MPhil Thesis

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Antimicrobial and insecticidal activities of Solanum torvum Sw. (Solanaceae) and Smilax zeylanica L. (Liliaceae) on Cryptolestes pusillus (Schon.) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae)
(University of Rajshahi, 2009) Bari, Md Abdul; Islam, Md Wahedul; Khan, Md Ataur Rahman
The bioactivity and insecticidal activities of different parts of two plants, viz. leaf, stem, root and inflorescence of Solanum torvum and leaf, stem and root of Smilax zeylanica were assayed against gram positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, fungi, brine shrimps and the insect, red flat grain beetle, Cryptolestes pusillus were investigated. Toxicidal activity of the chloroform and methanolic extracts of leaf, stem, root and inflorescence of S. torvum and leaf, stem and root of S. zeylanica on some microbes (Gram-positive bacteria: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylcoccus aureus, Sarcina lutea, Streptococcus-􀀁 haemolyticus and Gram negative bacteria: Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella shiga, Shigella sonnei, Shigella boydii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species (K.sp.), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus sp.; and fungi: Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Vasin factum, Candida albicans, Mucor sp., Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum falcatum) were determined. The bioactivity of the extracts on the brine shrimp, Artemia was also observed. In addition, the toxicity of the extracts on the beetle, C. pusillus was· determined. Methanolic extracts of root of S. torvum and S. zeylanica exhibited higher toxicity on the microbes, brine shrimp and the beetle. All the extracts of the test plants showed toxic effects on the microbes tested by inhibiting their growth. The findings of the investigation elucidated that the Methanolic extract of two test plants possessed strong residual toxic effects on C. pusillus that may have promising potential in controlling storage pest management programmes.
Biodegradation of Carbofuran by Naturally Occurring Soil Borne Bacteria
(University of Rajshahi, 2014) Akhtar-E-Ekram, Md.; Saha, Ananda Kumar; Reza, Md. Abu
Biodegradation of carbofuran (Furadan) used as a pesticide, was investigated using microorganisms isolated from carbofuran treated rice field soil with a history of pesticide application. Samples of carbofuran treated soil were incubated in mineral salts medium supplemented with Standard carbofuran (99% purity) at 2 μg/ml,4 μg/ml, 8μg/ml and 16 μg/ml concentration for 7 days at 30°C and bacterial strain were isolated from the soil sample which were supplemented with standard carbofuran at 2 μg/ml and 4 μg/ml. No viable growths were found at 8μg/ml and 16μg/ml carbofuran concentrated MS media. The isolated bacteria were examined microscopically for their morphological and measured optical density (OD) to determine physiological characteristics at various temperature and pH. Morphological, physiological characteristics and biochemical properties indicated that the bacterium was gram negative, aerobic, lactose fermenting, catalase positive, oxidase negative, indole negative, methyl red negative, triple sugar iron test positive. The optimal culture condition of the bacterium for carbofuran degradation was pH 7.0 and temperature at 30°C. The antibiotic resistance pattern is generally used for strain identification in ecological studies. It is evident from the present investigation that the isolated bacteria were resistance to nalidixic acid(NA30) and cefuroxime sodium(CXM30) and have the ability to utilize different carbohydrates viz.glucose, lactose, sucrose, mannose, arabinose and cellulose. The MIC of gentamycine against the isolated bacteria was also determined and the concentration was 400μg/ml. Viable cell counts were also done and 459×107 CFU/ml. Carbofuran toxicity was also evaluated on Artemia salina and LC50 value was 9.103558μg/ml for the A. salina and the regression equation was Y = 3.942777 + 1.102179 X, while the 95% confidence limits were 3.810799 to 21.74736 μg/ml for 12h of exposure only . The antagonistic effect of the isolated bacteria was tested against some pure culture strain of bacteria and fungi. Unfortunately the bacteria did not show any antagonistic effect on plant pathogenic fungi and fortunately it exhibited no effect on Rhizobacteria. Thus, future application of the carbofuran degrading bacteria at field level would not be harmful against any plant growth promoting Rhizobium sp. Biodegrading ability of the isolated bacterium indicate a positive role of microorganism in pesticide contaminated sites bioremediation. So, the study recommends possible application of the isolate in the In vivo bioremediation of pesticide contaminated soils and assure pesticides hazards free better environment.
