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An International Environmental Court and the International Legalism
(Scopus, 2021) (Babu), Kudrat-E-Khuda
This article gives an overview and comes up with an assessment on the recent move led by the International Court for the Environment (ICE) Coalition to get support for the constitution of an international environmental court. This paper argues about Judith Shklarâ s idea of legalization and its recent up-gradation by Eric Posner Eric and provides a conceptual background for looking at the idea. It also suggests that the poor attention on legal remedies emphasizing legal accountability and liability seems inadequate. In spite of the limitations, it can be said that the contribution of the ICE Coalition to the debate, on how to best deal with collective action problems damaging the environment, can help develop long-term solutions.
An International Environmental Court and the International Legalism: An Overview from Legal Context
(Ecology, Environment and Conservation Paper, 2020-09-18) (Babu), Kudrat-E-Khuda
This article gives an overview and comes up with an assessment on the recent move led by the International Court for the Environment (ICE) Coalition to get support for the constitution of an international environmental court. This paper argues about Judith Shklar’s idea of legalization and its recent up-gradation by Eric Posner Eric and provides a conceptual background for looking at the idea. It also suggests that the poor attention on legal remedies emphasizing legal accountability and liability seems inadequate. In spite of the limitations, it can be said that the contribution of the ICE Coalition to the debate, on how to best deal with collective action problems damaging the environment, can help develop long-term solutions.
Cyber Security in the Global Village and Challenges for Bangladesh: An Overview on Legal Context
(Scopus, 2021) (Babu), Kudrat-E-Khuda
With the rapid penetration of the Internet and other information and communication technology worldwide, cyber-crime is emerging as a threat to personal data stored in computers and likely to affect the entire data systems. Even the United States, one of the most technologically advanced countries, is also subjected to such crimes. Bangladesh, being a less developed country, is also at the risk of cyber-crimes that might jeopardize the country’s national security. As the incumbent government eyes to ensure internet connectivity at all government institutions by 2021 upholding the motto of ‘Digital Bangladesh’, more and more national and multinational companies are offering online services to their services through the internet following the government’s agenda. From shopping to Banking, all are just a click away with the higher rate of internet penetration. However, criminals are also using the online platform where they are committing various sorts of criminal activities including phishing, hacking, and stealing personal data. Hence, the state-owned, as well as private organizations, might fall prey to cyber-attacks which might affect the lives of the entire population. Moreover, the country’s 90% of software is unlicensed that also intensifies the risk of cybercrimes thanks to their compromised security issue. In addition, the recent tug of wars between Bangladeshi and Indian hackers impacted the diplomatic relations between the two nations. More importantly, there have been scores of media reports saying that terror groups use online platforms for financing and maintaining intra-group communications. In this context, the existing laws and government moves against cyber-crimes are apparently very scanty to combat the burgeoning threat. The study attempts to shed light upon the threat posed by cyber-crimes in the context of the global village with an emphasis on the perspective of Bangladesh.
Negative Effects of the Urban River Pollution on the Environment and Human Health in Bangladesh
(Technoscience Publications, 2023-09) (Babu), Kudrat-E-Khuda; Riaduzzaman, Md.; Akter, Tahmina; Akther, Sumaia
Based on research findings, Bangladesh’s river water, crucial for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use, has long been in a terrible situation. There have been numerous instances of significant contamination in the waterways surrounding Dhaka city, including the Buriganga River, and in Chattogram city, including the Karnaphuli River, over the past 40 years. The existing data demonstrate that other urban rivers, particularly Karatoa, Teesta, Rupsa, Pasur, and Padma, are also in severe condition due to the disposition of huge pollutants. Contaminants flowing with the water have severely polluted the downstream areas of the rivers. High metal concentrations are frequently observed in river water during the dry season. In the Buriganga River and at certain locations in the Turag, Balu, Sitalakhya, and Karnaphuli Rivers, the presence of dissolvable oxygen (DO) is nearly zero. NO3, NO2, and PO4-3 pollution has also occurred in many rivers. Most rivers have Cr, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu, Cd, Mn, As, and Ni concentrations beyond the legal limit for drinking water. In contrast, some rivers have metal concentrations above the legal irrigation water limit. The majority of the rivers, particularly the peri-urban rivers in Dhaka city, Teesta, Korotoa, Rupsha, Karnaphuli, and Meghna Rivers, have significantly higher metal concentrations, according to sediment data. Metal concentrations in sediment are generally higher than USEPA standards in most rivers. Metal concentrations in fish and crops demonstrate metal bioaccumulation. The trend in metal concentration follows the order of water, fish, and sediment. It has been shown that crops irrigated with tainted water contain dangerous metals. The analysis of daily intake data on carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic substances reveals that consuming contaminated food can seriously impact human health.
