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    The role of caretaker government in the democratic process of Bangladesh (1991-2006)
    (University of Dhaka, 2015-02-22) Azad, Md. Abul Kalam
    In Bangladesh, holding free and fair election has always been a subject of controversy. Free and fair election is one of the main vehicles of democracy. But from the very beginning of the country elections have been discredited with manifold malpractices such as proxy votes, snatching of ballot boxes, involvement of money and muscle power, intimidating the minority voters, and use of governments facilities by ruling party candidates during the election campaign. In these circumstances, the demand of caretaker government was the only way out to improve this situation. Caretaker government system, unique in nature, was introduced mainly to address this issue as a backdrop of mass upsurge of 1990 that ended the long years of military and semi-military dictatorial rule in Bangladesh. Caretaker government conducted the parliamentary elections of 1990, 1996, 2001 and 2008 successfully. So it is necessary to know the relationship between democracy and caretaker government during (1991-2006). The study aims to understand the norms and values of the democratic process of Bangladesh along with caretaker government from 1991 to 2006. The electoral history of Bangladesh, electoral democracy, formation of caretaker government, performance of caretaker government, comparative analysis of the caretaker government, democracy and evolution of the caretaker government also discusses the study. However, some people demand to abolish the caretaker system and some people demand to allow this system for a certain period of time to let the democracy to be matured. This study is the outcome of an in-depth research to examine the election under the caretaker government from 1991 to 2006. The study tries to explain the differences of the national elections while the elections under political government and caretaker government in details. So, the political system of Bangladesh demands to know the role of the caretaker government in the democratic process of Bangladesh during the time of 1991 to 2006.
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    The role of caretaker government in the democratic process of Bangladesh (1991-2006)
    (University of Dhaka, 2015-02-22) Azad, Md. Abul Kalam
    In Bangladesh, holding free and fair election has always been a subject of controversy. Free and fair election is one of the main vehicles of democracy. But from the very beginning of the country elections have been discredited with manifold malpractices such as proxy votes, snatching of ballot boxes, involvement of money and muscle power, intimidating the minority voters, and use of governments facilities by ruling party candidates during the election campaign. In these circumstances, the demand of caretaker government was the only way out to improve this situation. Caretaker government system, unique in nature, was introduced mainly to address this issue as a backdrop of mass upsurge of 1990 that ended the long years of military and semi-military dictatorial rule in Bangladesh. Caretaker government conducted the parliamentary elections of 1990, 1996, 2001 and 2008 successfully. So it is necessary to know the relationship between democracy and caretaker government during (1991-2006). The study aims to understand the norms and values of the democratic process of Bangladesh along with caretaker government from 1991 to 2006. The electoral history of Bangladesh, electoral democracy, formation of caretaker government, performance of caretaker government, comparative analysis of the caretaker government, democracy and evolution of the caretaker government also discusses the study. However, some people demand to abolish the caretaker system and some people demand to allow this system for a certain period of time to let the democracy to be matured. This study is the outcome of an in-depth research to examine the election under the caretaker government from 1991 to 2006. The study tries to explain the differences of the national elections while the elections under political government and caretaker government in details. So, the political system of Bangladesh demands to know the role of the caretaker government in the democratic process of Bangladesh during the time of 1991 to 2006.
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    Gender and local governance: Experiences of women representatives in Bangladesh
    (University of Dhaka, 2015-05-10) Khan, Nazneen Islam
    This study on “Gender and Local Governance: Experiences of Women Representatives in Bangladesh” was undertaken to examine political e empowerment of the women in Local Government. Multifarious factors including socio-economical back ground, lack of educational background and lack of political participation of women in the grassroots level (Union Parishad) are said to be responsible for the gender inequity in Bangladesh. Gender participation and sensitization in political and administrative structures is a very important key to a representative and responsive government. It is an important dimension of governance as democracy, politics, rule of law and human rights are involved in this issue. Gender in fact, is a crosscutting theme in the governance. Recent emphasis on gender representation in local government by development planners and policy advocates gives the issue more significance in the overall context of local governance reform and development policies. No doubt, as a step of women empowerment, the elected reserve seats for women helps to promote participation and women access to the decision-making process numerically, though not practically much ensured. Due to socio-political and religious bindings, elected women cannot play their role and thus people’s aspiration and expectation to them were not met up. Women’s empowerment is not an issue or debate related to women, it is an issue of development of our society as women are about the half of the total population. In increasing the number of women in decision making positions does not in itself translate into greater empowerment for women. Measures to increase the number of women representatives need to be accompanied by measures to improve the quality of participation. The aim of the research is to study the implications of the use of reserved seats in local government of Bangladesh in terms of gender and women’s political empowerment. In course of the study few hypotheses have been tested. First of all, that the political participation of women in local level politics is conspicuously meager in Bangladesh mainly due to their economic dependence on male and their low level of education and socio economic structure. This study looks at the status and potentials of rural local government in Bangladesh focusing on the Union Parishad women members and local people’s experiences. According to the findings it is not possible to make conclusion that the reserved seats for women representatives is ‘effective’ or ‘non effective’ regarding women’s political empowerment instead this must be seen in the context of the electoral system, the role of the ruling political party and the structural and functions of the local government. The local government of Bangladesh is lacking both resources as well as authorities which constrain women’s ability to act accordingly in point of fact, there is no discrepancy between the number of elected women and the practice of direct election seems to be strengthening the legitimacy of the elected women.The implementation of a quota system becomes an instrument to compensate for structural barriers. There have also been structural changes in terms of gender and it seems that the reserved seats have had consequences beyond political empowerment such including social empowerment. Outcome of this research on gender equity shows that there is a crucial need for a gender specific development paradigm into all areas of policy making and development planning so that women’s needs and aspirations can be met and their fullest participation in the political process ensured accordingly. Decentralization has been identified as one of the important prerequisites to ensure gender balance into development process. The essence of good governance and the success of a local government depend on people’s participation. An effective local government system is essential to develop decentralized and meaningful democratic governance in order to achieve economic development and social stability in Bangladesh. Recently, in local governance women representatives have been able to exercise their new roles in more constructive ways. However, unequal participation of women and men in the government planning acts as a barrier to ensure good governance.
