such as ash (10-15% ), chlorophyll ( 50-60% ), lipid (25-30% ), total sugar (40-50%), reducing sugar (40-50~/o), non-reducing sugar (40-50%), starch (35-40%), crnde fibre (25-40%), vitamin-C (20-35%), vitamin-Bi (25-35%), Vitamin-B2 (25-30%), P-carotene (30-45%), calcium (35-40%), phosphorous (35- 400/o) and iron (40-50~/o) were decreased while the contents of protein (25-30%) and phenol (30-50%) were increased significantly after infection of healthy mulberry leaves with diseases. The enzyme contents some hydrolytic enzymes such as amylase (45-55%), invertase (30-40%), protease (40-45%) and cellulase (50-55%) were decreased while that of the oxidative enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase (50-80°1<>), ascorbic acid oxidase (85-125%) and peroxidase (45-75%>) were increased remarkably after infection of mulberry leaves with diseases. The above mentioned crnde enzymes were also characterized with respect to their temperature optimum, pH optimum, heat stability, Km and Ymax•Item A New Ledin from the Pulp of Punica granatum: Isolation, Charactemation and Antiproliferative Activities(University of Rajshahi, 2017) Nurujjman, Md.; Asaduzzman, A.K.M.A lectin (designated as PgL) was purified from the pulp of pomegranate (Punica granatum) by using Ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose column with the molecular mass of 28.0 ± 1.0 KDa as estimated by SOS-PAGE both in the presence and absence of - mercaptoethanol. The lectin agglutinated rat blood cells along with different groups of human blood cells. The hemmaglutination activity was inhibited by 4- nitrophenyl-a-D-manopyranoside and 2-nitrophenyl--D-glucopyranoside. The lectin showed the maximum agglutination activity within the pH range of 6.0-8.0 and temperatures range of 30-80°C. PgL was glycoprotein in nature containing 40% neutral sugar. The lectin was a divalent ion-independent glycoprotein that lost 75% of its activity in the presence of 8M of urea. PgL exerted no toxic effect against brine shrimp nauplii and did not show any agglutination activity against five pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi). MTT assay showed the growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells to be inhibited upto 6.9-19.8% at a protein concentration of 12.5-100 µg/ml. PgL showed 18.0- 33.0% growth inhibition against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells in vivo in mice when administered at 1.5-4.5 mg/kg/day (i.p.), respectively, for five consequent days. Keywords: lectin; anti tumor; fluorescence spectroscopy; MTT assay; agglutination; sugar inhibitionItem A Study in Social Identity as a Function of Cross-Category Membership in Certain Ethnic Groups in Bangladesh(University of Rajshahi, 2005) Liza, Mst. Mahfuza Nasrin; Huq, M. MozammelThe present study is an investigation relating to social identity, crosscategory membership and intergroup relations. It is an attempt to interrelate the social identity with several variables such as group comparisons, gender identification, age variation and residential differentiation. These A-'our" independent variables were tested with the help of the measures of adjective check list resulting in differential amount of social identity. Group composition represented Santals and Hindus. Gender represented boys and girls. Age represented 13 years age group and 16 years age group. Residence represented urban and rural. The objective of the study was to investigate social identity of Santals as racial ethnic group and Bengali Hindus as religious ethnic group in the cross-category membership or inter-group relations as related to gender, .age and residence. Three hypotheses formulated in the present study were: (I) Bengali Hindus as religious ethnic group would evaluate self and own-group more positively and out-group more negatively as compared to Santals as racial ethnic groups. (2) Boys would evaluate self and own-group more positively and out-group more negatively as compared to girls. (3) Respondents with 16 years age would evaluate self and own-group significantly more positively and the reciprocal out-group more negatively as compared to respondents with 13 years age. The sample of the present study was composed of 240 respondents. 'They were equally divided into Santals as racial ethnic group and Bengali Hindus as religious ethnic group. Each ethnic group was equally divided into boys and girls. They were again equally divided into 13 years age group and 16 years age group. Finally, each age group was equally subdivided into urban and rural according to their residential background. The measure of Adjective Check List was used for data collection. The data were analyzed using the statistical technique of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results were computed in three parts. In the first part, ANOVA was computed separately for Santals. This was done in three sections. In the first section, ANOVA was computed with the scores of self-evaluation representing two level of gender (Boy/Girl), two level of age (13 years/16 years) and two level of residence (Urban/Rural). In the second section, ANOVA was computed with the scores of own group evaluation representing two level of gender (Boy/Girls), two level of age ( 13 years/16 years) and two level of residence (Urban/Rural). In the third section, ANOVA was computed on the scores of out-group evaluation representing two level of gender (Boy/Girl), two level of age (13 years/16 years) and two level of residence (Urban/Rural). Similar procedure was followed in the second part for the respondents of Bengali Hindus. However, the third part of the results contained ANOVA involving group composition (Santal/Bengali Hindu), gender (Boys/Girls) and age (13 years/16 years) regardless of residential background separately on self-evaluation, own-group evaluation and out-group evaluation. The results of the study provided empirical supports to all the hypotheses. It was found that Bengali Hindus as religious ethnic group evaluated self and own-group significantly more positively and out-group