Biological factors of Mental Retardation among the tribal population in Dinajpur
(University of Rajshahi, 2003) Ali, Md. Solaiman; Hasan, Anwarul
This research was designed mainly to study the biological factors of mental retardation among the tribal population in Dinajpur area of Bangladesh. Randomly selected 83 tribal and 78 non-tribal cases of mental retardation were studied. The mentally retarded subjects live in different villages of Dinajpur area in Bangladesh. The age ranges of the subjects are between 2 and 38 years. 105 cases are male and 56 cases are female. Out of total 161 cases 11 are Down's syndrome, 14 are cranial anomalies, 5 are Cretinism and 131 are cultural familial cases. Only 15 cases are simple mental retardation cases. Others have different handicapped conditions with mental retardation. The researcher used a checklist to assess the degree of handicapped conditions of the subjects. A case history form was used to trace the possible factors of mental retardation. The researcher also observed the cases at their home and during different social interactions. He interviewed the parents, guardians, family members and neighbors of the subjects to understand the real situation. Field studies were done from July 2000 to June 2003. Each case was observed on several days. The major objectives of the study were to identify the biological factors of mental retardation among the tribal and the non-tribal population, compare the factors of the tribal and non-tribal subjects, study the degree and severity of the problems of the mentally retarded persons and to suggest ways and means to prevent mental retardation in the study areas. Though the study was a survey of a small geographical area of the country, it is expected that the findings will help the medical scientists, concerned professionals and policy makers to plan and implement appropriate steps to prevent birth of men tally retarded children in Bangladesh. It is also assumed that the findings will help facilitate formulation of a National Policy for the mentally retarded persons in Bangladesh. The researcher did not identify a single factor or few factors which are exclusively related to the birth of mentally retarded children among the tribal population in Dinajpur area. Many well known factors are there among the tribal population. All these factors work together for birth of the mentally retarded children. These factors are poor nutrition of the pregnant mothers, infantile illnesses of the subjects including high fever, meningitis, infection, etc. Smoking and wine intake of the mothers, illnesses and diseases of the pregnant mothers, defective birth process, prolonged labour, etc. are important factors of mental retardation in the tribal population. There are many factors which are common biological factors for both the tribal and non-tribal cases of mental retardation. These are: lower age of the mothers before pregnancy, diseases and illnesses of the parents before conception, poor nutrition of the pregnant mothers, difficult births after prolonged labour pain, faulty treatment and indiscriminate use of medicines by the pregnant mothers, illness and diseases of the infants and babies, etc. Now it has become essential to promote awareness about mental retardation among the tribal population in Dinajpur. The Christian Missionary Groups can undertake a programmed to promote the awareness. If the Health Directorate of Bangladesh Government insists or motivates the Christian Missionary Groups, they will definitely undertake the awareness development programs which will be more effective than the programs of other organizations. The tribal people of Dinajpur are also the citizen of this country. They pay taxes, they cast votes and they are hard working honest people. But they are deprived from many socioeconomic development programs sponsored by the Government. It seems that the life and living of these people are more controlled by the Christian Missionary Groups than the Government. But in Dinajpur area the Christian Missionary Groups did not promote suitable health care facilities, clinics and hospitals for the tribal people. Therefore, it has become necessary for the Government to look into the matter and promote some specialized health care facilities for the tribal people. Government health care programs will also help prevention of further birth of the mentally retarded children in the area.
Biology of the Parasitoids and Predators of Tribolium spp. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
(University of Rajshahi, 2004) Rahman, Farhana; Islam, Md Wahedul
Two parasitoids and one predator were recovered from the red llour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and the confused flour beetle, T. confi,sum Duval infested wheal flours. lbe larval-pupal parasitoids are Rhahdepyris zeae Waterston and !Iolepyris sylvanidis Brethes (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) and the predator is Xylocoris jlavipes (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Some ac;pects of biology of these parasitoids and.predator were investigated in the laboratory condition on the above two species of Tribolium. R. zeae although a larval-pupal ectoparasitoid showed a decided preference towards the fourth instar larvae and early pupae of the host. The developmental time varied in the male and female adult parasitoids. The male and female of R. zeae completed <.lt:velopmcnt within 19.06:1:0.59 um.I 20.14±0.58 days in 'I: castmwum while in T. confu.mm it was 20.10±0.77 and 21 .20±0.92 days, respectively al 30 ± I °C and 70% R. H. The males are polygamous but the females arc always monogamous. Both the sexes of R. zeae lived maximum days when host was supplied continuously. The female deposited maximum number of eggs when hosts were abundant. The sex ratio of R. zeae always showed female biased and dependent on the size of the host. Ji sylvanidis is also a primary larval-pupal ecloparasitoid of T. castaneum and T. confusum. After emergence the male took the initiative in mating and courtship. The fourth instar larvae were preferred for oviposition. The male of fl. sylva11idis completed life cycle within I 5.50±0.62 and 16.00±0.47 days in T. castaneum and T. confusum whereas the female required I 6.66t:0.72 and 17.15±0.80 days. Females are monandrous while males are polygynous. The hosts fluids were necessary for greater longevity in both the sexes. H. ,\ylvanidi.\· is arrhenolokous. Xylocoris jlavipes (Reuter) is a predator of different larval and pupal stages of Tribolium. The early stage was most preferred than that later stages. The male of X flavipcs completed life cycle within 16.99±1.86 and 17.80±1.30 days in 7'. castancum and T. confusum whereas the female required 16.00± 1.63 and 17.00±1.63 days. The female biased sex ratio of X jlavipes was noticed.-----
Comparative Studies on in Vitro Regeneration, Cell Culture and Artificial Seed Production in Eggplant (Solanum Melongena L.)
(University of Rajshahi, 2007) Rahman, Md. Motiur; Miah, M. A. Bari
Protocol establishment for cell culture and artificial seed production for improvement of agricultural crops is a new venture in Bangladesh. Both the research avenues are equally important to afford opportunities for the application of advance biotechnological tools. Towards the improvement of eggplant in Bangladesh, meristem culture, somatic embryogenesis and artificial seed production were the prime objectives of the present investigation. Widely cultivated two local cultivars namely cv. China and cv. Loda were taken for the present study. Different medium compositions were tested for sorting out efficient combinations for the better establishment of apical meristem culture, vital footstep towards developing virus-free cultivars. Shoot tips of 20-25 days old in vitro grown plants of the two cultivars were used for meristem isolation. For primary establishment of isolated meristems, 2.0 mgr1 BAP in MS liquid medium was found to be the most effective. MS semisolid medium having 0.50 mgr1 GA3 alone was found to be the best and 0.50 mgr1 GA3 + 2.0 mgr1 BAP appeared moderate formulation for shoot elongation from the primary established meristem. MS semisolid medium fortified with 3.0 mgr1 IBA was found to be the most effective for root induction. Embryogenic callus induction is the precondition for successful accomplishment of embryogenesis and cotyledon and midrib of the two cultivars were used for this purpose. Auxin-cytokinin combinations were proved more potent for embryogenic callus induction as well as callus growth than that of auxin tried singly in the media. MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mgr1 NM + 0.05 mgr1 BAP was proved to be the best media formulation for induction of embryonic cam in eggplant, when cotyledon showed 85.43% and 82.50% and midrib showed 83.30% and 84.50%, respectively for cv. China and cv. Loda. The embryonic Calli were harvested from the experiment and cultured in agarified MS media supplemented with different hormonal treatments to test their regeneration potentialities. Among the different treatments, 2.0 mgr1 Zeatin + 1.0 mgr1 BAP performed the best for regeneration. In this case, cotyledon showed highest regeneration frequency 87.33% and 86.50%, whereas midrib showed 82.15% and 79.75%, respectively for cv. China and cv. Loda.
