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Analytical Invcstlgations in Tubulent and IVIlID Tttdmlent Flow
(198) Rahman, Md. Lutfor; Sarker, M.Shamsul Alam
The thesis entitled "Analytical Investigations in Turbulent and MHD Turbulent Flow" is being presented for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Mathematics. It is the outcome of my research conducted in the Department of Mathematics, Rajshahi University during the year 1994-1998 under the guidance of Dr. M. Shamsul Alam Sarker, Department of Mathematics, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh. The whole thesis has been divided into six chapters. The first is an introductory chapter and gives the general idea of turbulence, magnetohydrodynamic turbulence and its principal concepts. Throughout the work we have considered the flow of fluids to be isotropic and homogeneous. The notions generally adopted are those used by Batchelor, Chandrasekhar and Deissler in their research papers. Number inside brackets [ ] refer to the references which are arranged alphabetical at the end of the thesis. In the second chapter, we have derived the equation for tl1e rate of change of magnetic field covariance in MHD turbulent flow. 111e result shows that the defming scalars of the magnetic field covariance depend on the defining scalar H of two point magnetic field correlation. In tl1e third chapter, the decay of turbulence at ti.mes before the final period in presence of dust particles is studied. Two and three point correlation equation is used to obtain a relation for tl1e triple correlations and the equation is made detenninate by neglecting the quadruple correlations. Finally, we obtained tl1e energy decay law of dusty fluid turbulence before tl1e final period. In the fourth chapter, we have studied the decay of dusty fluid MHD turbulence before the final period. Tirree point correlation equation is used to obtain a relation for the triple correlations applicable at times before the final period. In this case the equation is made determinate by neglecting tl1e quadrnple correlations. Finally, we obtain the energy decay law of dusty fluid MHD turbulence at times before the final period.-------
Modification of cotton fabric with Natural antimicrobial agents for Ecofriendly protective textiles
(University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 221) Saha, Joykrisna; Mondal, Md. Ibrahim H.; Sheikh, Md. Rezaul Karim
In recent time‘s health and hygiene issues have achieved the greatest attention among the awareness people of all over the world. Health and hygiene are the primary obligations for human beings to live comfortably and work with maximum safety. The aim of the present work is to develop environment friendly protective textiles using Aloe vera, chitosan and sericin on bleached cotton woven fabrics for medical and health care apparel against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria. Aloe vera, chitosan and silk sericin are natural biopolymer which exhibited different significant biological property. Aloe vera extract was prepared from Aloe vera leaves through methanol solvent using a rotary evaporator. Chitosan was made from shrimp shell through several steps of alkali and acid treatments and silk sericin powder was obtained from a boiled water solution of silk cocoons through ethanol precipitation. Extracted Aloe vera, chitosan and sericin powder were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), UV-visible spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD). Solubility, degree of deacetylation, antibacterial activity, antioxidant property and UV protection factor were also analyzed. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to assay the antimicrobial activity. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. Chitosan was found to have a 90% degree of deacetylation.-----
The Construction and Standardization of a Non-Language Test of Mental Ability for Secondary School Students (Class IX-X)
(University of Rajshahi, 1974) Shah, Amzad Hossain; Hopson, Barrie; Dizney, Henry; Huda, Moslem
Mawlana Karamat Ali and his Projects of Reforms
(University of Rajshahi, 1979) Ibrahimy, Muhammad Sekandar Ali; Bari, Muhammad Abdul
This Thesis attempts to study the life and works of Mawlana Karamat Ali of Jaunpur who passed 51 years of his life in Bengal for preaching Islam in this region. He came to Bengal with his family and moved from place to place in a special boat to preach Islamic ideology and morality among the general mass. He whole heartedly devoted himself to reform his co-religionists and revive the ideals of Islam thereby. The first chapter briefly discusses the religious, social, economical conditions of the Muslims of Eastern India in the nineteenth century when Mawlana Karamat Ali came to Bengal. It shows that with the loss of political power the condition of the Muslims was weakened and worsened in all respects. Subsequently they were divided into many sections and there grew many un-Islamic customs and ceremonies which led them astray. The second chapter deals with a brief life sketch of Mawlana Karamat Ali and his valuable works in Arabic, Persian and Urdu which he left as a great treasure for the next generations. These works are the primary sources of information regarding his activities and views on different fields and controversial points. The third chapter gives a brief account of four contemporary Islamic movements – Jihad movement, Ahl al Hadith movement Fara’idi movement and Titu Mir’s reform movement. These movements had interrelation with one another and Mawlana Karamat Ali had concern with all those movement directly. The fourth chapter is devoted to the projects of reforms of the Mawlana in the changing situations in British India. In this chapter it is shown as to how Mawlana Karamat Ali preached Islam in this riverine Bengal and what problems and difficulties he had to face in his preaching tour place to place. The fifth chapter focuses on the doctrines of Sufism of Mawlana Karamat Ali and his opinion about different theories of Sufism. In this chapter it is also shown, in brief, the practice of Mawlana in his mystic life.