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    Gender and local governance: Experiences of women representatives in Bangladesh
    (University of Dhaka, 2015-05-10) Khan, Nazneen Islam
    This study on “Gender and Local Governance: Experiences of Women Representatives in Bangladesh” was undertaken to examine political e empowerment of the women in Local Government. Multifarious factors including socio-economical back ground, lack of educational background and lack of political participation of women in the grassroots level (Union Parishad) are said to be responsible for the gender inequity in Bangladesh. Gender participation and sensitization in political and administrative structures is a very important key to a representative and responsive government. It is an important dimension of governance as democracy, politics, rule of law and human rights are involved in this issue. Gender in fact, is a crosscutting theme in the governance. Recent emphasis on gender representation in local government by development planners and policy advocates gives the issue more significance in the overall context of local governance reform and development policies. No doubt, as a step of women empowerment, the elected reserve seats for women helps to promote participation and women access to the decision-making process numerically, though not practically much ensured. Due to socio-political and religious bindings, elected women cannot play their role and thus people’s aspiration and expectation to them were not met up. Women’s empowerment is not an issue or debate related to women, it is an issue of development of our society as women are about the half of the total population. In increasing the number of women in decision making positions does not in itself translate into greater empowerment for women. Measures to increase the number of women representatives need to be accompanied by measures to improve the quality of participation. The aim of the research is to study the implications of the use of reserved seats in local government of Bangladesh in terms of gender and women’s political empowerment. In course of the study few hypotheses have been tested. First of all, that the political participation of women in local level politics is conspicuously meager in Bangladesh mainly due to their economic dependence on male and their low level of education and socio economic structure. This study looks at the status and potentials of rural local government in Bangladesh focusing on the Union Parishad women members and local people’s experiences. According to the findings it is not possible to make conclusion that the reserved seats for women representatives is ‘effective’ or ‘non effective’ regarding women’s political empowerment instead this must be seen in the context of the electoral system, the role of the ruling political party and the structural and functions of the local government. The local government of Bangladesh is lacking both resources as well as authorities which constrain women’s ability to act accordingly in point of fact, there is no discrepancy between the number of elected women and the practice of direct election seems to be strengthening the legitimacy of the elected women.The implementation of a quota system becomes an instrument to compensate for structural barriers. There have also been structural changes in terms of gender and it seems that the reserved seats have had consequences beyond political empowerment such including social empowerment. Outcome of this research on gender equity shows that there is a crucial need for a gender specific development paradigm into all areas of policy making and development planning so that women’s needs and aspirations can be met and their fullest participation in the political process ensured accordingly. Decentralization has been identified as one of the important prerequisites to ensure gender balance into development process. The essence of good governance and the success of a local government depend on people’s participation. An effective local government system is essential to develop decentralized and meaningful democratic governance in order to achieve economic development and social stability in Bangladesh. Recently, in local governance women representatives have been able to exercise their new roles in more constructive ways. However, unequal participation of women and men in the government planning acts as a barrier to ensure good governance.