Effect of Custard Apple (Annona Squamosa L.) Extract on the Mortality of the Red-Flour-,Beetle, Tribolium Castaneum HBST
(University of Rajshahi, 1992) Sultana, Mst. Shajia; Khalequzzaman, M.
The needs for evolution of pest management strategies basedon non-insecticidal chemicals having behavioural or physiological activity with insectistatic potential with or without selective insecticide deployment, has been recognized as an ecological imperative for well over a decade now. However, such chemicals are often highly specific, biodegradable, of low persistance, and their control potential is sophisticated and long-term. Although ecologically desirable, these very characteristics of noninsecticidal chemicals weigh against their economic feasibility and reduce their appeal to the primary users - the farmers. For this purpose an investigation has been carried out on the effect of chemicals extracted from the seed of custard apple, Annona sguamosa Linn.,. an insecticide-methacrifos and their combined doses on Tribolium castaneum strains local, CR-I, FSS-II and CTC 12. Custard apple seeds after drying extracted in four chemicals viz.,Petroleum Spirit, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol. Those four type of chemicals extracted from the seeds along withmethacrifos tested on the adult beetles for all the strains.The extracted materials also treated on the larvae. Again the low doses of extracted chemicals and insecticide were applied combindly on the adult!• castaneum to observe the synergistic effect.----
Epidemiology of Repeat Breeding of Dairy Cows in Bangladesh
(University of Rajshahi, 2013) Rahman, Mahabur; Sarder, Md. Jalal Uddin; Rauf, Shah Md. Abdur
The present study was to investigate the repeat breeding of dairy cows in relation to breed, age, parity, body weight, body condition score, farm type, farm size, housing system, floor type, feed quality, breeding method, preventive measure and treatment provider in Bangladesh. A total 1207 dairy cows in Rajshahi district during the period from August, 2011 to January, 2013 to study the overall incidence of repeat breeding as well as isolation of organism and antibiotic sensitivity test of repeat breeder cows at Rajshahi in Bangladesh and 100 cows for therapeutic approach to evaluate the efficacy of drugs against repeat breeding. Extensive survey and data were collected from private dairy farm from Rajshahi district of Bangladesh and a government farm namely Rajshahi Dairy and Cattle Improvement Farm, Rajabarihat, Rajshahi. The data collected by using structured quiestionnaire and direct interview of the farmer. Sorted data and complied with the help of computer software SPSS and analyzed and finally commented by the incidence & chi-square test. The overall incidence of repeat breeding of dairy cows was 20.4%. The highest incidence of repeat breeding observed in cross breed cows (19.7%), L×F genotype (8.5%), 6-<8 years of age (8.7%), 3rd parity (6.4%) 250-<350 kg body weight (10.3%), private farm (17.4%), large farm size (5.8%), AI breeding method (15.4%), Occasionally preventive measure (7.3%) and traditionally treatment provider (10.7%) on repeat breeder cows in Rajshahi. The lower incidence of repeat breeding were observed in local (0.7%) L×SL×SL genotype (3.0%), <4 years (3.3%), 6th parity (1.0%), >350kg body weight (4.1%), good body condition score (2.7%), government farm (3.0%), medium farm size (5.5%), good housing system (4.4%), natural breeding method (5.0%), no preventive measure (6.1%) and treatment by veterinarian (2.0%) had been taken. In total 100 (n=100) cows were selected for collection of uterine sample from repeat breed cows at Rajshahi district. A significant number of bacteria were identified from diseased samples and they were Fusobacterium spp 14 (45.16%) (p=0.000), Actinomyces spp 10 (32.25%) (p=0.003), Escherichia coli 12 (38.70%), Pseudomonas spp 11 (35.48%) (p=0.002) and Haemophilus spp 9(29.0%) (p=0.012). Identified Staphylococcus spp was 11 (35.48%) and Streptococcus spp 12 (38.78%). In average, Azithromycin was highly sensitive (99.38%), Penicillin (51.85%) and Oxytetracyclien (25.30) were highly resistance. Streptomycin was moderately sensitive (48.76%). Ciprofloxacin (93.20%), Kanamycin (73.45%), Gentamycin (55.55%) and Cephalexin (53.70%) were also sensitive. Therapeutic approach had significant effect (P<0.05) on treatment of repeat breeding of cows. Among therapeutic drugs Acriflavin + Metronedazole + Gentamycin Sulphate was the best group of all. The present results suggests that L×SL×SL, <4 years of age, 6th and above parity, <350 kg body weight, good body condition, Natural service and veterinarian treatment support significantly reduce the incidence of repeat breeding in dairy cows. Additionally, a lot of microorganism were identify which are very harmful effect on fertility status of dairy cows in this study area as well as Azithromycin and Ciprofloxacin were highly sensitive 99.38% and 93.20% respectively.