The adsorption of stearic acid and pyridine and determination of specific surface area of powdered solids
(University of Rajshahi, 1979) Ghosh, Ashim Kumar; Rahman, M.A.
The Bet Gas Adsorption, Flow Micro-Calorimetric And Adsorption From Solution Methods For The Determination Of Surface Areas Of Cupric Oxide, Ferric Oxide And Alumina Pow- Ders Have Been Compared With A View To Examine The Validity Of The Method Of Adsorption From Solution As A Standard. Nitrogen Gas Has Been Chosen For The Bet Method Whereas Stearic Acid, A Commonly Employed Solute, Has Been Used For The Flow Micro-Calorimetric And Adsorption From Solution Measurements. It Has Been Found That Adsorption Of Nitrogen Gas On All The Adsorbents Is Physical In Nature But Stearic Acid Employed In The Flow Micro-Calorimetric And Adsorption From Solution Methods Gives Mostly Chemisorption Of The Mole- Cules On The Adsorbent Powders. Surface Areas Determined By The Flow Micro-Calorimetric And Adsorption From Solutions Have Been Found To Be Identical For The Respective Powders. Despite The Difference In Mechanism Of Adsorption Of Nitro- Gen And Stearic Acid Molecules The Flow Micro-Calorimetric And Adsorption From Solution Surface Areas Agree Fairly Well With The Bet Nitrogen Gas Adsorption Surface Areas Of The Adsorbents If It Is Assumed That The Area Occupied Per Mole- Cule Of Stearic Acid To Be Of The Order Of 60-70 2. The Orientation Of Stearic Acid Molecules On The Solid/Liquid Interface, Therefore, Take Place So That Acid Molecules Lie Neither Completely Perpendicular Nor Completely Parallel To neither completely perpendicular nor completely parallel to the surface. possible orientations of the stearic acid chain on the surface are envisaged. Correspondence of the surface areas of the adsor-bents using nitrogen gas and stearic acid solution reveal that the total sites of the adsorbents are independent of the nature of the solute molecules. To study this hypothesis further pyridine, an orga- nic base, has been chosen as solute and its adsorption on the same adsorbents have been studied. the surface areas obtained by adsorption of pyridine from solution have been found to be identical to the respective areas obtained by bet method and stearic acid adsorption if it is considered that the area occupied by one molecule of pyridine to be around 24.7 2,the molecular area of pyridine. Adsorption of stearic acid on magnesium oxide and silica gel powders gave surface areas to be 90 and 370 m2/g respectively considering area occupied per molecule of stea- ric acid to be 63.3 and 67.5 2. these value agree fairly well with the values quoted in literature. surface areas of these two powders determined by adsorption of pyridine agree fairly well with the above mentioned value if it is consi- dered that one molecule of pyridine occupies 24.8 2. It may, therefore, be concluded that with the appro- priate values of areas occupied per molecule of solute method adsorption of stearic acid and pyridine may be taken as standard for the determination of surface area of the adsor- bents considered.
The Formation Constant of Dimer of Acetic Acid in Different Solvents.
(University of Rajshahi, 1980) Islam, M. Saidul; Rahim, Mr. Zillur
Much of science of chemistry le concerned wt th making and breaking of chemical bonds. Pauling1 bu defined chemical bond as follows: "There is a chGlllical bond between two atoms or groups ot atom in case that the forces acting between the• aa such as to lead to the formation of aggregate with sufficient atability to make it convenient for the chemist to consider it aa an independent molecular The uord •stability• means the •strength of cheaical bond• which is given by bond energies expressed in Kcal/110le. At room temperature• the average translational energy in the direction ot one coordinate la i RT or .3 Kcal/mole .
Khalifatabad a Study of its History and Monuments
(University of Rajshahi, 1980) Bari, Muhammad Abdul; Husain, A. B. M.