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    Obstacles to womens’ participation in the politics of Bangladesh
    (University of Dhaka, 2016-01-19) Jahan, Ishrat
    There is emergent recognition that constant peace and national cornucopia can only be achieved when institutions are democratic and representative of all groups of society. Hence, a truly democratic and representative government cannot be established without women’s participation in the political processes. In a democracy, women should enjoy equal rights of political participation and exercise their rights fully. By ensuring men and women empowerment holistically, effective democratic society could be established and political empowerment is the main prerequisite of women empowerment. Women political participation, leadership and fundamental contribution to society mainly relied upon establishment of accessibility to political party’s constitution, manifesto, and state policy structure and to establish equal participation in every sphere of society. Though, women highest leadership to state power in Bangladesh has got enormous appraisal around the world, but in reality in Bangladesh women generally remain in parliament, local government body and entire political domain insignificant. Women highest position in state along with opposition does not denote gender sensitive political system, then it as form of family inheritance endeavor to patriarchal link of father, husband or brother. In this study, majority of respondent expressed their perception on party system of Bangladesh is not women friendly. However, moderate percent of respondent prefers current level of women participation in politics as fairly satisfactory where few respondents staying on lowers satisfactory. In Bangladesh, participation of women in parliament have ensured by constitutional obligation and in local government body by legal obligation but this commitment of quota system does not ensure spontaneity of women participation in the whole from local to policy level. Patriarchal societal system, religious value and culture of society rather act as obstacle to women participation in politics. This study reveals in this context, majority of respondent prefer social cultural factor as main obstacle. On the other hand, women dual role, religion base politics, prohibition of women leadership in Islam, absent of women friendly electoral system as well as present negative women psychology of political culture also work as obstacle. According to findings, it has seen that respondent acknowledge politics as dirty influencing women disagrees to join politics and dislike politics as career. Besides that, present environment of politics has been accounted to women as violence against women. Patriarchy system of society influenced social cultural environment in society and polity designed to political party’s principles and programme as men dominant and this mainly influenced women negative psychology to politics. Women cannot play role on decision making into their environment and scope due to being outsider of this patriarchal power domain. Furthermore, generally women are being victim of traditional value as to be men dominant. To influence women political participation in this type of socio economic and political circumstance, quota system could be effective for shorter period of time but as longer effectiveness more conducive programme need to ensure women real political participant. To this aim, increasing women contribution in mainstream party politics and participation in policy structure of political parties, enhancing more women nomination to general seat, controlling muscle power and black money and creating women friendly electoral environment are necessary on this context. Above all, empowering women as socially and economically alongside changing attitude of men toward women and a cross-cutting strategy towards gender equality in all political decisions, in institutional structures and in the allocation of resources could acquire this equal participation to democratic development.
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    Obstacles to womens’ participation in the politics of Bangladesh
    (University of Dhaka, 2016-01-19) Jahan, Ishrat
    There is emergent recognition that constant peace and national cornucopia can only be achieved when institutions are democratic and representative of all groups of society. Hence, a truly democratic and representative government cannot be established without women’s participation in the political processes. In a democracy, women should enjoy equal rights of political participation and exercise their rights fully. By ensuring men and women empowerment holistically, effective democratic society could be established and political empowerment is the main prerequisite of women empowerment. Women political participation, leadership and fundamental contribution to society mainly relied upon establishment of accessibility to political party’s constitution, manifesto, and state policy structure and to establish equal participation in every sphere of society. Though, women highest leadership to state power in Bangladesh has got enormous appraisal around the world, but in reality in Bangladesh women generally remain in parliament, local government body and entire political domain insignificant. Women highest position in state along with opposition does not denote gender sensitive political system, then it as form of family inheritance endeavor to patriarchal link of father, husband or brother. In this study, majority of respondent expressed their perception on party system of Bangladesh is not women friendly. However, moderate percent of respondent prefers current level of women participation in politics as fairly satisfactory where few respondents staying on lowers satisfactory. In Bangladesh, participation of women in parliament have ensured by constitutional obligation and in local government body by legal obligation but this commitment of quota system does not ensure spontaneity of women participation in the whole from local to policy level. Patriarchal societal system, religious value and culture of society rather act as obstacle to women participation in politics. This study reveals in this context, majority of respondent prefer social cultural factor as main obstacle. On the other hand, women dual role, religion base politics, prohibition of women leadership in Islam, absent of women friendly electoral system as well as present negative women psychology of political culture also work as obstacle. According to findings, it has seen that respondent acknowledge politics as dirty influencing women disagrees to join politics and dislike politics as career. Besides that, present environment of politics has been accounted to women as violence against women. Patriarchy system of society influenced social cultural environment in society and polity designed to political party’s principles and programme as men dominant and this mainly influenced women negative psychology to politics. Women cannot play role on decision making into their environment and scope due to being outsider of this patriarchal power domain. Furthermore, generally women are being victim of traditional value as to be men dominant. To influence women political participation in this type of socio economic and political circumstance, quota system could be effective for shorter period of time but as longer effectiveness more conducive programme need to ensure women real political participant. To this aim, increasing women contribution in mainstream party politics and participation in policy structure of political parties, enhancing more women nomination to general seat, controlling muscle power and black money and creating women friendly electoral environment are necessary on this context. Above all, empowering women as socially and economically alongside changing attitude of men toward women and a cross-cutting strategy towards gender equality in all political decisions, in institutional structures and in the allocation of resources could acquire this equal participation to democratic development.
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    Amendments to the constitution of Bangladesh 1973-2011: Background, politics and impacts
    (University of Dhaka, 2016-10-23) Akther, Salma
    The Constitution is the guide which leads a nation to the prosperity. A modern state cannot be thought of without it. So, after nine months long blood-shedding battle in 1971, Bangladesh achieved her long awaited independence and therefore, took an instant effort to formulate a constitution rapidly, based on the ideological spirit of the war of independence. However, to accommodate the demands and will of the people and even sometimes to fulfill the narrow interests of the rulers, Bangladesh Constitution has been amended several times. Except a few cases almost every amendments has a great political impacts in the constitution. The very first amendment of the constitution about war-crimes was filled-up the hope and aspiration of the people. Indeed, the fourth, fifth, seventh and eighth amendments were enacted only achieving personal and political gain of the ruler. Moreover, reintroducing the parliament system by twelfth amendments got hail from the masses. Though the caretaker government system, is one of the finest invention by our parties for holding general election which adopted through thirteenth amendment after long chaotic process, did not last long for mistrust and distrust. The fourteenth amendment again created suspicion in the mind of the oppositions so it became worthwhile. The most aspired and comprehensive fifteenth amendment also induced a great debate among the political parties, intellectual part, constitution experts and masses. In view of all the circumstances, it is found that almost every adopted amendment in Bangladesh Constitution failed to meet the dream and the quest of the citizens for the narrow and mean interest of the rulers at different regime. Analyzing all these amendments of Bangladesh constitution it is said that for flourishing of democracy each government must undertake such rules in the constitution through amendment which are accepted by all.