Factors affecting Dental caries in Rajshahi Region: It's extent, Consequences June 2020 and Prevention
(University of Rajshahi, 2020-06) Parvin, Farhana; Islam, Wahedul; Alam, Shah
Dental caries or cavity could also be a senous oral pathological state in most industrial countries, poignant 60-90% of school going kids and additionally the overwhelming majority of adults. Oral health standing of vulnerable people in developing countries tends to be lower priority than various health issues. Consequently few studies square measure done on the oral health standing of the agricultural people in developing countries and explore the possibility indicator of cavity tooth decay but no relationship could also be established between drinkable and caries. Throughout this study it had been aimed to prevent cavity by salt and Ca that's available with drinkable. This study was drained upazilla level in rajshahi region. The dust-covered coliform gift within the drinkable in addition a region of the study. Typically this may be usually a cross sectional descriptive type of study. About 540 respondents of 9 upazillas in Rajshahi region were designated and knowledge was collected by a predesigned datasheet. 60 samples of water were collected from the respondents in every upazilla. The information the knowledge the knowledge concerning caries patients was taken within the data sheet. Sample analysis was wiped out 2 classes. One was chemical analysis and alternative was microbiological analysis of the water. The study represent that the Fluoride content in water that was collected from the respondents of various upazillas expressed in table I to 9. The F worth was found 16.126. The many result was found in Tanore, Puthia, Upazilla. Extremely important was discovered in Bagha, Bagmara, Charghat, Durgapar Upazilla. Whereas non-significant result was found in acid, Godagari, Mohonpur Upazilla. The metallic element content in water expressed in table I 0-18. The, F worth was 41.151. The amount of great was totally different in every upazilla. In Godagari Upazilla the result found is critical. In Paba, Bagha, Charghat, Durgapur, Mohonpur and Tanore the result were extremely important. The Fluoride concentration in water samples collected from totally different upazillas ranges from 0.1231 to 2.3254 ppm. Mohanpur Upazilla contains the best quantity of Fluoride and Godagari Upazilla contains rock bottom quantity of Fluoride. The vary between total of sq. and mean sq. is highest in Mohanpur. The metallic element concentration in water sample collected from totally different upazilla ranges from 27. 94 to 71 gm 1-1. Tanore Upazilla contains the best quantity of metallic element and Charghat Upazilla contains rock bottom quantity of metallic element. The vary between total of sq. and mean sq. is highest in Godagari Upazilla. The microbiological analysis that represent the faecal coliforms contamination of water.------
Factors Affecting the Semen Production and Semen Quality of Bulls Used for Artificial Insemination
(University of Rajshahi, 2013) Dina, Mafruza Sultana; Sarder, Md. Jalal Uddin; Abdur Rauf, Shah Md.
The present study was to evaluate the semen production and semen quality in relation to bull ID, breed, age, body weight, body condition, libido, testicular circumference, season and Artificial Insemination (AI) centres from 16 bulls used for AI programme in Bangladesh. The study was conducted at District AI Centres (DAIC), Rajshahi and Rajshahi Dairy & Cattle Improvement Farm (RDCIF) Rajabarihat, Rajshahi, AI sub centres / points under the Rajshahi district and Dept. of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, University of Rajshahi duration from July, 2011 to June, 2013. The average values of semen production such as volume of ejaculate, color, mass activity, density, sperm concentration, sperm motility, total number of sperm cells /ejaculate, number of semen doses per collection were 7.67±2.17ml, 3.06±0.98 (scale:1-4), 2.91±0.74 (scale:1-5), 3.56±0.77 (scale:1-4), 1330.46±313.32 million/ml, 62.94±5.32%, 10112.88±3521.12 million/ejaculate 337.10±117.37 respectively. Individual bull had significant effect (P<0.05) on only volume of ejaculate and color of semen. Six breeds of the bull such as L×F×SL×F×F, SL×F, L×F×F, L×F, (L×F)2, L×F(L×F×F) had significant (P<0.05) effect on all the semen characteristics. The significant (P<0.05) highest volume (8.23±2.47 ml) was found in L×F×SL×F×F breed and lowest (5.97±2.36 ml) in L× F×(L×F×F) breed. Significantly (P<0.05) highest values of sperm motility (63.48±5.12%), total number of sperm cells/ejaculate (10523.03±3607.45million/ml) and the number of semen doses (350.70±120.25) were found in (L×F)2 breed of bull. The semen quality was tested by using three type of extenders to evaluate sperm motility %, various duration of preservation of semen in relation to conception rate of cows. A total 189 cows were artificial inseminated in different AI sub centre/points of District AI centre and average conception rate was observed 50.77%. The three extenders of Egg Yolk Citrate (EYC), Cornell University Extender (CUE) and Coconut Milk Extender (CME) had significant effect (P<0.05) on sperm motility % and conception rate. The highest conception rate was found at EYC (57.82±7.00%) and lowest in CME (43.71±3.59%). A total 64 semen sample was studied for the determination of sperm abnormalities in association to non return rate (NRR). The average head and tail abnormalities were obtained 4.29% and 13.90% respectively and total sperm abnormalities was observed 18.13 ±6.78%. A total of 1600 cows inseminated by that 16 bull semen were observed for NNR within 60 days. The overall NRR was obtained 78.50±11.95%. Bull ID, breed, testicular circumference, libido had significant effect (P<0.05) on sperm abnormalities and NR%. It was concluded that the overall semen production performance was found better in (L×F)2 breed, young age, 500-<600 body weight, very good body condition, >38 cm testicular circumference, good libido, spring season and AI centre’s of RDCIF. Semen quality was suitable in the EYC extender for chilled semen preservation under field condition as well as L×F×F breed had shown satisfactory performance of sperm morphology and NR%.