Plastic Pollution, Its Causes and Impacts on Environment and Livelihood
(2020) (Babu), Kudrat-E-Khuda
The plastic derived product has now become an essential commodity of our daily life. A large volume of used plastics poses serious environmental threats resulting danger for marine life, decrease in the soil fertility and pollution of ground water. For the developing country like Bangladesh, it is very difficult as well as challenging also to maintain and manage the control of the pollution of this vast plastic waste. The major reasons of deficient plastic management in Bangladesh are scarcity of facilities, infrastructure development, and inadequate allocation for waste management. Neither is any significant or effective actions taken or there is no particular or specific law to control the ongoing plastic pollution. The prevailing environmental laws in the country are not adequate enough to address the problem while its implementations are also largely absent. The paper aims to determine the causes of plastic pollution and its impacts on the environment and livelihood; to scrutinize the prevailing related laws and policies and to conclude with recommendations to stop plastic pollution in Bangladesh. The paper makes use of secondary data, i.e. books, articles, national and international law reports, Acts etc.
Soil Pollution-a Consequence of Environmental Misdeeds
(Scopus, 2020) (Babu), Kudrat-E-Khuda; Riaduzzaman, Md.
Soil is the most precious and non-renewable resource in the world, and the main source of life for all living beings and resources. As no living thing on earth can be imagined without soil, it is the source of minerals, gases, liquids or solution and nutrients that support life. On the other hand, this soil can be a curse if it is polluted. This study indicates that there are 30,000 manufacturing factories are operating in Bangladesh and they are using at least 40 different types of chemicals in their operations. Owing to environmental pollution and related causes in Bangladesh, about 234,000 people, including 80,000 in urban areas, died in 2019, making it one of the most-affected countries in the world. The existing environmental legislations in Bangladesh are not sufficient to stop soil pollutions and the lack of implementation of these laws made the situation worst. Against such a background, the prime objectives of this article are to review the causes of soil pollution in Bangladesh; to determine the effects of soil pollution; to review the existing legal frameworks and to make recommendations to stop the pollutions. The paper makes use of secondary data i.e. books, articles, different national and international law reports, Acts etc.
The Impacts and Challenges to Host Country Bangladesh Due To Sheltering the Rohingya Refugees
(Scopus, 2020) (Babu), Kudrat-E-Khuda; Scott, Michael William
Rohingya refugees are among the most persecuted people in the world. The Myanmar government has forced them to flee to Bangladesh a couple of times, and the recent atrocities of the Myanmar government have added insult to injury on the current crisis. Although the demographic vulnerability and socio-economic condition of Bangladesh do not suggest assuming extra responsibility, more than one million Rohingya refugees are currently staying in Bangladesh. As a result, Bangladesh faces many challenges and problems, along with social, environmental, legal and financial impacts. This paper aims to identify the impacts and challenges for Bangladesh due to the mass influx of Rohingya refugees. The paper also provides some recommendations to the world community, human rights activists and concerned authorities in order to resolve the refugee crisis permanently.
The Interconnection Between Environment and Human Rights
(Scopus, 2020) (Babu), Kudrat-E-Khuda
Every year more than two million people meet the tragic end of their lives across the world for different causes. Thousands of individuals suffer from pollution-related illnesses. Ecosystems, for water scarcity, improper management of natural disasters, and disposal of toxic and hazardous products are degrading across the world due to environmental pollution. Climate change has an adverse impact on human health. These facts indicate that environmental and human-rights are closely related. The UN attempts to tackle environmental issues-the Stockholm and Rio Declarationâ illustrate the importance of the link between human rights and dignity, and the environment. Already 69 years of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights have been passed but human rights are till facing serious crisis. This crisis impacts on environment and human right to the environment. The article aims to focus the environmental concerns in human rights discourse; to explore the relationship between human rights and environmental rights in light of the worsening global environmental situation, and to encourage the excellent practices pertaining to implementation of human rights obligations and responsibilities for informing and strengthening the development of overall environmental issues. The article makes use of secondary data, i.e. books, articles, different national and international law reports.