The Thesis aims a making a critical study of the history and architecture of KHALIFATABAD, with special reference to its founder Khan al-Azam Ulugh Khan Jahan, in the context of political and architectural history of the Muslims during their long five hundred- and fifty-years’ rule in Bengal. The architectural study of the region in question is mainly based on the experiences of my personal visit, observation and investigation.
Position of constitution and fundamental rights during the martial law regime, 1958-1962: a case study
(University of Rajshahi, 1980-06) Patwari, A. B. M. Mafizul Islam; Choudhury, Z.I.
In this thesis an attempt has been made, mainly, to examine and assess the position of the Constitution of 1956 and the fundamental rights incorporated in that Constitution in view of the Presidential Proclamation of the 7th October, 1958, and the Presidential Laws (Continuance in Force) Order, issued on the 10th October, 1958. questions relating to their status and position were raised in contentious cases before the Supreme Court and High Courts of Pakistan involving them in a legal dilemma. The relevant cases have, therefore, been discussed and analysed. Though the work is concerned, mainly, with the period between the 7th October, 1958, and the 8th June, 1962, during which period Martial Law prevailed in the country, it was necessary that constitutional and socio-economic and political conditions of Pakistan before the Proclamation of the 7th October, 1958, should be discussed. This was necessary not only as description of the background over the topic and period, but also because prior to this, Pakistan had another constitutional crisis in October, 1954, when Ghulam Mohammad, the then Governor-General of Pakistan, dissolved the first Constituent Assembly. On that occasion also the superior courts of Pakistan had to tackle the situation, amounting virtually to a constitutional vacuum. In order to provide a link between the Martial Law period and the period preceding it the important constitutional cases and political and constitutional developments have been discussed in some length. The main object of this thesis is introduced in Chapter I, followed by Chapter II which contains a brief survey of attempts for promulgating a constitution and fundamental rights preceding the Proclamation of Martial Law. In Chapter III, the working of the Constitution of 1956 since its inauguration, its position in the light of the Presidential Proclamation and the Presidential Laws (Continuance in Force) Order, the legitimacy of the regime as pronounced by the Supreme Court of Pakistan and justifia- bility of Martial Law in Pakistan in accordance with the traditions maintained in the Commonwealth are discussed and analysed. Chapter IV has dealt with the organisation and jurisdiction of the Military Courts as established by the Martial Law Authority, and the attempt of the regime to turn itself into a constitutional Government through the system of the Basic Democracies and the Constitution of 1962. In Chapter V, the position of the fundamental rights contained in the Constitution of 1956 and the writ jurisdiction of the superior courts contained in the Constitution and recognised by the Laws (Continuance in Force) Order, 1958, is focussed in some length. In this Chapter we can see the liberal attitude of the courts which tried to avoid confrontation with the Martial Law Authority but at the same time attempted to enforce fundamental rights on the plea of basic rights recognised by every civilised legal system, and the principle of natural justice. Chapter VI has drawn a reflection on the position of the Constitution of 1956 which was restored in structure and outline only, the role of judiciary which by legitimising the regime became a part of the Government, and the fundamental rights which were enforced in indirect way; and has made an attempt to analyse the real nature of the Martial Law regime.
The Rural Political Elite in Bangladesh: A Study of Leadership Pattern in Six Union Parishads of Rangpur District
(University of Rajshahi, 1980-10) Wahhab, Muhammad Abdul; Morshed, Mr. Golam
The thesis deals with the patterns of leadership in six Union Parishads of Rangpur district of Bangladesh. data of the research were collected by examining certain characteristics of the chairmen and members of Union Parishads of two successive elections. The study reveals that the chairmen and members of Union Parishads are, by and large, rich and influential persons in the villages who organise election propaganda and mobilize the people using mostly traditional group sen- timent to win the election. It has also been found that being the local leaders, the chairmen and members of Union Parishads are more interested in local issues than national ones. This does not mean that they are indifferent to national issues. Majority of them are members of the na- tional political parties. But their membership is greatly influenced by the party in power, since they are closely linked with it.