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    Amendments to the constitution of Bangladesh 1973-2011: Background, politics and impacts
    (University of Dhaka, 2016-10-23) Akther, Salma
    The Constitution is the guide which leads a nation to the prosperity. A modern state cannot be thought of without it. So, after nine months long blood-shedding battle in 1971, Bangladesh achieved her long awaited independence and therefore, took an instant effort to formulate a constitution rapidly, based on the ideological spirit of the war of independence. However, to accommodate the demands and will of the people and even sometimes to fulfill the narrow interests of the rulers, Bangladesh Constitution has been amended several times. Except a few cases almost every amendments has a great political impacts in the constitution. The very first amendment of the constitution about war-crimes was filled-up the hope and aspiration of the people. Indeed, the fourth, fifth, seventh and eighth amendments were enacted only achieving personal and political gain of the ruler. Moreover, reintroducing the parliament system by twelfth amendments got hail from the masses. Though the caretaker government system, is one of the finest invention by our parties for holding general election which adopted through thirteenth amendment after long chaotic process, did not last long for mistrust and distrust. The fourteenth amendment again created suspicion in the mind of the oppositions so it became worthwhile. The most aspired and comprehensive fifteenth amendment also induced a great debate among the political parties, intellectual part, constitution experts and masses. In view of all the circumstances, it is found that almost every adopted amendment in Bangladesh Constitution failed to meet the dream and the quest of the citizens for the narrow and mean interest of the rulers at different regime. Analyzing all these amendments of Bangladesh constitution it is said that for flourishing of democracy each government must undertake such rules in the constitution through amendment which are accepted by all.
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    Religious extremism and terrorist activities in Bangladesh: an analysis
    (University of Dhaka, 2016-10-24) Tutul, Md. Farhad Nasim
    The main purpose of this study is to document and highlight the connection between religious extremism and terrorism in Bangladesh. It examined the nature of various Islamist militant groups and the extent of their terrorist activities in Bangladesh. This study also investigated the underlying causes of militancy, the funding sources of militant groups, and the strategies and techniques used by terrorist groups. The study mainly used content analysis of secondary sources, interviews from expert and general people in convict area in old four Division Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna and Rajshahi. The study revealed that Islamist extremism and militant activities rose from 1999 to 2014. However, homegrown and internationally linked Islamist terrorist outfits and groups have continued to emerge in Bangladesh since 1992. The study revealed that JMB, JMJB, HUJI-B and HT are the major terrorist groups which generated thousands of members, and who have continued their activities under different names in different times. Most of the leaders and founders of these militant groups were educated in madrasha (Islamic seminary institution). These Islamist militant groups have symbiotic relationships among themselves and with foreign outfits based in Pakistan, India and Gulf countries. The study identified a number of funding sources, mostly from local areas generated through collecting zakat/sadka/fitra (donation on different religious occasions). External funding came through Islamic charitable NGOs from Gulf countries, USA, UK and other countries and through hundi (illegal money exchange) from individuals living abroad. The Islamist Militancy and terrorism has vandalized the lives of the people and endangered law and order, and national, regional and international security, and handicapped economic development. Therefore, we must eliminate the root causes of militancy and terrorism in Bangladesh. In addressing these risk factors, a comprehensive and integrated terrorism prevention strategy needs to be imparted, which is essential for a sustainable democracy and socio-economic wellbeing in Bangladesh. Therefore, political parties and civil society should work together to combat terrorism.
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    Religious extremism and terrorist activities in Bangladesh: an analysis
    (University of Dhaka, 2016-10-24) Tutul, Md. Farhad Nasim
    The main purpose of this study is to document and highlight the connection between religious extremism and terrorism in Bangladesh. It examined the nature of various Islamist militant groups and the extent of their terrorist activities in Bangladesh. This study also investigated the underlying causes of militancy, the funding sources of militant groups, and the strategies and techniques used by terrorist groups. The study mainly used content analysis of secondary sources, interviews from expert and general people in convict area in old four Division Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna and Rajshahi. The study revealed that Islamist extremism and militant activities rose from 1999 to 2014. However, homegrown and internationally linked Islamist terrorist outfits and groups have continued to emerge in Bangladesh since 1992. The study revealed that JMB, JMJB, HUJI-B and HT are the major terrorist groups which generated thousands of members, and who have continued their activities under different names in different times. Most of the leaders and founders of these militant groups were educated in madrasha (Islamic seminary institution). These Islamist militant groups have symbiotic relationships among themselves and with foreign outfits based in Pakistan, India and Gulf countries. The study identified a number of funding sources, mostly from local areas generated through collecting zakat/sadka/fitra (donation on different religious occasions). External funding came through Islamic charitable NGOs from Gulf countries, USA, UK and other countries and through hundi (illegal money exchange) from individuals living abroad. The Islamist Militancy and terrorism has vandalized the lives of the people and endangered law and order, and national, regional and international security, and handicapped economic development. Therefore, we must eliminate the root causes of militancy and terrorism in Bangladesh. In addressing these risk factors, a comprehensive and integrated terrorism prevention strategy needs to be imparted, which is essential for a sustainable democracy and socio-economic wellbeing in Bangladesh. Therefore, political parties and civil society should work together to combat terrorism.