In Vitro Development and Heat Stress Tolerance in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)
(University of Rajshahi, 2024) Zaman, Toyfiquz; S. M. Shahinul, Islam
Rice is a staple crop that provides food for billions of people worldwide, but it is susceptible to damage from biotic and abiotic stress, particularly in tropical or subtropical areas. On top of that, stress has a negative impact on the productivity and quality of rice. To close the gap between output and demand, significant productivity gains are needed given the rising demand for rice. The study assessed the germination rates and callus induction capabilities of various rice varieties under different conditions in lab and also in the field. An efficient and reproducible in vitro regeneration process is required for the production of abiotic stress tolerance in rice through biotechnological approaches. In this study, optimization of culture media, callus induction, and plant regeneration of five Aman rice varieties viz. BRRI dhan34, BRRI dhan51, BRRI dhan71, BRRI dhan79, and BRRI dhan95 were considered and mature seeds of those varieties were collected from BRRI Regional Station, Rajshahi. To investigate the effects of different concentrations of 2,4-D and other plant growth regulators on callus induction and regeneration some experiments were conducted and evaluated. Two basal media viz. MS and N6 were considered for the experiments out of four (MS, B5, N6 and SK-3) studied previously under this research works. It was observed that all five rice varieties showed higher callus induction on MS medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/l 2,4-D than other concentrations. Based on callus induction data were recorded and BRRI dhan34, BRRI dhan51, BRRI dhan71, BRRI dhan79 and BRRI dhan95 gave 63.4%, 50.4%, 40.4%, 58% and 53% embryogenic calli, induction respectively. In combination with BAP (2.0 mg/l), Kin (2.0 mg/l) and NAA (0.5 mg/l) added to MS medium data showed better performance on regeneration. They can be used as a baseline for demand-driven in vitro rice propagation, providing useful information that can be combined with other agronomic features in rice development to improve the abiotic stress-tolerant cultivars through biotechnological methods in future. In addition of different concentration of NaCl in medium affects on callus growth. Data showed that at 2.0 g/l concentration was better than others. Higher NaCl concentrations correlated with decreased germination rates and increased callus necrosis, although BRRI dhan34 (7.2±0.8%) and BRRI dhan51 (7.2±0.8%) exhibited salt tolerances across all studies concentrations. Another experiment was conducted on the effect of heat stress and results showed that BRRI dhan34, BRRI dhan79 and BRRI dhan95 showed tolerances and it was observed that maintaining robust callus growth even at elevated temperatures at 35°C and 40°C. In contrast, BRRI dhan51 (6%) and BRRI dhan71 (8%), displayed modest heat tolerance (6%), exhibiting diminished performance under higher temperatures. These findings are very importance on selecting appropriate rice varieties based on their germination rates, callus induction, salt and heat tolerance of rice varieties in Bangladesh.
In Vitro Propagation and Conservation of Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni
(University of Rajshahi, 2010) Zaman, Rashed; Sikdar, Biswanath
Experiments were conducted on in vitro culture of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, an important non-caloric sweetening herb to explore its potential for micro-propagation. Nodes, internodes and leaves of pot grown mature plants were used as explants and experiments were based on surface sterilization; direct shoot proliferation; callus formation; indirect shoot proliferation from callus and root proliferation of induced shoot. Normal process of tissue culture technique was followed for in vitro culture of the different explants. Different concentration of Auxins (IAA, IBA, NAA, 2,4-D) and Cytokinin’s (SAP, Kn) were used individually or in combinations in the culture media as growth regulator supplements. For surface sterilization, 2 minutes of Mercuric chloride (HgCb) treatment was found the most effective for leaves and 2.5 minutes for nodes and internodes. Nodes showed the highest percentage of direct shoot proliferation compared to internodes. BAP (2.0 mg/l) + NAA (0.2 mg/I) was the best combination for direct shoot proliferation. When this combination of growth regulators was used in the culture media, highest percentage of proliferated shoots from nodes was 92.84 ± 0.45, average number of shoots per explant was 4.16 ± 0.28 and average length of the longest shoot was 2.67± 0.98 cm. In same combination, highest percentage of proliferated shoots from internodes was 84.87 ± 0.62, average number of shoots per explant was 3.95 ± 0.34 and average length of the longest shoot was 2.78 ± 0.43 cm. But internodes showed the highest percentage of callus formation compared to nodes and leaves. 2,4-D (2.5 mg/I) + NAA (1.5 mg/I) was the best combination for callus
Mass Propagation and Conservation of Three Important Medicinal Plants: Aloe Vera L., Acorus Calamus L. and Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni
(University of Rajshahi, 2007) Ahmad, Shahrear; Islam, A. K. M. Rafiul
The peasant investigation was undertaken to standardize in vitro culture techniques for mass propagation and conservation of two threatened important plant species, Aloe vera L. and Acorus calamus L. of Bangladesh and one n: canty introduced non-sugar natural herbal sweetener, Stevia Reba Diana Bertoni. In case of Aloe vera through proper hormonal treatments it was possible to differentiate direct multiple shoots from shoot tip explants. The best multiple shoot production was achieved in MS+2.0 mg/I BA + 0.5 mg/I Kn + 0.2 mg/I NAA. The optimum pH level of the medium was found to be 6.0. As a carbon source, 13DH was the best and local market 13angladesh sugar at 30-40 g/1 was also found to give the satisfactory result. Agar at a level of 7 g/1 irrespective of brands was highly effective to solidly media. For adventitious rooting of regenerated shoots MMS1 + 0.2 mg/I NAA was proved to be the most favorable. The regenerated plants under ex vitro condition showed normal mode of development and 70% survivalist was achieved when they were transferred to garden soil + compost potting………
On the Incidence, Biotic Potency and Control of the Uzi Fly, Exorista Sorbillans Wiedemann, A Parasitoid of Silkworm, Bombyx Mori L.