Technological Change and Credit Requirements in Agriculture : A Study of Two Villages in North Bengal
(University of Rajshahi, 1981) Hossain, Md. Makbul
This thesis is a study of agricultural finance in the context of the adoption of modern agricultural technology. The data used in the study are based on the survey of 13) farmers from two villages Ekdala and Ramjibanpur which respectively represent agriculturally advanced and traditional villages in the district of Rajshahi. The villages were selected purposively, while the farmers were selected by adopting stratified random sampling design. The selected farmers in each village were classified into seven size categories. The requirements of credit, the supply of credit, the share of different agencies, the utilization patterns, the interest rates and the existing credit gaps were studied and compared between the villages and among the size categories as well. It has been observed that farms adopting superior techniques of cultivation reported substantially higher credit requirements per household and per bigha compared with those on traditional farming. The analysis of purposewise requirements of credit showed that non-agricultural expenses accounted for the largest share of the total requirements followed by capital expenses, and current expenses in that order in both irrigated and unirrigated villages, and higher non-agricultural requirements of credit of the Ekdala sample households have emanated from non-food requirements. The relative proportion of credit allocated for agricultural purposes, however, appeared to have substantially increased in our present study. In respect of agricultural expenses, our results provide strong evidence in favour of the hYPothesis that large farmers exhibit a considerably greater requirement of external finance compared with their smaller counterparts. It has further been observed that though the contribution 0£ the institutional agencies to total borrowings of the cultivators has increased considerably, yet non-institutional agencies continue to have a dominant though declining influence in the rural credit market. Non-institutional agencies supplying major portion of the loans played very important role for the farmers in tl'B smaller size categories of farms. In both Ram.jibanpur and Ekdala, farmers belonging to the larger size categories received larger proportion of their loans at cheaper interest rates while smaller farmers paid exorbitant rates for larger parts of their total loans. Both cheap and institutional credit are being unevenly distributed, as interest free loans are gradually becoming unavailable to the cultivators. Larger farmers appropriated institutional loans more than proportionately tor- their shares in land. A big credit gap exists in both Ram.jibanpur and Ekdala. Farmers in both the villages bridged a portion of the requirements by undertaking disinvestment of assets. An overwhelmingly large proportion of disinvestment of assets was caused by the demands of non-agricultural expenditure. There is thus a need to reformulate the credit policy in consonance with the growing technological needs and by taking into account the dismal condition of the smaller farmers.
Patterns of Urbanization of Rajshahi Town - A Socio-Economic Study
(University of Rajshahi, 1982) Hossain, Muhammad Mofazzal; Khan, Fazlur Rashid
The uncontrolled crescendo of urbanization in Bangladesh is becoming an important and urgent issue because the organizational method for coping with the on- rush to cities, the squatting and slums, the housing and transport problems are not at all satisfactorily dealt with or proven. Urbanization problems are widely documented, though they still lack the wide range of required investigations. The present study, through normative approach, attempts to focus the interrelationship between the socio-economic growth and the patterns of urbanization. The study is based on a comprehensive socio-economic survey on the different aspects of urbanization using two sets of questionnaires. 800 samples through stratified sampling method have been used. Analysis is made using statistical techniques. It has been found that agriculture, trade and commerce, and service are the most important sectors of employment. The location of industries are scattered and inefficient. Ratio of non-working population to the total population is higher. The average family size is 5.86 and per capita income is Tk. 3606 per year. The sex ratio, dependency ratio and child-woman ratio is 975, 68.03 and 360 respectively. The density of population per acre is only 6.59 persons and literacy is 52.95 per cent. The rate of population growth is high and it will reach 98 hundred thousands i.e., four times larger than what it is today in next 20 years. Considering the consequences of rapid urbanization in a country like Bangladesh, recommendations for a national policy on urbanization is made. It has also been suggested to make further researches on the problems and prospects of urbanization in developing countries like Bangladesh.
Industrial Relations Practices of Thakurgoan Sugar Mills Ltd. Bangladesh
(University of Rajshahi, 1982-03) Nandi, Jayanta Kumar; Khan, Ameeruz Zaman
In the present study an increasing attention has been given on the subject of job satisfaction. The subject job satisfaction has been perceived as one of the important factors which generally regulates the work environment and contains a significant importance to make any particular form of work environment. It has been observed that the job satisfaction is one of the main topics in the field of Industrial Relations. In it the level of job satisfaction of the various positions of organizational hierarchy have been examined and measured in detail. After measuring the level of job satisfaction of the various sections of employees it has been found that 34.3 percent blue collar employees were moderately satisfied and 65.7 percent b blue collar workers had low level of satisfaction. There was none who had high level of satisfaction in this category. For the white collar workers, 57.5% percent were moaerately satisfied and 42.5 percent had low level of satisfaction. But there was none who had high level job satisfaction in this category. Similarly the level of job satisfaction of the officers has been found [66.6 percent with medium satisfaction and 33.4 percent with low w satisfaction. In measuring the level of job satisfaction of the employees of Thakurgoan Sugar Mills Ltd. some of the have been problems have been singled out and some suggestions put forward for removing the unpleasant condition of the factory. The study shows that the economic conditions of the employees are the main factors for creating other interrelated problems. On the other hand, the study proposes to improve the physical working conditions and the various other facilities for the workers to create work interest among them.