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    Impact of globalization in the developing countries: The case of Bangladesh
    (University of Dhaka, 2017-10-16) Atikur Rahman, K. M.
    This is an age of globalization-everything is encircled with this process. It has been turned into a power having largely engagement with world’s conventional, influential and leading matters. It has many more good sides; on the other hand, huge dark phenomenon exists within this process. It has been turned into a determining factor or conflict matter between the South and the North. Blame game or psychological dialects are ongoing issues on the negotiating table. In the last three decades, the western countries are almost on leading and winning position in the globalization process; but developing nations cannot adapt fully with this tidal and complex system due to their internal weakness along with the external factors. Globalization is a big polishing brush – a good pair of leather shoe is needed to adapt with this -if shoe is not available, brush is not only an ineffective thing but also a burden for maintenance. Developed nations are running themselves with their established basement; so global opportunities are being poured in favor of them naturally. It is hard true that obviously the poor nations have to be seated on the running train; otherwise all sorts of sufferings grasp them – as globalization is a global reality to be unavoidable. Bangladesh is getting a little share of globalization though garment, pharmaceuticals, leather and ship building industries get a momentum in the economy – though it could have been many more contributive. But on the other hand, Bangladesh faces a lot of challenges created by the globalization process. Some developing nations (India, China, Brazil, Turkey, South Korea, Malaysia, and Singapore) make a shining development through globalism. It is noted that globalization is a little bit responsible for bad governance of Bangladesh causing the economic setbacks. Socio-economic growth and living standard might be doubled through globalization, if Bangladesh like nations of the world could ensure good governance, human capital and technological advancement. The research work is conducted for reality based some objectives - those are basically applicable for Bangladesh and other poor countries. Several important questions are objectified in the work. Broadly, the thesis aims to investigate on how globalization impacts on the socio-economic and political arenas. Specifically this research attempts to identify the global factors and consequences that influence on development discourse and social change (Introduction section). As foreign aided nation, Bangladesh and same others can formulate hardly the public policy independently. Such types of aided policy make a development illusion that functions with less important sectors bypassing the core agendas - bureaucratic setbacks make these projects important to all for their narrow interests. Historically, it is proven that the delegated development approach cannot adapt or function accordingly for a distinct societal well being. Dominant western media makes cultural imperialism (chapter 4) causing broken down the oriental social structure, conventions and cultural hybridization getting eroded its heritage. Social values are not functioning favored humanism. Such these questions are tried to open up and be obvious before the victim states in the work. The research has been carried out by following explanatory method. It is applied to explain the existing works from contemporary and future-oriented views focusing the impact factors of globalization on how and where policy matters in the poor nations are tracked out. Qualitative approach is mostly used here as social behaviors are influential factors to be found out the roots of the problems. Content analysis (introductory section) is conducted on the secondary sources (book, journal, articles, media and office records). Globalization refers to a world in which societies, cultures, politics and economics have comes closer together (chapter 1). It can be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities. Globalization means the free movement of information, labor, capital, goods, culture and entertainment crossing the boundaries. English language and the communication technologies play as vital role in these free movement process across the world when the term globalization is used in the second sense – to refer to time-space compression – there is a close link with the development of new communication technologies and the post modernity. Mainly three types of globalization exist in the world – each society is being touched or impacted by them at any stage or any means. There are: communication, market and direct globalization (chapter 1). Due to the advancement of digital technology, communication globalization influences deeply human lives. Its effect includes economic activity and cultural aspects of people. When culture and economy are transformed by western model, ideology and values, hybridization trends grab the societal norms and shape. Trade and capital mobility are the progressive issues – are derived from the market globalization of which main feature is based on economic liberalization. Human rights are frequently violated in the developing countries but global judicial authority or global human rights organizations can play a little positive role in this connection. Actually globalization started actively its journey after World War II. In 1947, the GATT was set up to oversee the removal of international trade barriers and supervise the expansion of international trade. It was based on the premise that ‘free trade’ stimulates the expansion of international trade and economic growth faster than can even the most internationalists of national trade policies. In 1989 there is set up ‘Washington Consensus’, which fixes some 10 number of rules and terms on trade and economy, influenced by the GATT. Both these international accords are finally converted into a unique organization WTO, established in 1995, which is the controlling authority for international trade relations. In this thesis two numbers of theories which greatly comply with the topic. One is ‘libertarianism’ and another is ‘Anarcho-Capitalism’ that has been followed thoroughly in the research work. Economic liberalism makes a flexibility of trade, tariff, monetary policy and investment management worldwide following the international rules. These cause trade syndicate, oligopolism, corruption and economic criminality and these are the bad outcomes of the theories. On the other hand anarcho – capitalism refers to free market, privatization – state cannot interfere the market at a minimum level which is directly followed by globalization process. In these two theories, the thinkers who contribute mostly are: William Belsham, Roderick Long, Joseph Dejacque, H. L. Mencken and Albert Jay Nock, Murry Rothbard, Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker. The chapter two has explained the globalization of economic and trade policy and