more negatively as compared to Santals as racial ethnic group. These findings emerged from the theory of social identity in relation to cross- category membership. Furthermore, the results showed that irrespective of age and residential background. The boys evaluated self and own-group significantly more positively and out-group more negatively as compared to girls. However, this finding was not consistent throughout the results. Hence, it may be said that the second hypothesis was partially supported by the investigation of the study. The third hypothesis that respondents with 16 years age would evaluate self and own-group more positively and reciprocal out-group more negatively has been partially supported by the findings. It was found that Santal and Hindu respondents of 16 years age evaluated out-group significantly more negatively than the respondents of 13 years age. But in case of self-evaluation, the Santal and Hindu respondents of 13 and 16 years age failed to obtain significant difference. Lastly, the findings of the present study provided strong support to the fourth hypothesis. It was found that respondents with urban residential background have evaluated self and own-group significantly more positively and out-group significantly more negatively as compared to the respondents with rural residential background. In conclusion, it might be said that social identity may provide different sources of meaning due to cross-category membership. It is likely that these differences in identities may overlap. Sometimes, they may reinforce each other. Again they may constrain the self and own-group from negative evaluation of the out-group. These conditions have appeared in the present study and they provide important cues for future investigation in the area of social identity of inter-group relation.Item A Study of Attitudes of Women towards Marriage as Related to Personality and Demographic Factors in Bangladesh(University of Rajshahi, 2008) Akhter, Tanjila; Ara, ShawkatThe present study attempts at investigating the similarities and differences of attitudes towards marriage in the continuum of progressivism-traditionalism of unmarried and married women as related to socio-political attitudes, personality variables and demographic factors in Bangladesh within the framework of socio-cultural, economic, political background. The study has been developed under the theoretical frame work of different approaches: (i) Linton's sociological approach of role theory (ii) Coombs value theory of mate selection (iii) Edwards' social exchange theory (iv) Winch's complementary needs theory (v) Kirchhoff & Davis filter theory (vi) Radicalism-conservatism approaches (vii) Ratter’s social learning theory and internal-external control of personality (viii) Rotech’s beliefs and attitude approach (ix) Rotech’s open-minded - close-minded and dogmatic approach. All these approaches have been utilized and integrated in order to show similarities and differences of attitudes towards marriage between working and nonworking, high SES and middle SES unmarried and married women. The present study utilized a multidimensional correlational approach with a criterion group design. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase criterion groups of supportive and no supportive women for attitude towards marriage of unmarried and married women, working and nonworking were selected Marriage Criteria Questionnaires (MCQ). This criterion group of women was selected from the residential background of Rajshahi and Chittagong. These total women were divided into unmarried and married women. These two types of women again divided into working and nonworking on the basis of MCQ. Again women were further subdivided high SES and middle SES according to their responses regarding educational, occupational and income background mentioned in the personal information sheet (PIS). The use of this criterion group design has considerable advantages in highlighting the differences between working and nonworking high SES and middle SES of unmarried and married in relation to their attitude towards marriage in the progressivism traditionalism continuum, sociopolitical attitudes and personality variables of I-E control, dogmatism selected for the study. In the second phase criterion group were measure (1) Progressivism traditionalism attitude (PTA) (2) Sociopolitical attitudes (R-C scale) (3) Internal-external control of personality variable (I-E) (4) Dogmatic personality and Demographic variables. The attitude measure included (a) progressivism-traditionalism attitude (PTA) scale was constructed by the present investigator. (b) Aria’s C-R scale was modified by the present investigator which was named as R-C scale. Personality measures included (a) Rotter's I-E control of personality (Ara's Bengali version) (b) Rokeach's Dogmatic personality scale (Ara's Bengali version). Marriage criteria questionnaire included unmarried and married as well as working and nonworking. Personal information sheet included high SES and middle SES questionnaire. This study utilized two samples drawn from two residential backgrounds of Rajshahi and Chittagong one was unmarried and the other was married. Each sample was composed of 120 participant equally divided into working and nonworking women. These groups were again subdivided into high SES and middle SES women. Thus each category was composed 30 female participants. Thus the sample was composed of 240 female participants have highest educational degree like graduation, post graduation; some of them were teachers of different colleges, doctors and bankers. Analyses of data have been divided into three parts. In the first part intergroup and intergroup differences on attitude towards marriage and socio-political attitudes, personality variables and demographic variables have been computed by univariate method using t-test. In the second part of analyses bi-serial correlation through product moment method were computed to find out the similarities of attitudinal variables and personality variables