Studies of Genotype-Environment Interaction shown by Coleoptile length in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. em Thell )
(University of Rajshahi, 1984) Islam, Quazi Nazrul; Joarder, 0. I.
Wheat, like other cereal grains, has many natural advantages as a food. It is nutritious, concentrated, readily stored and transported, and easily processed to give highly refined raw foods. The products are bland, fit into countless recipes, and suit many tastes. Unlike any other plant derived food, wheat contains gluten protein which enables a leavened dough to rise by forming minute gas cells that hold carbon dioxide during fermentation. This property enables bakers to produce light bread. Wheut provides almost 20% and rice about 21% of thetotal food calories for the people of the world. Rice, wheat, corn, and potatoes are the leading food staples and rank inthis order of i mportance. 1,,jheat is the national f ood staple in 43 countries. It is the main staple for one billion peopleor about 35% of the world's population (Brown, 1963). Dependence upon wheat varies widely with geographic region s. In Europe and the USSR over 30% of the calories come from wheut,while in most other regions less than 20% are derived f rom wheat.As a food, wheat is the ma jor ingredient in most b r e ad s, rolls, chapaties, crackers , cookies, bi scuits , cakes, dou ghnuts,mu f fins, pancake s, waf fles, noodles, pie crust, ice cream cones, macaroni, spagh e tti, pudd inQs, pi zza , bulgur, rolled 2 flakes, many hot and ready-to-eat breakfast foods, and baby foods. It is a common thickener in soups, gravies, and sauces and occurs in candies and beverages. Germ, bran, and malt are additional forms of wheat products.
Biology and Ecology of Predaceous Coccinellids with Special Reference to their Incidence In Response to Aphid Population and Temperature
(University of Rajshahi, 1984) Rahman, A.S.M.Shafiqur; Quayum, M.A.
The biology of an insect is an important factor to be studied tor obtaining a knowledge on the nature and extent of damage to a particular crop. Thus, the biology of predaceous coccinellids have been undertaken for investigation with a view to finding out of its economic importance as well as to comparing their efficiency with other predaceous insects. Our knowled􀀎 on the biology of these predaceous insects is very scanty in our country. However, Hagen (1962) and Hodek (1967) studied the biology of some predaceous coccinellids in California and Czechoslovakia respectively. Savoiskaya (1974) studied the biology and morphology of coccinellid beetles and gave an estimated economic value in the process of biological control of insect pests. Islam and Nasiruddin (1978) studied· the life-histories of Q. repanda and Q. septempunctata. in Bangladesh. Abraham il 􀀂- (1976) studied thelbiology of c. arcuata, a predator of the rice pest, Nilaparvata lugens in India. Besides those some biological works have been conducted on Q. undecimpunctata aegyptiaca Reiche. ( Kamal, 1951; Ibrahim, 1955), on A• bipunctata L. (Nielson and Curri, 1960; Butler and Dickerson, 1972 ) , on Diloponis inconspicuus Pope (Brettell,1964)
Terracotta Ornamentation in The Muslim Architecture of Bengal
(University of Rajshahi, 1984) Khan, Muhammad Hafiz Ullah; Husain, A.B.M.