(University of Rajshahi, 1996) Jahan, Md. Sarwar
The silkworm rearers in Bangladesh are menacingly facing the infestation of the Uzi fly that causes severe damage to the silkworm cocoon crops. According to Rahman and Rahman (1976, 1978), the Uzi fly is a serious larval and pupal endoparasite of silkworm in Bangladesh, which takes a heavy toll during silkworm rearing. The author reviewed related literature available up to date which are briefly presented. Tachinid flies are known to parasitise the silkworm, B. mori and are called the Uzi flies. Records on the infestation of the Uzi fly on silkworm in silkgrowing countries exhibited that at least four species of this parasitoid attack the silkworm (Tanaka, 1964 and Jolly􀀊 1967). These flies are identified as: the Japanese Uzi fly, Crossocosmia sericariae (Rondani); the Hime Uzi fly, Blepharipa zeb.ina Walker and the Indian Uzi fly, Exorista bombycis (Louis). The common name "Uji" is known to appear in the history of this insect from the name of a place of Japan where the tachinid parasite of silkworm was first reported(Maxwell-Lefroy, 1917). Subsequently, it was also called "the Bengal fly pest" or "the Bengal silkworm fly" and the scientific name given to this fly was Oestrus bengalensis. -------------
Prevalence of urinary tract infection and antibiotic susceptibility among women in child bearing age in Northern area of Bangladesh
(University of Rajshahi, 2013) Zahan, Rozina Aktar; Hassan, Parvez; Dr, Abdullah-Al-Baki
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in women, especially sexually active women i.e. in women of child bearing age all over the world including Bangladesh. A large number of women in Bangladesh are reportedly suffering from UTI due to ignorance and not practicing health and hygiene factors properly and it is a significant source of morbidity rate in our country. UTIs in pregnant women pose serious health risks for both mother and child. Earlier and recent reports globally, as well as in Bangladesh, have shown increasing rates of antibiotic resistance among uropathogens often resulting in treatment failure of UTI. The distribution of uropathogens and their susceptibility pattern to antibiotics vary regionally and even in the same region, they change over time. Due to rising antibiotic resistance among uropathogens; it is important to have local hospital based knowledge of the organisms causing UTI and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns. Therefore, the knowledge on the frequency of the causative microorganisms and their susceptibility to various antibiotics are necessary for a better therapeutic outcome. In the Northern region of Bangladesh there are four Government owned Tertiary Level hospitals namely - RMCH, Rajshahi, SZMCH, Bogra, Rangpur Medical College Rangpur and Dinajpur Medical College Hospital, Dinajpur. A huge number of female patients from different, social, cultural, educational and economical levels attend the OPD’s or get admitted to the above tertiary level hospitals to receive treatment for UTI and other diseases. As far as our knowledge goes, very few, but no detailed study on the prevalence of UTI, isolation and identification of the uropathogens and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates in providing basic guideline in treating UTI’s have so far not been conducted on the Tertiary care hospitals in the Northern parts of Bangladesh. To fill this information gap, the present study was undertaken, with the aim was to study the frequency and distribution of uropathogens and their resistance pattern to antibiotics in tertiary care hospitals located in the Northern parts of Bangladesh. Settings and Design: Prospective study for a period of 3 year from July 2008 to July 2011carried out in the Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh . Patients and Methods: Four hundred fifty (450) female patients aged between 15-45 years who attended the OPDs or got admitted to RMCH, Rajshahi, SZMCH, Bogra, Rangpur Medical College Rangpur and Dinajpur Medical College Hospital, Dinajpur in the Northern regions of Bangladesh with clinical symptoms and suspected of having UTI and those who gave informed consent and fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were the subjects of the present study. Research instruments of the study were firstly filling up a structured questionnaire at the time of collection of urine specimens which included medico-demographic and clinical details such as name, age, physiological age group marital status, pregnancy, diabetic status, blood pressure and symptoms of UTI etc. Secondly, clinical history taking, clinical examination of the patients and collection of urine samples for urinalysis were done by informed consent of the women and the permission to that effect was obtained from the ethical committee of the hospitals. A total of 450 midstream urine (MSU) samples were taken from only female patients who had clinically suspected UTI .They were asked to collect a fresh sample of MSU in a sterile container after cleaning the genitals with soap and water. The sample was transported to the microbiology laboratory and processed by wet film microscopy (Routine urinary microscopy), Gram’s stain and semi-quantitative urine culture in blood agar, CLED agar and MacConkey’s agar. Biochemical testing was used to identify the organisms and antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Results Urinalyses of 450 female subjects for detection of UTI showed 151 patients had UTI (both symptomatic and asymptomatic) bring the prevalence rate of UTI 33.55% of the study population. Prevalence of symptomatic UTI was higher than asymptomatic UTI. (97(64.2%) vs 54 (35.76%). Most UTI sufferers were married females (62.91%) 95 subjects where as nearly half of the percentage (32.45%) observed in 49 single females. In contrast, the incidence rate of both asymptomatic and symptomatic UTI among widow/divorced was found to be extremely low and was 7.41 % and 3.09 %, respectively. Predominance of asymptomatic and symptomatic UTIs among pregnant women (88.89 vs. 70.10%) was noticed as compared to non-pregnant (29.63% vs. 29.90%). The prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic UTIs was found higher (nearly twice) in diabetic subjects (62.88% vs. 59.25%) as compared to non-diabetic subjects (37.11% vs. 40.74%). Symptomatic and asymptomatic UTIs were more common in hypertensive subjects (59.79% vs. 55.55%) than subjects with normal blood pressure (37.11% vs. 42.59%) and hypotension (3.09 % vs. 1.85%). Age-wise incidence of UTI showed highest UTI sufferers 68 (44.44%) were the most sexually active women (26-35 years age group), while the least sufferers of UTI 37 (24.83%) were women of 15-25 years. Significant impact of socio-economic statues on UTI incidence was noticed and the highest UTI sufferers (49%) were from poor socio-economic class; whereas only 6 (3.98%) cases were from the rich socio-economic class. Education seems to play a significant role in preventing the incidence of UTI and its incidence was extremely low 7 (4.64%) in patients having Master’s degree; while very high 68 patients (45.03%) among the Illiterate. As far as profession is concerned UTIs was more prevalent among businesswomen constituting (48.88%) of the women with