of intergroup and intergroup. In third part the strength of relationship of all these variables has been shown through inter variable correlations using Pearson's product moment method for unmarried and married women separately. Results obtained strongly supported the hypotheses. It showed that attitude towards marriage were considerably moderated by sociopolitical attitudes, personality factors, SES and working-nonworking background. One of the important findings reflected through the intervariable correlation was the highest correlations were obtained between attitudes towards marriage and socio-political attitudes in two categories of women in Bangladesh. Thus women's attitudes towards marriage did appear to be important variable in determining the sociopolitical attitudes conditioned by the progressive attitudes of the literate women. The findings of the present study are explainable by Linton's sociological approach of role theory, Coombs' value theory of mate selection, Edwards' social exchange theory, Winch complementary needs theory, Kerkhoff and Davis filter theory, radicalism-conservatism approach, Rotter's social learning theory and internal-external control and Rokeach's openminded-closeminded of dogmatic personality theory. All the respondents were female. This choice was preferred to keep the gender variable control. The main objectives of the present investigation were to make a comparative study of the patterns of attitudes and personality of high SES women and middle SES women, working and nonworking women of unmarried and married as related to (i) attitudes towards marriage like pre-marriage involvement, mate selection, marital adjustment, marriage and occupational role, kinship and in-laws, conventional marriage in the progressivism-traditionalism continuum, (ii) socio-political attitudinal variable of radicalism-conservatism continuum, (iii) personality variable of internal-external control, (iv) dogmatic personality of unmarried and married women (v) demographic background of high SES and middle SES as well as working and nonworking women in Bangladesh. Three specific hypotheses were formulated. These are as follows: i. It is hypothesized that unmarried women would be more progressive, more radical, more internally controlled and more open-minded as compared to married women on the attitudinal and personality variables respectively. ii. It is hypothesized that working women would be more progressive, more radical, more internally controlled and more open-minded as compared to nonworking women on the attitudinal and personality variables respectively. iii. It is hypothesized that high SES women would be more progressive, more radical, more internally controlled, more open-minded as compared to middle SES women on the attitudinal and persona I ity variables respectively. In this study an attempt has also been made to integrate all these approaches into a new theoretical perspective in which progressive attitudes along with social-political attitudes, personality characteristics socio-economic status and working-nonworking factors jointly shape the progressive attitudes. The study has emphasized socio-political cultural, economical and educational factors instead of genetic factors as the determinants of attitudes towards marriage in the direction of progress1v1sm which might cause socio-political and economic development in Bangladesh.Item A Study of Bonding and other Related Properties of Some Rutile type Oxide Crystals.(University of Rajshahi, 1989) ISLAM, MD. KHADEMUL; Islam, A.K.M. AzharulA theoretical analysis of the interionic potential in four rutile-type oxide crystals has been made within the framework of ionic model using eight repulsive interactions including one proposed in this work. The sui tabi 1 i ty of the new £-nteraetion, potentia 1 as applied to these system is discussed. A new complete set of polarizability values of the ions concerned has also been derived. The lattice energy and pressure derivative of bulk moduli are evaluated for the entire family of crystals under study. The resulting values are compared with the available ex~erimental data and other recent theoretical calculations. We have also considered the question of the degree of ,ionicity of the compounds under study as there seems to be some controversy regarding these in literature.The present study indicates that the bonding in rutile although some covalent contri is predominantly ionic, bution is present.Item A Study of Characterization of Some Regular Gamma Rings(University of Rajshahi, 2003) Nazneen, Ayesha; Paul, Akhil ChandraThe present thesis entitled, "A Study of Characterization of Some Regular Gamma Rings " is the outcome of researches carried out by me under the close supervision of Dr. Akhil Chandra Paul, Professor, Department of Mathematics, Rajshahi University. The thesis is of six chapters. In the first chapter we have tried to introduce all types of the conceptions of the complete thesis. In the second chapter we have given the definition of r - ring due to Barnes and of the relevant things. Various types of r- rings and their examples are also presented there. Some kinds of radical and corresponding theorems are also stated and important ones are proved. The definition of k - regular r- ring is given in the third chapter. Kyuno defmed this regular r - ring. We have tried to prove that the class of all k - regular r- rings forms a radical. Some of the characterizations of this r- rings are developed. We have also shown that k - regular r- ring without zero divisors is a skew r- field…….Item A Study of Electrical and Optical Properties of Transparent Conducting Sno2 and In203 Thin Films Prepared by Pyrosol Process(University of Rajshahi, 1989-12) Hakim, Md. Obaidul; Islam, M.N.The design and construction of a simple and low-cost device for the deposition of thin films by the pyrosol process has been described. Doped and undoped films of SnO2 and In203 have been pre- pared on glass substrates. These films were highly conducting and at the same time highly transparent. They