Ornamentation in Muslim architecture is an art of the surface. In an overall estimation, architecture is an art only by reason of its surfaces, its skin of mosaic, stucco, ceramic or marble, the verses of the Quran to be read on its walls and the fascination of its geometric patterns and abstract decoration of arabesque. This is also the view of the Muslim architect who transformed the architectonic elements into purely decorative compositions. In fact, Muslim artists were rarely inventive in the domain of forms, but their contribution to surface ornamentation was indisputably original. Muslim artists not only made the most use of almost all the traditional ornamental media or techniques, but also invented a few ones enriching the world art thereby. They strove to realize the artistic potential of every technique to the fullest, irrespective of its material nature. Even the craft of terracotta was raised to an art of excellence in Muslim decoration. The present study aims at an investigation into the character, quality, technique and technicalities, and the influence of the Muslim terracotta art of Bengal. The study has been designed into seven chapters, the first two being devoted to background discussions for the setting of the rest - the thesis part of the study. Chapter I deals in brief with the meaning, aesthetics, characteristics and themes of Muslim ornamentation. It also presents an over-view discussion on the various ornamental techniques used in Muslim architecture, tracing their beginning and following their course of progress across the Muslim lands including Bengal, the study area. The point of view has been to place Muslim art in Bengal in the context of the pan-Islamic art movement and establish links of some sorts between Bengal art and that in other Muslim countries, particularly Persia, which led to the genesis of Indo-Muslim art. Chapter II presents a summary discussion on the terracotta art of India in historical perspective from the Peasant Cultures (c. 3rd millennium B.C.) down to the architectural reliefs of the Buddhist Viharas in Bengal (up to c. 12th century). Through the ages, Indian terracottas mostly consisted of figure subjects of cult deities, men, women and animals, either in relief or in the round. Architectural terracotta is not known in India prior to the time of the Guptas (4th-6th centuries). In the post-Gupta period, terracotta reliefs in architecture remained confined to Bengal, that too, in the eastern and northern parts of the country. But the art appears to have died out by the 10th century. The Muslim conquerors of Bengal, however, revived the terracotta tradition in the 14th century, infusing thereto a new dimension in character, quality and application. They also continued a number of older indigenous motifs of Bengal, those that did not smack of imagery and hence, were not abominable to Muslim icono-phobic taste. Muslim terracotta art in Bengal is, therefore, a hybrid style bred of antithetic art idioms, but developing a distinct personality of its own in compromise with the land of its birth. Chapter III is devoted to an analytical study of the terracotta ornamentation in the Muslim architecture of Bengal. The chapter has been divided into six sections vis-a-vis the chronology of Muslim political history in Bengal, the purpose being to observe the condition of the art during each of the phases of political rule. Section A covers the pre-independence (pre-Sultani) period of Muslim rule in Bengal when the political and cultural ideas of the ruling elite were largely fed by streams coming from Delhi. and through it from the wider Muslim world further beyond. The terracotta art of the period is represented by the Bari Masjid (c. 1300) at Chhota Pandua in Hooghly, where a preponderance of Muslim abstract motifs occurred with minimal use of local elements, which were probably the choice of the native artists engaged in the work. Section B observes the state of the terracotta art during the first phase of independent Bengal represented by the early Ilyas fillahl rule (1342-1414). The Ilyas Shahi rulers identified themselves with local interests and made liberal concessions to local elements in the political and cultural arenas. The social tone of the period is reflected in the terracotta ornamentation of the Adina Mosque (1375) at 􀃔azrat Pandua in Malda, where there occurred an onrush of local folk motifs side by side characteristic Muslim patterns. But the ornamentation appeared incongruous with the stone surface of the structure, nor were the two art traditions synthesized. Section C shows the evolution of a purely brick architecture and integrated terracotta ornamentation in Bengal under the local converted House of Raja Ganesa (1415-32), represented by the Eklakhi Mausoleum (1415-32) at Hazrat Pandua. The monument - set the modus of surface decoration of the subsequent sultani architecture of Bengal and by effecting a synthesis between the characteristically Muslim and the local elements, evolved a common art formula. The terracotta’s now became integrated into the masonry of the structure and also improved in finesse of execution. Section D consists of a discussion on the terracotta art of the restored Ilyas Sha.hi period (1433-86), which was marked by brisk building activities both at the capital of Gaur and in the outlying areas of Bengal. The local aims and ideals thathad taken shape during the rule of the converted dynasty continued to be ceaselessly pursued by the Ilyas ShahI rulers, so that the Muslim rule and culture in Bengal became fully acclimatized. In the process, architecture reached its classical phase by means of balanced proportion of its various elements, and terracotta ornamentation attained its excellence both in substance and execution. A group of monuments built at Khalifatabad (modern Bagerhat) in Khulna district during the period and known as Khan Jahan style distinctly betrays Tughluqian features from Delhi. Besides, certain decorative elements of Persian antecedent are also noticed in the terracottas