activities – how state authority deals with. The economic and trade functions are getting integrated followed by cross-border activities. No individual state can take any policy-decision hereby on macro-economic management and international trade for survivalist or prosperity. International laws, rules and regulations control the world trade – formulated by International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) so that economic and trade growth increase at a standard level. International trade in fact increases 30-60 percent in last two decades, it is absolutely true and that has been possible through international trade regime; but poverty, inequality, unemployment and human rights violations are on negative or questionable stands. Actually, globalization may be continued to be in question, if along with economic and trade growth, poverty, inequality, security matters are not included. Individualism, liberalism, deregulation and privatization are undoubtedly the smart agendas of global agencies – these are putting a strong impact on human lives worldwide hitting each door (chapter 2). The western world itself is victimized also by such the economic policies in the world introduced by its own in their socio-cultural and humanistic phenomenon. It is evident that they are gaining economic and trade returns more than that of their aspiration. But it is keenly observable that whether the third world can achieve their trade share from the global market or not. If investment, assistances and trade share would become within an equitable and legal framework; hunger, poverty, bad governance, poor human capital would be reduced at a significant level. Bangladesh gains six percent growth, sixteen billion dollar reserve, twenty percent export growth at continuous trends; but good governance, security matters, social justice have been addressed hardly. Bangladesh has already deregulated and liberated all the public policy matters towards the market line. It is thought that the elite classes of business, media, NGOs, intellectuals have not only been autonomous but also syndicated gainers backed by political power to meet their vested interests. But the stands of mass people are being substantially marginalized as they cannot be within the syndicalism or oligopolism – policy supports do not work in favor of them. Development issue and social dimension in the developing countries are widely discussed in chapter three. In post second World War period, development aspect got prioritized mainly to USA in the purpose of reconstruction in war-ravaged developing countries. Following the Bretton Woods Agreement two financial and trade bodies were set up (WB and IMF). They made some development plans based on economic growth – loans, technical assistance and some conditionality are imposed upon the developing nations under Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP). East Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asian some countries were then their targets – these are newly decolonialized nations received their development agendas. In 80s it is reviewed that the loan recipient countries of Asia and Africa could increase growth at a desirable rate; but poverty alleviation and unemployment status were in previous conditions as only elite classes could access to the aided resources. In late 80s World Bank and IMF started to provide loans along with the agenda of balance distribution. But outcome got improvement too little (chapter three), Mexico, Brazil, Malaysia denied to receive the assistance – therefore liberalism and deregulation approaches were adopted then and these programs are existing still in the developing countries like Bangladesh. Social change is a matter in the world that is as worried as positive through globalization multilateral agencies make rules, regulations for economic and trade prosperity – they are also including the social issues (health care, education, population, labor rights, human rights) with their global agendas (chapter three). All the global social agendas are being formulated in the view of economy – so social change of economic-orientation is meant as consumerism. Liberal globalism makes a capitalist social class and on the other hand, an ultra poor class is of its logical sequence. Capitalist class in the developing nations enjoys all social and political advantage and authority – the reverse class gets marginalized more and more. Globalization is herein failed to instruct any real solution. Individualism is going to so higher point that social behavior is continued to self-interests and that is why, social conventional institutions (family, kinship, marriage) are fragmented. Social stratification gets too momentum that makes the society unstable. Consumer and aesthetic culture grab the human lives where moral values turn into a silly matter. So crimes, clash are undoubtedly an alarming issues in the world. Digital media (smart phone, TV, internet) is playing a striking role in reshaping the social behavior. Worthless love, sexism, emotional pleasures hurt the social norms and the young generations are fallen into the complex and deflective web causing a great social unrest. Globalization keeps impacts on all sorts of nations more or less – but it is noted that Bangladesh like Third World countries (Africa, South Asia) are entirely influenced in policy matters (chapter four). From 80s Bangladesh formulates its macro-economic policy following the global rules and regulations massively – thus horizon of economy is increased arithmetically. But its living standard and sustainable development are seriously in question – human rights, social values and environmental governance are going to ruining hole as well. Global authority advocates the socio-economic and political liberalism and deregulation more than that of justice, industrialization, health care, education, unemployment, state violence and human basic needs. As a result, the resources of foreign aids generate corruption, mismanagement, misappropriation, business killings and social injustice – however donor agencies are not agreed to withdraw their development partnership in this regard – that raise a million dollar question today in Bangladesh. Foreign agencies do not show eagerness in the political criminalization, democratic deficit of the Third World countries – they are busy with their favored issues that make fragile conditions in policy process and governance. Environmental issues in Bangladesh are a burning question – global partners are only in document service herewith. Communication and digital technology push the world cultural hybridization dominated by Westerns – thus the Western world is in favored conditions with cultural and digital business. Oriental society gets the erosion of cultural heritage – religious own beliefs and moral values are on alarmingly threats though ICT based activities, individualism and cultural pluralism increase in positive trends. Moreover, Bangladesh like countries has to go ahead in socio-economic and political sectors coping with the global challenges and minimizing the internal core national problems.