were non-stoichiometric but homogeneous and polycrystalline in structure. It is found that an activation energy of about 0.2 eV is associated with the growth process of these films. The sheet resistance of these films shows a size effect below a thickness of about 0.3 um. Doping has been performed by adding autimony (Sb) and fluorine (F) in SnO2 film and higher figure of merit in comparison to other earlier reports has been obtained. In In203 film Sn has been used as doping element to obtain films of higher conductivity and all mobility. The electrical transport properties and the optical transmission coefficients in the UV-VIS range of these films in the carrier concon-tration range~ 6 x 1018 to ~ 1.3 x 1021 cm3 for Sno2 and from ~3x1018 to~ X1020 са-3 for In203 films with thickness about 0.2 μm have been studied in detail to establish a tontative energy band picture of these degenerate samples. The thermoelectric power of the films were measured in the temperature range 27° to 160°C for Sno2 and upto 175°C for In20 films. Using the thermopower and optical transmission data the effective masses of electrons and of holes have res- pectively been determined as a function of the carrier coneen- tration. The optical band gap and the position of the Fermi levels were determined. It has been observed that the Formi levels are pinned near the conduction band edge at decreasing carrier concentrations, and the optical band gap shows an appre- ciable loss-Burstein shift in the investigatod range of carrier concentration. The effect of post-deposition heat treatment on some of the SnO2 and In203 films has been studied. It has been obser- ved that heat treatment in different ambients have remarkable effects on the film resistivity. No appreciable change of carrier concentration was noticed in SnO2 film but it was noticed in the In203 films. Hall mobilities in these films are found thermally activated at temperatures ranging from room temperature upto about 250°c. Oxygen diffusion mechanism at the grain boundaries of these films has been discussed critically to explain the observed mobility data. It is inferred from the heat treatment experiments that the role of oxygen diffusion process in the film is only to modulate the inter-grain boundary potential barrier heights. For SnO thin films two distinct scattering processes viz the grain boundary scattering and the ionized impurity scatte- ring are found to play a predominant role in limiting the Hall mobility in the two different ranges of carrier concentrations at room temperature. For the In203 films however the lattice scattering is found to be the dominant process limiting the carrier mobility. Finally, an attempt has been made to determine the electron affinity and work function of these samples on an empiri- cal basis using the electro negativity concept. The crystal bindings of these samples were also determined and were found to be of fairly ionic in nature.Item A Study of Fungal Diseases of Onion (Allium Cepa L.) with Special Reference to Purple Blotch(University of Rajshahi, 2003) Tauhiduzzaman, Md.; Alam, M. ShahOnion (Allium cepa L.) belonging to the family Alliaceae is one of the most important spice as well as vegetable crops of the world. Its origin is in Iran, Pakistan and the mountaineous region to the north of these countries (Purseglove, 1972). The primary center of origin of onion is central Asia and a secondary center for larger types of onion is Mediterranean regions (Mc Collum, 1976). Its use is neither limited to any climate nor associated with any nationality and it is probably as widely grown as any cultivated crop. The leading onion producing countries, in order of production are the United States of America, Japan, Spain, Egypt, Turkey and Italy (Jones & Mann, 1963). Onion is relatively high in food energy and is rich in calcium and riboflavin. It can be used as medicine. This crop can be grown over a wide range of conditions from sea level up to the elevation of about 1828 metre and from warm summer temperature of plains to cold weather down to a temperature of about l 6°C. However it is not suited to heavy rainfall and the rainfall should not exceed 762 mm during cultivating season (Aiyer, 1980). Onion grows in almost all districts of Bangladesh but widely cultivated in the greater districts of Faridpur, Dhaka, Rajshahi, Comilla. The onion cultivating area of Bangladesh covers 33000 ha. of land, total production 1,31,000 mt and total yield 3948 kg/ha (FAO, 2000). The local cultivars namely, Taherpuri, Jhitka, Salta, Kalasnagari and Faridpur bhati are mainly grown in the country (Rahim and Siddique, 1991). The crop suffers from many diseases (Meah and Khan, 1987; Ahmed and Hossain, 1985; Munoz et. al., 1984). Various kinds of diseases are found in the field as well as in the storage. About 45 different fungal and 5 bacterial species are reported to cause diseases of onion in the field. Five viral entities are also responsible for onion diseases in the field conditions, the percentage of infection and/or the extent ofloss due to diseases may vary from 0-100% (Harrison, 1954 and Vovk, 1959). A variety of disease and disorders affect onions and related crops in Ontario. Most of the diseases are caused by fungi or bacteria whereas disorders may be caused by adverse weather, air pollutions, soil conditions, nutritional imbalances and pest control products, sometimes several diseases and/or disorders can be present at the same time (J. Chaput, 1995). Purple blotch is one of the field disease caused by A/tern.aria porri (Ellis) Cif. is noted as the major disease in many onion growing countries including Bangladesh (CasteIJanos-Linares et. al., 1988; Rahman et. al., 1984; Ashrafuzzaman, 1977). Ahmed and Goyal (1988) mentioned that purple blotch, incited by A. porri is a major problem of onion (A. cepa) in India. The disease is a serious problem for seed production in tropical countries like Bangladesh (Rahman et. al., 1988; Anonymous, 1985). Initially symptoms appear on leaves or seed stalk as small water-soaked lesion that