of the period. All these suggest Bengal's cultural contact both with Delhi and Persia during the period under study. Although sparse use of glazed tiles appeared in the monuments of the period, terracotta remained the almost exclusive decorative technique. Section E studies the terracotta of the Firuza Minar ascribed to sayf al-Dln Firuz 􀁵ah (1486-89), the 􀀍byssinian ruler of Bengal. The terracottas of the monument are restrained but graceful art products anu kept up the classical heritage of the Ilyas Shahi period. The combined use of glazed tiles and terracotta in the monum􀂮nt as well as its shape and interior spiral staircase betrays Perso-Iraqi influence. Section F deals with the terracotta ornamentation in the monuments of the 􀂾usain Shahi period (1493-1538). The period witnessed the most extensive building activities throughout the Kingdom of Bengal. Besides brick buildings, there now came to be erected buildings with brick core and stone facing, called the 'brick-and-stone style'. The period offers nothing significantly novel either in architecture or in ornamentation. The brick buildings merely imitated the terracotta designs of the Ilyas 0hah1 period for their aecoration with no newness in themes or artistic improvement. The attempt at executing terracotta motifs in stone did not also succeed well. There occurred, on the other hand, an over-richness in the details of the terra cottas and meaningless repetition of stereotyped panelled decoration. In fact, the period marked the beginning of decadence of the Muslim terracotta tradition in Bengal. An increase in the use of glazed tiles is noticeable in the monuments of the Husain Shahis. This perhaps speaks of the opulence of Bengal at the time and also suggests the continued influence of Persia - the land of tiles, on Bengal decorative art. Chapter IV dwells upon the terracotta ornamentation in the Muslim architecture of Bengal during the interregnum between the end of the Sultanate (1538) and the Mughal conquest of Bengal (1576), and under the Mughal rule. There were little building activities in Bengal during the interregnum with the least use of terracotta decoration. The Mughals preferred plaster decoration and under them, the terracotta art received no royal patronage. However, the popular love for the art kept it alive in sporadic instances away from the centres of Mughal rule till late 17th century. But by then, the ornamental motifs as well as the designs had lost their artistic appeal and were reduced to a faint reflex of their past glorious self. Chapter V contains a discussion on the occurrence of the Sul􀄅ini terracotta motifs and features in the Hindu temple ornamentation of Bengal from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The temples of late medieval Bengal, mostly built of brick, were local in origin with characteristic Bengali features such as curved cornice, panelled ornamentation in terracotta, panelled arched entrance etc. - features initiated by the Eklakhl Mausoleum (1415-32) and commonly used in the sul􀀧ani buildings of Bengal. Even the ground plan of the ratna style of temples and the interior vault of the temple styles in general are held to have been influenced by Muslim precedents. A large number of Muslim geometric patterns and strip motifs continued almost unchanged in temple ornamentation. Besides, some of the temple terracottas closely imitated Muslim abstract designs such as the arabesque. These influences were extensive in the 16th and 17th centuries temples, but diminished in the 18th and 19th centuries; nevertheless, certain Muslim elements lingered in temple decoration till the end of the temple building movement in Bengal. Chapter VI investigates into the making technique and the technicalities of seating the Muslim terracotta. It also discusses the nature of formation of the terracotta designs and attempts at their classification. Incidentally, it throws side light on the making centres of the terracottas and the diffusion of the technical knowledge of the art. Chapter VII summarises the nature and general chdracteristics of the Muslim terracotta ornamentation in Bengal in the light of the discussions made in the previous chapters.
Migrants' Remittance and Its Impact on Social Structure: A Case Study of Londoni Gaon
(University of Rajshahi, 1985) Chowdhury, Kamal Ahmed; Khan, Fazlur Hashid
This study deals with the effects of remittance on the social structure of a village in Bangladesh. The study has been designed in nine chapters, along with a chapter making detailed descriptions on different theoretical propositions regarding migration. It has also investigated the causes, process and the time of migration, and has revealed that the kinship-tie helped to overcome the intervening obstacles between the place of origin and that of destination to complete the process of migration. The remittance in fact pulled the migrant families from the arena of extreme poverty to affluence within a shortest possible time but failed to generate significant productive activities for the overall improvement of the village economy. The inflow of remittance has directly influenced the existing organization of production and brought about changes in one's position in it. It has also brought changes in the life style of the migrant families. Vertical mobility is also taking place in the village and the persons with remittance have already established their effective control over the power structure of the village. The condition of the worriment having migrant husbands but staying in the village is really precarious. Many of them have married knowing that they may have to remain away from their. husbands for the major part of their conjugal life. They are to perform the functions of rearing the children and looking after the household affairs, thereby changing their role in the household from working women to supervisors.
Effects of the Insecticide Carbicron on Meiotic Chromosome and other Morphological Characters of Wheat
(University of Rajshahi, 1986) Salma, Hossain,; Khaleque, M.A.