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    Impact of globalization in the developing countries: The case of Bangladesh
    (University of Dhaka, 2017-10-16) Atikur Rahman, K. M.
    This is an age of globalization-everything is encircled with this process. It has been turned into a power having largely engagement with world’s conventional, influential and leading matters. It has many more good sides; on the other hand, huge dark phenomenon exists within this process. It has been turned into a determining factor or conflict matter between the South and the North. Blame game or psychological dialects are ongoing issues on the negotiating table. In the last three decades, the western countries are almost on leading and winning position in the globalization process; but developing nations cannot adapt fully with this tidal and complex system due to their internal weakness along with the external factors. Globalization is a big polishing brush – a good pair of leather shoe is needed to adapt with this -if shoe is not available, brush is not only an ineffective thing but also a burden for maintenance. Developed nations are running themselves with their established basement; so global opportunities are being poured in favor of them naturally. It is hard true that obviously the poor nations have to be seated on the running train; otherwise all sorts of sufferings grasp them – as globalization is a global reality to be unavoidable. Bangladesh is getting a little share of globalization though garment, pharmaceuticals, leather and ship building industries get a momentum in the economy – though it could have been many more contributive. But on the other hand, Bangladesh faces a lot of challenges created by the globalization process. Some developing nations (India, China, Brazil, Turkey, South Korea, Malaysia, and Singapore) make a shining development through globalism. It is noted that globalization is a little bit responsible for bad governance of Bangladesh causing the economic setbacks. Socio-economic growth and living standard might be doubled through globalization, if Bangladesh like nations of the world could ensure good governance, human capital and technological advancement. The research work is conducted for reality based some objectives - those are basically applicable for Bangladesh and other poor countries. Several important questions are objectified in the work. Broadly, the thesis aims to investigate on how globalization impacts on the socio-economic and political arenas. Specifically this research attempts to identify the global factors and consequences that influence on development discourse and social change (Introduction section). As foreign aided nation, Bangladesh and same others can formulate hardly the public policy independently. Such types of aided policy make a development illusion that functions with less important sectors bypassing the core agendas - bureaucratic setbacks make these projects important to all for their narrow interests. Historically, it is proven that the delegated development approach cannot adapt or function accordingly for a distinct societal well being. Dominant western media makes cultural imperialism (chapter 4) causing broken down the oriental social structure, conventions and cultural hybridization getting eroded its heritage. Social values are not functioning favored humanism. Such these questions are tried to open up and be obvious before the victim states in the work. The research has been carried out by following explanatory method. It is applied to explain the existing works from contemporary and future-oriented views focusing the impact factors of globalization on how and where policy matters in the poor nations are tracked out. Qualitative approach is mostly used here as social behaviors are influential factors to be found out the roots of the problems. Content analysis (introductory section) is conducted on the secondary sources (book, journal, articles, media and office records). Globalization refers to a world in which societies, cultures, politics and economics have comes closer together (chapter 1). It can be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities. Globalization means the free movement of information, labor, capital, goods, culture and entertainment crossing the boundaries. English language and the communication technologies play as vital role in these free movement process across the world when the term globalization is used in the second sense – to refer to time-space compression – there is a close link with the development of new communication technologies and the post modernity. Mainly three types of globalization exist in the world – each society is being touched or impacted by them at any stage or any means. There are: communication, market and direct globalization (chapter 1). Due to the advancement of digital technology, communication globalization influences deeply human lives. Its effect includes economic activity and cultural aspects of people. When culture and economy are transformed by western model, ideology and values, hybridization trends grab the societal norms and shape. Trade and capital mobility are the progressive issues – are derived from the market globalization of which main feature is based on economic liberalization. Human rights are frequently violated in the developing countries but global judicial authority or global human rights organizations can play a little positive role in this connection. Actually globalization started actively its journey after World War II. In 1947, the GATT was set up to oversee the removal of international trade barriers and supervise the expansion of international trade. It was based on the premise that ‘free trade’ stimulates the expansion of international trade and economic growth faster than can even the most internationalists of national trade policies. In 1989 there is set up ‘Washington Consensus’, which fixes some 10 number of rules and terms on trade and economy, influenced by the GATT. Both these international accords are finally converted into a unique organization WTO, established in 1995, which is the controlling authority for international trade relations. In this thesis two numbers of theories which greatly comply with the topic. One is ‘libertarianism’ and another is ‘Anarcho-Capitalism’ that has been followed thoroughly in the research work. Economic liberalism makes a flexibility of trade, tariff, monetary policy and investment management worldwide following the international rules. These cause trade syndicate, oligopolism, corruption and economic criminality and these are the bad outcomes of the theories. On the other hand anarcho – capitalism refers to free market, privatization – state cannot interfere the market at a minimum level which is directly followed by globalization process. In these two theories, the thinkers who contribute mostly are: William Belsham, Roderick Long, Joseph Dejacque, H. L. Mencken and Albert Jay Nock, Murry Rothbard, Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker. The chapter two has explained the globalization of economic and trade policy and activities – how state authority