quickly develops white centers. As lesions enlarge, they become zonate and brown to purple, and are surrounded by a yellow zone. The lesion may be covered with brown to dark grey fruiting structures of the fungus. A few large or seed stalk and tissues distal to the lesions will die (Schwartz and Mohan, 1994). Purple blotch of onion causes breaking of floral stalks and thus the seed production is seriously affected. Damage of foliage and breaking of floral stalks due to the disease resulting in failure of seed production are common (Munoz et. al., 1984; Asrafuzzaman and Ahmed, 1976). The infected seed stalks break at the point where the lesion is developed (Singh, 1987). Under favorable environmental conditions for the disease complete failure of the crop may take place if appropriate control measures are not followed (Sharma, 1986).................................................Item A Study of Nuclear Level Structure Using ( 3he,D) and ( 3he,P) Reactions(University of Rajshahi, 1992) Basher, Md. Abul; Husain, AhmadThe present work describes the experimental work performed by the author in candidature for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The work was undertaken at the Physics Laboratory, Rajshahi University, during the period from July 1986 to June 1992.---------Item A Study of Nuclear Level Structure Using (3He, d) and (3He, p) Reactions(University of Rajshahi, 1992) Basher, Md. Abul; Husain, AhmadA nuclear reaction is a process in which a change in the composition or energy or both of a target nucleus is brought about by the bombardment with a projectile or gamma-ray. Generally, two types of information can be obtained from the study of nuclear reactions: (1) information about the nuclear matter, and (2) information about the special properties such as angular momentum, parity, magnetic moment, etc. of a particular nuclear state formed by the given reaction.Item A Study of Reference Ranges for Biochemical and Hematological Parameters in the Healthy Population of Bangladesh(University of Rajshahi, 2016) Ali, Md. Akshad; Yeasmin, TanzimaReference values are very important in clinical management of patients, screening participants for enrolment into clinical trials and for monitoring the onset of adverse events during these trials. The aim of the study was to establish reference ranges for biochemical and hematological parameters for the population of Bangladesh. A total of 758 adults between 18 and 65 years apparently healthy members of the Bangladeshi population included Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi and Khulna were selected and enrolled in this Prospective study as reference individuals who fulfill the CLSI selection criteria. Out of the 758 participants recruited for the study, only 730 were involved in the study, 436(59.726%) males and 295(40.274%) females. Reference ranges for twenty biochemical and fifteen hematological analyses were constructed by using the non parametric methods to estimate 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles of distribution. Partitioning of the data were performed for two sex groups (males and females) and two age groups (less than forty years and more than forty years) when applicable. The reference ranges for the biochemical analyses were found for Fasting blood glucose [ 4.0 -6.1 mmol/L]; Creatinine [ males 0.76 - 1.37 mg/dl, females 0.52 - 1.08 mg/dl]; Urea [the males 13 -38.3 mg/dl, the females 10.5 - 34 mg/dl, ];Uric acid [ males 3.48 - 7.5 mg/dl, females 2.5 - 6.41mg/dl];Serum sodium [ males 134.8 - 145 mmol/L, females 134.8 - 142mmol/L];Serum potassium 3.4 - 5.0mmol/L]; Serum chloride[ 99 - 108 mmol/L]; Serum calcium [ 2.2 - 2.65 mmol/L]; Serum magnesium [ 0.75 - 1.05 mmol/L]; Serum Inorganic phosphate[combined(0.85 - 1.59 mmol/L]; Serum Cholesterol [ 122 - 249 mg/dl, less than 40 years old subjects 131.4 - 240 mg/dl and more than 40 years old subjects 117 - 270 mg/dl]; Serum HDL. Cholesterol [males 24 - 52 mg/dl, females 27 - 59mg/dl,];Serum LDL. Cholesterol [ 69 - 167 mg/dl, less than 40 years old subjects is 71.5 - 162 mg/dl and more than 40 years old subjects 54.59 - 176mg/dl]; Serum triglyceride[males 62.5 - 297 mg/dl, females 45 - 237 mg/dl, less than 40 years old subjects is 60 - 253 mg/dl and more than 40 years old subjects 45 - 282 mg/dl]; Serum total protein [ 64 - 82 g/L,]; Serum albumin [ 33 - 50 g/L]; Serum bilirubin- total[males 0.35 - 1.35 mg/dl, females 0.33 - 0.97mg/dl,]; Serum Alanine aminotransferase [males 10 - 57 U/L, females 9 to 48 U/L];Serum aspartate aminotransferase [males 12 - 39 U/L, females 12 - 34 U/L,]and Serum alkaline phosphatase [males 45.03 -125 U/L, females 41.47 - 118 U/L,]. Reference ranges for hematological parameters were observed for, RBC [males 4.4 - 5.6 ×106/µl, the females 3.9 - 5.2 ×106/µl];hemoglobin [males 12.4 - 16.55 gm/dl, females 10.3 - 13.6 gm/dl]; hematocrite [males 36.5 - 48.8 %, females 32.1 - 41.7%]; MCV [males 74.5 - 94 fl, females 70.6 - 94.3 fl]; MCH [males 24.6 - 32.3 pg, females 23.0 - 31.6 pg];MCHC [males 31.9 -35.9gm/dl, females 30.2 - 35.2 gm/dl];RDW-CV [ 12.2 - 15.1 %];Platelets [males 151 - 331× 103/µl, the females 175 - 420×103/µl];MPV [ 9.2 - 12.7 fl]; WBC [ 4.5 - 11 ×103/µl];Neutrophil [ combined (M&F) 45.6 - 72.1 %];Lymphocyte [ 21.6 - 47.7 %];Monocyte [ 2.2 - 6.7 %]; Eosinophil [ 0.7 - 6.9 %] and Basophil [ 0.0 - 0.3 %] This study established the importance of sex and age specific reference intervals. The data was broadly divided into two sex groups (males and females) and two age groups (based on less than forty years and more than 40 years) . Significance between two groups were carried out by p value with 90% confidence intervals values and clinical consideration. Reference ranges for Creatinine, Urea, Uric acid, Sodium, HDL. cholesterol, Triglyceride, Total Bilirubin, Alanine amino Transferase (ALT), Aspartate amino Transferase (AST) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and hematological parameters RBC, hemoglobin , HCT, MCH, MCHC, MCV and platelets are finally significant for sex difference. The study also