Chromosomal aberrations viz. sticky and contracted chromosomes, bridges, fragments and micro-nuclei were significantly increased in meiocytes of hexaploid and tetraploid wheat when seeds and/or plants were treated with the insecticide, Carbicron - 100. The insecticide treatment also significantly reduced plant height at heading, number of fertile tillers, number of spikeleta per ear and number of grains per ear in both the wheat species. In an attempt to determine whether any of the observed cytological and morphological effects can be transmitted to subsequent generations, plants were grown from seeds of the treated plants in the following year. In the selfed progeny of the hexaploid wheat neither any increase in the proportion of chromosomal aberrations nor any significant effect on the morphological characters was detected. In tetraploid wheat a significant reduction in plant height and number of fertile tillers was detected but for chromosomal aberrations and other morphological traits no difference between progeny of treated and untreated families was found.
Incidence of Bacterial and Viral Diseases of Silkworm, Bombyx Mori L. in Bangladesh and their Control
(University of Rajshahi, 1989) Barman, Anil Chandra; Rahman, Mustafizur; Quayum, M. A.
Like other forms of life, the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. is also affected by various types of diseases. During the growth the silkworms come in contact with a number of pathogenic agents like virus, bacteria, fungus, protozoans etc. under natural environmental conditions. Life functions are thus interfered and a disease occurs. The ultimate result is the loss of worms and hence loss of cocoon production. The earliest scientific report on insect diseases was on silkworm ailments (Kirby 1826). Afterwards it was experimentally demonstrated that the microorganisms are the causative agents for certain sickness in silkworms (Steinhaus 1963). A major breakthrough in our understanding of silkworm disease was achieved by Pasteur (1885) who identified that the protozoan, Nosema sp. was responsible for the devastating disease ' pebrine' of silkworm (Rene Dubas 1960). Bacterial and viral diseases of silkworm are the most common diseases inhabiting all the silk producing countries and areas, although their severity varies with the consequent interaction of existing environment of different regions. Total crop losses due to these diseases are rarely known, but the cocoon yield is largely hampered affecting national plan as well as personal income. In any of the cases of bacterial or viral diseases, starting point is the individual silkworm from which the disease is spread to the population. The occurrence of disease in a population is the consequence of interaction between pathogen, host and the environment……………………….
Performance Evaluation of the Nationalised Commercial Banks in Bangladesh: A Comparative Study"
(University of Rajshahi, 1989) S. A. Shakoor, S. A.; Saha, Abhinaya Chandra
Since the creation of Bangladesh the Nationalised Commercial Bas have been -playing a commendable role in achieving the economic growth of Bangladesh. Recently there is a greater change in banking sector in Bangladesh. Consultative Committee of Public Enterprise, Ministry of Finance, Bangladesh Bank and other researchers have emphasised the operational efficiency of the same. A host of research has been done on the various aspects of NCBs but as no such specific attempt is found,------------------------
Incidence of Bacterial and Viral diseases of silkworm. Bombyx mort l. In Bangladesh and their control
(University of Rajshahi, 1989) Barman, Anil Chandra; Rahman, Mustafizur
Like other forms of life, the silkworm, Bombyx rnori L. is also affected by various t􀀪s of diseases. During the growth the silkworms come in contact with a number of pathcqenic agents like virus, bacteria, fungus, protozoans etc. under natural environmental conditions. Life functions are thus interfered and a disease occurs. The ultimate result is the forms and hence loss of cocoon production-. The earliest scientific report on insect diseases was on silkworm ailments ( Kirby 1826). Afterwards it was experimentally demonstrated that the micro- .__ organisms are the causative agents for certain sickness in silkworms (Steinhaus 1963). A major breackthrough in our unde􀁤standing of silkworm disease was achieved by Pasteur (1885) who identified that the protozoan, Nosema sp. was responsible for the devastating disease ' pebrine' of silkworm (Rene Dubas 1960). Bacterial and viral diseases of silkworm are the most comnon diseases inhabiting all the silk prooucing countries and areas, although their severity varies with the ccnsequent interaction of existing env􀂅- ronment of different regions. Total crop losses due to these diseases are rarely known, but the cocoon yield is l;:irgely hampered affecting national plan as well as personal income. In any of the cases of bacterial or viral diseases, starting point is the individual silkworm from which the disease is spread to the pop..ilation. The occur1ence of disease in a p-,pulation is the con r---. since of interaction between pathcqen, host and the environment. -----------