UTIs, followed by Artisans/ full housewives (44.79%), Women Traders (35.25%), Students (29.16%), teachers (19.11%) and the Civil Servants were the least UTI sufferers (11.42%.). Results of incidence of UTI in relation to use and no use of commercial sanitary napkin during menstrual cycle of women shows use of commercial sanitary napkin plays a significant role in lowering incidence of UTI. Women using sanitary napkins regularly had lower incidence rate (20.53%) of UTI as compared to those not using sanitary napkin that had higher (49.00%) incidence of UTI. Results of prevalence of UTI based upon type of toilet use clearly demonstrated very high prevalence of UTI (51.0%) among women not using sanitary latrine at all. On the contrary, the incidence of UTI among sanitary latrine using women was found to be very low (17.88%). The results of urine culture showed that of 450 urine samples, 151(33.55%) yielded significant growth of single organism and 12 (2.66%) yielded mixed growth. No growth was observed in 299 (66.44%) urine samples. Escherichia coli (42.38%) was the most common organism followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.58%). E. coli was highly sensitive to imipenem (91.2%), Amikacin (83.55%) and Gentamicin (78%) and was highly resistant to Azithromycin (85%), Nalidixic acid (77%) and co-trimoxazole (68%). Ciprofloxacin and gatifloxacin with (55.56%) and (48%) resistance respectively were moderately resistant. Pseudomonas species were highly sensitive to imipenem (94.5%), gentamicin (78.72%) and Amikacin (77%) and moderately sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (55.32%). Pseudomonas showed highest resistance against cephradine (90%), followed by gatifloxacin (85%) and Azithromicin (85%), cefixime (82%), nalidixic acid (81.12%), cotrimoxazole (78.5%). Klebsiella showed highest resistance to Azithromycin (82%), followed by Cefixime (78.5%), nalidixic acid (77.45%), gatifloxacin (77%), Ceftriaxone (75.95%), Ciprofloxacin (70%) and cotrimoxazole (60.55%). On the other hand, Klebsiella was found to be highly sensitive towards Imipenum (92.08%), Amikacin (91.5%) and moderately sensitive to Cephradine (65.5%). Proteus showed highest resistance to nitrofurantoin (79.35%), followed by Azithromicin (78%), while Proteus showed moderate resistance of 55% to Nalidixic acid and cotrimoxazole (52.3%). On the other hand, Proteus was found to be highly sensitive to Amikacin (92.5%), Ceftriaxone (89.17%), Gentamicin (86.45%), gatifloxacin (75%), Ceftazidine (72.55%), Imipenum (70%), Cirprofloxacin a cefixime and cephradine (60%). Staphylococcus saprophyticus showed highest resistance to Nalidixic acid (78%), Ceftazidine (77%), gatifloxacin (75.5%), cotrimoxazole (72%), ciprofloxacin (70%). Cephradine showed moderate resistance (55%). On the other hand, Staphylococcus saprophyticus was found to be highly sensitive to Imipenum (80%), followed by gentamicin (71.4%), Azithromycin (65.7%), Amikacin (64.3%). Ceftriaxone and Nirofurantoin both showed moderate sensitivity of 60%. Staphylococcus aureus showed highest resistance to Ceftazidine (78%), followed by ciprofloxacin (77.5%), Cotrimaxazole and nalidixic acid (75%), Ceftriaxone (66.7 %). On the contrary, Staphylococcus aureus showed highest sensitivity towards Imipenum (89%), followed by Azithromycin (78%), gentamicin (75%), Amikacin (71%) and gatifloxacin (70%) while Cephradine showed (65%) and cefixime (60%) sensitivity which can be considered as moderate sensitivity. Conclusion: Overall, Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the major isolated uropathogen E. coli. and other uropathogens of the present study revealed that in general most uropathogens showed very higher resistance to commonly used antibiotics - Azithromycin, Nalidixic acid and Cotrimoxazole and these drugs have limited value for the treatment of UTI and should no longer be used. Moreover, this study concludes that E. Coli the major pathogen and other gram negative (as well as gram positive) isolates were more highly sensitive to Imipenum, Amikacin and Gentamicin as compared to other antibiotics tested and therefore these may be the drugs of choice for the treatment of complicated UTI caused by gram negative isolates in our region i.e. in the Northern region of Bangladesh. Very alarming level of antibiotic resistance has been observed under the present study where Ciprofloxacin and even newer Gatifloxacin, broad spectrum antibiotics and major anti-pseudomonad weapons are becoming moderately sensitive to bacteria causing UTI. Ciprofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Cephradine and cefixime (Except Klebsiella and Pseudomonas showing > 79 and 90% resistance, respectively) exhibited moderate to less moderate sensitivity in many cases under the study. One time blockbuster antibiotics such as Cephradine, and cefixime exhibited moderate resistance and reduced susceptibility. These findings are clearly alarming as our country could be running out of effective antibiotics if this trend continues. Since most of the organisms are showing resistance to routinely used antimicrobials in UTI, especially fluoroquinolones, no guidelines for empirical treatment of UTIs can be given. It is imperative to rationalize the use of fluoroquinolones in order to prevent the dissemination of resistant strains in the population. For treatment of UTI caused by Gram-positive isolates S. saprophyticus and S. aureus the antibiotics - Imipenem, Azithromycin, Gentamicin and Amikacin to which they are found to be highly sensitive, should be the drug of choice in the Northern areas of Bangladesh. Cephradine and cefixime with moderate sensitivity can be considered as second line therapy, however only after performing a culture and sensitivity (CS) test of urine specimens. On the other hand, Gram-positive isolates showed highest resistance towards Nalidixic acid, Ceftazidine, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, cotrimoxazole, and Ceftriaxone and these antibiotics should no longer be prescribed for treating UTI caused by Gram-positive isolates in our region. Under the above stated prevailing and changing antibiotic resistance pattern noticed among uropathogens under the present study in the northern region of Bangladesh, for the physicians to prescribe the drugs cautiously for the betterment of the patient’s treatment of each and every UTI patients need to be individualized, if possible. It is recommended that, antibiotics should be used after doing a routine microscopy and culture/ sensitivity of urine in order to inhibit acquisition and spread of drug resistance by the bacteria. The antimicrobial sensitivity testing is needed for selection of antibiotics for treatment of UTI patient’s. Routine monitoring of drug resistance pattern will help to identify the resistance trends regionally. This will help in the empirical treatment of UTI to the clinicians and also for the preparation of antibiotic policy of the individual institute. This will avoid the indiscriminate use of antibiotics and prevent the further development of antimicrobial resistance. It is also urged that antimicrobial policy should be adopted at both the tertiary level hospital and the National level supervised by monitoring cell for taking necessary steps to minimize the drug resistance.