showed reference ranges for all hematology parameters are finally not significant for age difference only urea, creatinine and lipid profile are finally significant for age difference in biochemistry parameters. In conclusion, the findings of this study provide sex and age specific reference range values for healthy adults population in Bangladesh. Reference ranges in the study some of which were different from those reported in literature. Reference values established by this study could have paramount importance for quality of health care in the clinical management of patients. Further nationwide study where included large sample volume should be carried out to establish the biochemical and hematological reference values of the Bangladeshi population as a whole.Item A Study of Socio-Political Attitudes of Minority Groups in Bangladesh(University of Rajshahi, 2008) Bhattacharjee, Chaya; Ziauddin, Syed MohammadThe study focused on some socio-political attitudes, like attitudes towards ethnic relations, voting attitudes, and attitudes towards conservative-radical ideas. Its relation with ethnic demographics like majority-minority (Hindu-Muslim), sex (Male-Female) and socioeconomic status (High-Low) in the socio-political context of Bangladesh. Different Theoretical approaches were taken such as 1. Three Psychological Approaches to Minority-Majority Conflict: (a) Realistic Group Conflict Theory (b) Social Identity Theories (c) Psychodynamic Theories 2. Social In-group -Out-group Model: 3. Psychoanalytic Approaches: 4. Sociological Approaches: The study tried to find the functional relationships existing among various dimensions of ethic relations, voting attitudes and attitudes towards conservative and radical ideas. The broad objective of the study was to explore the patterns of socio-political attitudes of the ethnic groups in Bangladesh. More specifically the objectives of the study were as follows: To study pattern of similarities and differences in socio-political attitudinal constellations on ethnic relation, voting, and ideological orientations by the Minority( Hindu) and Majority(Muslim) as related to sex ,and socio-economic status To study patterns of similarities and differences in ethnic attitudes as related to socio-Political attitudes. To reflect on Majority (Muslim) and Minority (Hindu) groups on attitudes toward healthy minority-majority ethnic relation. To study male-female differences in attitude toward ethnic relations in Bangladeshi socio-political context. To study similarity and differences in attitude toward ethnic relations related to conservatism-radicalism, and voting attitude of the Muslim majority and the Hindu minority groups. To study the differences in attitude toward ethnic relations as related to high-low socio-economic status .urban-rural residential background. The measures used in this study were as follows: 1. Attitudes towards healthy minority-majority relation scale (A THMMRS) 2. Voting Attitude scale (VAS) 3. Conservatism-Radicalism Scale (C-R) The study used student sample. A total of 400 Ss equally divided into Muslim (majority) and Hindus (minority) groups were used. Each group was again equally sub-divided into Male and Female. Each Male and Female category was again sub-divided into High and Low according to their socio-economic status. Thus a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design involving 2 levels of group composition (Muslim/Hindus), 2 levels of sex (Male/Female) and 2 levels of economic status (High/Low) were used. Analysis of results was computed in two parts. In the first part a factorial ANOV A using 2 x 2 x 2 design was used on the scores of Attitudes towards healthy minority-majority relation scale, Voting Attitude Scale and conservatism-radicalism scale. In the second part, t-test was computed on the scores of these scales. The study made three specific hypotheses. These were as follows: ……………………………………………Item A Study of Some Determinants of Adolescent Reproductive Health in Bangladesh(University of Rajshahi, 2016) Alam, Md.Rashed; Roy, Tapan Kumar; Rahman, Md. MizanurAdolescent reproductive health is an important agenda for any developing countries due to population momentum- a consequence of the increasing numbers of adolescents in this region. The generation entering the adolescent years now is the largest in human history. During adolescent period many girls experience critical and various life events such as first marriage, first sexual cohabitation, motherhood, pregnancy complications, early neonatal mortality etc. Adolescents should be able to protect themselves from unwanted sex, unplanned pregnancy, early childbearing, pregnancy complications, unsafe abortion and others adverse reproductive health outcomes. However, early pregnancy and motherhood among adolescent is still a major public health concern in worldwide especially in developing countries. One third of women give birth during adolescent periods in low-income countries. Adolescent pregnancy is a potential threat of mother, offspring and also lead high fertility in resource-limited countries like Bangladesh. Therefore, critical assessment of adolescent childbearing and consequences of early pregnancy may helpful for policy makers to identify risk group in Bangladesh. The objectives of this study was to determine the potential risk factors for adolescent childbearing, and then assess the association between adolescent age at birth and risk of adverse birth and health outcomes through empirical and review analysis. The data for this study was extracted from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2011. This is a cross-sectional population study based on a two-stage, stratified, cluster-sampling design, which collected information from 17,141 households during May to October 2011. The maternal age at birth especially adolescent versus adult was the main dependent variable when determine the potential determinants. The study modeled adolescent childbearing as a function of individual, household, and community characteristics. In analyzing