deals with. The economic and trade functions are getting integrated followed by cross-border activities. No individual state can take any policy-decision hereby on macro-economic management and international trade for survivalist or prosperity. International laws, rules and regulations control the world trade – formulated by International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) so that economic and trade growth increase at a standard level. International trade in fact increases 30-60 percent in last two decades, it is absolutely true and that has been possible through international trade regime; but poverty, inequality, unemployment and human rights violations are on negative or questionable stands. Actually, globalization may be continued to be in question, if along with economic and trade growth, poverty, inequality, security matters are not included. Individualism, liberalism, deregulation and privatization are undoubtedly the smart agendas of global agencies – these are putting a strong impact on human lives worldwide hitting each door (chapter 2). The western world itself is victimized also by such the economic policies in the world introduced by its own in their socio-cultural and humanistic phenomenon. It is evident that they are gaining economic and trade returns more than that of their aspiration. But it is keenly observable that whether the third world can achieve their trade share from the global market or not. If investment, assistances and trade share would become within an equitable and legal framework; hunger, poverty, bad governance, poor human capital would be reduced at a significant level. Bangladesh gains six percent growth, sixteen billion dollar reserve, twenty percent export growth at continuous trends; but good governance, security matters, social justice have been addressed hardly. Bangladesh has already deregulated and liberated all the public policy matters towards the market line. It is thought that the elite classes of business, media, NGOs, intellectuals have not only been autonomous but also syndicated gainers backed by political power to meet their vested interests. But the stands of mass people are being substantially marginalized as they cannot be within the syndicalism or oligopolism – policy supports do not work in favor of them. Development issue and social dimension in the developing countries are widely discussed in chapter three. In post second World War period, development aspect got prioritized mainly to USA in the purpose of reconstruction in war-ravaged developing countries. Following the Bretton Woods Agreement two financial and trade bodies were set up (WB and IMF). They made some development plans based on economic growth – loans, technical assistance and some conditionality are imposed upon the developing nations under Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP). East Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asian some countries were then their targets – these are newly decolonialized nations received their development agendas. In 80s it is reviewed that the loan recipient countries of Asia and Africa could increase growth at a desirable rate; but poverty alleviation and unemployment status were in previous conditions as only elite classes could access to the aided resources. In late 80s World Bank and IMF started to provide loans along with the agenda of balance distribution. But outcome got improvement too little (chapter three), Mexico, Brazil, Malaysia denied to receive the assistance – therefore liberalism and deregulation approaches were adopted then and these programs are existing still in the developing countries like Bangladesh. Social change is a matter in the world that is as worried as positive through globalization multilateral agencies make rules, regulations for economic and trade prosperity – they are also including the social issues (health care, education, population, labor rights, human rights) with their global agendas (chapter three). All the global social agendas are being formulated in the view of economy – so social change of economic-orientation is meant as consumerism. Liberal globalism makes a capitalist social class and on the other hand, an ultra poor class is of its logical sequence. Capitalist class in the developing nations enjoys all social and political advantage and authority – the reverse class gets marginalized more and more. Globalization is herein failed to instruct any real solution. Individualism is going to so higher point that social behavior is continued to self-interests and that is why, social conventional institutions (family, kinship, marriage) are fragmented. Social stratification gets too momentum that makes the society unstable. Consumer and aesthetic culture grab the human lives where moral values turn into a silly matter. So crimes, clash are undoubtedly an alarming issues in the world. Digital media (smart phone, TV, internet) is playing a striking role in reshaping the social behavior. Worthless love, sexism, emotional pleasures hurt the social norms and the young generations are fallen into the complex and deflective web causing a great social unrest. Globalization keeps impacts on all sorts of nations more or less – but it is noted that Bangladesh like Third World countries (Africa, South Asia) are entirely influenced in policy matters (chapter four). From 80s Bangladesh formulates its macro-economic policy following the global rules and regulations massively – thus horizon of economy is increased arithmetically. But its living standard and sustainable development are seriously in question – human rights, social values and environmental governance are going to ruining hole as well. Global authority advocates the socio-economic and political liberalism and deregulation more than that of justice, industrialization, health care, education, unemployment, state violence and human basic needs. As a result, the resources of foreign aids generate corruption, mismanagement, misappropriation, business killings and social injustice – however donor agencies are not agreed to withdraw their development partnership in this regard – that raise a million dollar question today in Bangladesh. Foreign agencies do not show eagerness in the political criminalization, democratic deficit of the Third World countries – they are busy with their favored issues that make fragile conditions in policy process and governance. Environmental issues in Bangladesh are a burning question – global partners are only in document service herewith. Communication and digital technology push the world cultural hybridization dominated by Westerns – thus the Western world is in favored conditions with cultural and digital business. Oriental society gets the erosion of cultural heritage – religious own beliefs and moral values are on alarmingly threats though ICT based activities, individualism and cultural pluralism increase in positive trends. Moreover, Bangladesh like countries has to go ahead in socio-economic and political sectors coping with the global challenges and minimizing the internal core national problems.
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