Studies on in Vitro Propagation of Aegle Marmelos. Corr.
(University of Rajshahi, 1996) Karim, Md. Razaul; Joarder, O.I.; Islam, A. K.M. Rafiqul
The aun of the present investigation was to standardize in vitro culture techniques for plant regeneration and root induction from the different explants such as, embryo, cotyledon. hypocotyl, leaf and nucellar tissue of the different 5 trees of Aegle marmelos. The morphogenic competence of these explants and trees were not same. Among these explants the morphogenic potentiality of the embryo explant was the highest and the leaf explant was the lowest. The morphogenic competency of Tree 5 was found to be higher than other trees. The embryo explant produced large number of adventitious buds when cultured in MS medium containing 1.0 mgl"1 BA+ 0.5 mgl"1 GA3 without intermediate callus formation. The cytokinins BA, Kn or 2ip alone was less effective. Lower concentrations of auxins or GA3 incombination with cytokinins increased direct shoot proliferation but supported callus growth. Occasional shoot proliferation was observed from root tip and leaf while they were attached with parent shoot. The morphogenic potentiality of the immature embryo was higher than the mature embryo. Higher concentrations of auxins (5.0 mgr1) incombination with lower concentrations of cytokinins (1.0-2.0 mgl"1) suppressed adventitious bud induction butinfluenced callus proliferation from embryo explant. The cotyledon explant induced multiple shoot formation directly or by passing callus stage when incubated in MS medium containing 1.0 mgl"1 BA+ 0.5 mg1"1 GA3• BA, Kn or 2ip with higher concentrations of auxins promoted callusing rather than direct shoot proliferation. Kn 2.0 mgl"1 + 2,4-D ~LO mg1"1 was the optimum growth regulator supplement for callusing from the cotyledon explant. Adventitious shoot regeneration directly or through organogenesis from the callus was obtained from the hypocotyl explant after culturing onto MS medium supplemented with different growth regulations formulations. Among the various growth regulators formulations, 2.0 mg1"1 BA + 0.2 mgl"1 NAA + 1.0 mg1"1 1.0 was found more effective Abstract combination for direct shoot regeneration and 2.0 mgl"1 BA+ 0.5 mgr1 GA3 was found to be the best for shoots induction from hypocotyl callus. Growth regulator combination 2.0 mgr1 Kn+ 5.0 mgr1 2,4-D was proved to be the best for long term maintenance of callus culture. The leaves of in vitro grown shoots showed potentiality to regenerate shoot BA 2.0 mgl"1 + NAA 0.2 rngl"1 and BA 0.2 mgr1 + IAA 0.2 mg1"1 were the optimum growth regulator supplements for direct shoot regeneration. Frequent shoot regeneration was obsetved from primary callus of the leaf explant. The morphogenic potentiality of more recently formed leaves was higher than the older ones. The nucellus of A. marmelos showed potentiality to regenerate shoots. BA 1.0 mgl"1 + NAA 0.1 mgl"1 was the optimum growth regulator supplement for the induction of direct shoot regeneration from the nucellar tissue. On the other hand, the nucellar explant induced to develop callus in 5.0 mgl"1 NAA + 2.0 mg1"1 Kn. Multiple shoot regeneration from the callus was obtained after the subsequent subculture onto 1.0 mgr1 BA+ 0.5 mgl"1 GA3 supplemented medium. The rooting potentiality of the microcuttings varied greatly with their sources of explant and different other factors. IBA 30 mgr1 in MS medium showed more effective media formulation for the maximum frequency of root initiation and root growth. Among the different agar, sucrose, and pH levels in the rooting medium 7.5 gl"1 , 30 gl"1 and 7.0 respectively, the best for root initiation and root length. In general, the rooting potentiality of rnicrocuttings derived juvenile tissues was higher than those derived from nucellar tissues. Rooted microcuttings were successfully acclimatized in non-sterile natural environment.
Toxicity of Plant Seed Oils on Some Microbes and the Lesser Meal Worm, Alphitobius Diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
(University of Rajshahi, 2006) Patoary, Md Raufun; Khan, Md. Ataur Rahman; Islam, Md. Wahedul
Bioactivity and insecticidal properties of seeds of different plants, e.g., natai (Caesalpinia bondne L., family-Fabaceae), alkushi (Mucuna pruriens L., familyPapilionaceae), Rakta Chandan (Adenanthera pavonina L., family-Fabaceae), bahara (Terminalio belerica Geartn., family-Combretaceae), kalojam (Syzygium cumini L., family-Myrlaceae) and jayfol (Nfyristica Jragrans Houtt., family-Myristicaceae) on bacteria, fungi, brine shrimp and the insect Alphitobius diaper in us were investigated.