adverse birth and health outcomes, maternal childbearing age was treated as main exposure variable. Descriptive statistics were calculated for continuous data using the mean (confidence interval) for normally distributed data and the median (inter-quartile range) for non-normally distributed data. Determinants of adolescent childbearing were estimated using a multilevel logistic regression models with random intercept term household and community. In addition the multilevel poisson regression was used to determine the risk factors of adverse birth and health outcomes among adolescent childbearing mothers. It is worthwhile to mention that systematic review was done to know the association between adverse birth and health outcomes among adolescents in South East Asia including Bangladesh. Meta-analysis and meta- regression were used to get pool results. All analyses at both the univariate and multilevel analysis at different stages were adjusted for the probability sample design. The study finding indicates that on average, mean age at childbearing was 26 years, years of schooling 5.54 years, children ever born 2.52, age at first marriage 15.94 years and 35% of women give birth before reaching age 20 years i.e during adolescence. Adolescent’s age of childbearing was affected by social factors at personal, family, community, and national levels. The multilevel logistic regression models indicated that women with lower education, early age at first cohabitation, and poor economic conditions were more likely to influence early childbearing compared to adult women. However, the multilevel poisson regression models indicated that higher risk of low birth weight (adjusted relative risk (aRR), 1.15; 95% CI, 1.00–1.33), childhood stunting (aRR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.98–1.14) and early neonatal mortality (aRR, 1.60; 95% CI, 0.85–1.27) is observed among the adolescent mother compared to young adult mother. Maternal aged 35 years or over found to be risk factor of pregnancy termination (aRR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.09–1.56), cesarean delivery (aRR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.02–1.79) and menstrual irregularities (aRR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.02–1.79) than young adult mother. The systematic review and meta-analysis suggested that adolescent pregnancy had an increased risk of low birth weight, preterm birth, small for gestational age and neonatal mortality; however, lower risk is to be found in case of cesarean delivery and perinatal mortality. Finally, it may be concluded that maternal education, age at first cohabitation and socioeconomic conditions are the key determinants of adolescent childbearing in Bangladesh. In this systematic review and meta-analysis along with empirical data analysis, conclude that adolescence pregnancy increase the risk of low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth (PTB), small for gestational age (SGA) and early neonatal mortality. The risk of cesarean delivery and perinatal mortality are found to be lower among adolescent mothers. The author feels that the results obtained in the thesis may be useful for policy planners for appropriate policy decisions. It is expected that the result presented in this thesis will be helpful for researchers who are interested to work in the field of adolescent childbearing and adverse birth and health outcomes among adolescent mothers.Item A Study of Some Non-linear Stochastic Models on Renewable Resources Management: Application to Forestry(University of Rajshahi, 2010) Hossain, Md. Mowazzem; Shah, Md. AsaduzzamanManagement is a vibrant and multi phase dynamic process, just like social, scientific and engineering processes, that involves a wide spectrum of activities such as planning, coordination, communication, policy framing, decision making and their implementation. During the last three decades, the management of natural resources in general and that of renewable resources, in particular, has invited the attention of a large segment of researchers in various field [1-SJ. In order to maintain the ecological balance, as well as, meet the economic needs, the forest can play a vital role. Our government also taking special initiative to can-y forward a forestation program throughout the country. Also, to pollution free environment a forestation has no alternative. In this direction government organizations came forward to utilize the renewable resources for economic prosperity of the nation.Item A Study of Some Psychological Dimensions of Voting Behaviour with Special Reference to Bangladesh(University of Rajshahi, 1989) Ziauddin, Syed Mohammad; Ara, ShawkatThe study focused on some psychological dimensions of voting behavior as replated to Political-Apolitical group composition, sex and urban-rural residential background in the socio-political context of Bangladesh. Several theoretical approaches such as psychoanalytic theory, sociopolitical attitudinal approach, political participation model of voting behaviour and political socialization paradigm in voting behaviour were utilized. The study was conducted in the real life of social setting in Bangladesh in order to show empirically the functional relationships existing among various. Dimensions of voting behaviour. Socio-political attitude, authoritarianism and locus of Internal-External control were also studied for understanding the mode of political involvement and political activism relating with the voting behaviour of the people. Thus, the broad objective of the study was to explore the patterns of voting of political and apolitical students in Bangladesh as related to partisan attitude, party identification, leadership image, election campaign, issue orientation, socio-political attitudinal preference, personality factors and demographic variables. More specifically the objectives of the study were as follows: 1. To study pattern of voting behaviour as a function of political activities in terms of partisan attitude, party identification, leadership image, election campaign and issue orientation. 2. To study patterns of similarities and differences in voting behaviour as related to socio-political attitudes. 3. To reflect on political and ·apolitical orientation of the students as related to voting behaviour. 4. To study male-female differences in voting behaviour in Bangladeshi socio-political context. 5. To study similarity and differences in voting behaviour as related to authoritarian and non-authoritarian personality of the voters. 6. To study patterns of voting behaviour as function of locus of control in internally and externally controlled individuals. 7. To study the differences in voting behaviour as related to urban-rural residential background. The measures used in this study were as follows: 1. Voting Attitude Scale (VAS) 2. Conservatism-Radicalism Scale (C-R) 3. Internal-External control scale (I-E) 4. Authoritarian Scale. The study used student sample. A total of 320 Ss equally divided into Political and Apolitical groups were used. Each group was again equally sub-divided into Male and Female. Each Male and Female category was again subdivided into Urban and Rural according to their residential background. Thus a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design involving 2 levels of group composition (Political/Apolitical), 2 levels of sex (Male/Female) and 2 levels of Residential Background (Urban/Rural) were used. Analysis of results was computed in two parts. In the first part a factorial ANOVA using 2 x 2 x 2 design was used on the ores of Voting Attitude Scale and conservatism-radicalism scale. In the second part, t-test was computed on the scores of authoritarian scales and Internal External control scale. The study made three specific hypotheses. These were as follows: Political group of Ss would have significantly higher scores on the voting attitude scale as compared to apolitical groups in Bangladesh. 2. Ss with urban background would obtain higher scores on voting attitude scale in comparison to the Ss with rural background in Bangladesh. 3. Male Ss would exhibit significantly more voting attitudes than the female Ss in the context of Bangladesh. The findings of the results strongly supported the predictions. It showed that regardless of sex and residential background, political Ss expressed significantly more favorable voting attitudes as compared to apolitical Ss. Again, male Ss irrespective of group composition and residential background showed significantly higher preference for voting attitudes in comparisons to female Ss. Also, Ss with urban background expressed significantly more attitudinal preference towards voting than rural Ss regardless of group can position and sex. Furthermore, the results revealed that regardless of sex and residential background, Apolitical Ss expressed significantly more conservative attitudes than political Ss. Again, Female Ss were found significantly more conservative attitude than Male Ss. Also, rural Ss were found significantly more conservative than urban Ss. Lastly, it was found that in political groups, Urban Male and Rural Male Ss were more internally controlled followed by Urban female and Rural female Ss. For apolitical groups male Ss were more internally controlled followed by rural male, urban female and rural female Ss. In authoritarian dimension urban female Ss of political group were more authoritarian than urban male, rural male and rural female Ss. Again, urban female Ss of apolitical group were more authoritarian than urban male, male, rural male and rural female Ss. Again, urban female Ss of apolitical group were more authoritarian than urban male, Ural male and rural female Ss In conclusion the findings of the present study re veiled with considerable clarity that a phenomenon as complex as voting behavior is intimately embedded in the matrix of socio-contextual factors such as social, political and economic history of the people and nation.Item A Study of the Effect of Alpha-Nucleus Potential on Alpha-Induced Transfer Reactions in the Sci-Shell.(University of Rajshahi, 2000) Das, Susanta Kumar; Basak, Arun KumarEffects of the molecular, normal optical Woods-Saxoo and squared Woods-Saxon (Michel) ~-nucleus potentials on the 27 Al(a.,tf1 Si. 21.l9.:w>Si(a.,d)30.31 ,32P and 21S(a.,p)31P reactions have been studied. The parameters of the molecular and Michel a.}' Al potential have been generated by fitting the a.-elastic data on 27 AI at the incident energy E«=64.5 MeV. The potential parameters of molecular, normal optical and Michel potential at Ea.=25 MeV have been determined by analyzing of ~-29.JOSi elastic data The elastic fits in these cases, seem to be of similar quality for all three forms of potentials. Full-finite range (FFR) distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) calculatiom have been performed using the molecular, Michel and normal optical potentials to analyze the angular distributioos of cross-section for the 53 transitiom poJXllati.ng the bound and unbowtd states of 28Si via the (a.,t) reaction The molecular, Michel and optical potentials are found to produce satisfactory fits to the reaction data. For all the three potentials in the entrance channel, the deduced /-transfers for the transitions to the 15.02, 15.85 and 16.11 MeV states, differ from the assigmnents previously reported. The extracted spectroscopic factors are compared with shell-model predictions. FFR macroscopic and zero-range (ZR) microscopic distorted wave Born approximation calculations have been perfonned using molecular, namal optical and Michel potentials to analyze the angular distributioos of cross-sectioo for 12 transitions populating 0.0, 0.700, 1.454, 1.974, 2.538, 2.72, 2.84, 3.02, 3.93, 4.62, 5.42 and 7.20 MeV. states of 30p via the (a.,d) reaction Only the molecular potential has been able to reproduce satisfactorily the angular distribution and order of magnitude of cross-sections v for different transitions, but the normal optical potential is fotmd to be inadequate in accmm.ting the large angle data. The Michel potential is unsatisfact