PhD Thesis

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Incidence of Bacterial and Viral Diseases of Silkworm, Bombyx Mori L. in Bangladesh and their Control
(University of Rajshahi, 1989) Barman, Anil Chandra; Rahman, Mustafizur; Quayum, M. A.
Like other forms of life, the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. is also affected by various types of diseases. During the growth the silkworms come in contact with a number of pathogenic agents like virus, bacteria, fungus, protozoans etc. under natural environmental conditions. Life functions are thus interfered and a disease occurs. The ultimate result is the loss of worms and hence loss of cocoon production. The earliest scientific report on insect diseases was on silkworm ailments (Kirby 1826). Afterwards it was experimentally demonstrated that the microorganisms are the causative agents for certain sickness in silkworms (Steinhaus 1963). A major breakthrough in our understanding of silkworm disease was achieved by Pasteur (1885) who identified that the protozoan, Nosema sp. was responsible for the devastating disease ' pebrine' of silkworm (Rene Dubas 1960). Bacterial and viral diseases of silkworm are the most common diseases inhabiting all the silk producing countries and areas, although their severity varies with the consequent interaction of existing environment of different regions. Total crop losses due to these diseases are rarely known, but the cocoon yield is largely hampered affecting national plan as well as personal income. In any of the cases of bacterial or viral diseases, starting point is the individual silkworm from which the disease is spread to the population. The occurrence of disease in a population is the consequence of interaction between pathogen, host and the environment……………………….
Incidence of Bacterial and Viral diseases of silkworm. Bombyx mort l. In Bangladesh and their control
(University of Rajshahi, 1989) Barman, Anil Chandra; Rahman, Mustafizur
Like other forms of life, the silkworm, Bombyx rnori L. is also affected by various t􀀪s of diseases. During the growth the silkworms come in contact with a number of pathcqenic agents like virus, bacteria, fungus, protozoans etc. under natural environmental conditions. Life functions are thus interfered and a disease occurs. The ultimate result is the forms and hence loss of cocoon production-. The earliest scientific report on insect diseases was on silkworm ailments ( Kirby 1826). Afterwards it was experimentally demonstrated that the micro- .__ organisms are the causative agents for certain sickness in silkworms (Steinhaus 1963). A major breackthrough in our unde􀁤standing of silkworm disease was achieved by Pasteur (1885) who identified that the protozoan, Nosema sp. was responsible for the devastating disease ' pebrine' of silkworm (Rene Dubas 1960). Bacterial and viral diseases of silkworm are the most comnon diseases inhabiting all the silk prooucing countries and areas, although their severity varies with the ccnsequent interaction of existing env􀂅- ronment of different regions. Total crop losses due to these diseases are rarely known, but the cocoon yield is l;:irgely hampered affecting national plan as well as personal income. In any of the cases of bacterial or viral diseases, starting point is the individual silkworm from which the disease is spread to the pop..ilation. The occur1ence of disease in a p-,pulation is the con r---. since of interaction between pathcqen, host and the environment. -----------
Bionomics Of The Sugarcane Top Shoot Borer, Tryporyza Nivella ( Fab. ) ( Pyralidae: Lepidoptera)
(University of Rajshahi, 1990) Sirajuddin, Md.; Rahman, Mustafizur
The bionomics of the top shoot borer, Tryporyza nivella (F.) of sugarcane have been carried out as follows: i) The systematics has been reviewed and the identification has been confirmed. ii) The biology of the pest was studied both in the field and under laboratory condition. The female lays eggs in masses on the undersurface of sugarcane leaves. Newlyhatched larva bores through the midrib and enters into the spindle causing 'dead heart' or 'shot-holes'. A single larva infests a single cane only and there it passes its larval and pupal stages. The moth comes out of the cane through the exit hole. The top shoot borer passes five instars during its larval stage. The instars were identified by regular sampling of the infested canes and confirmed by the application of Dyar's law. Occurence of five broods in a year was confirmed. :i:H.) Seasonal and regional (11 north-western sugarmills zones of Bangladesh) incidence of the pest have been surveyed. The incidence in all the mills zones was always minimum in the first brood. It increased up to brood number four anddecreased in the last or fifth brood. The incidence was the highest at Panchagarh among all the eleven study areas. It is also evident that the relationship between temperature and humidity is not independent but the two variables interact on the percentage of infestation. iv) Varietal behaviour (succeptibility to pest attack, reducing ability for loss in yield and recovery)of the four promising varieties Isd-16, Isd-17, Isd-2/54 and L.J.C. has been assessed. Variety Isd-16 was the least succeptible to top shoot borer while L.J.C. was the most succeptible one. Infestation of the top shoot borer produces a remarkable reduction in the length, circumference and weight of all the varieties. It has also a detrimental effect on the sucrose recovery in all the varieties studied. The loss was highest (35.598%) and the lowest (6.28%) in Isd-17 and L.J.C. respectively. v) Efficiency of mechanical control practice has been evaluated. Without mechanical control the incidence of T • nivella was 4.80 - 55.80% in the grower's field and it was 4.64-13.45% in all other study areas where usual mechanical control practice was adopted. But this practice adopted properly in the present investigation efficiently reduced the incidence and it was 4.20-6.60% only. vi) The natural enemies (parasites) of top shoot borer prevailing in the study areas have been identified and their effectiveness in controlling the pests in different broods at di-fferent sugarmill zones have been observed. Biology of the most common three parasites (Elasmus, Stenobracon and Topobracon sp. ) has been studied. --------
Fish and Fishery of Aspidoparia (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) of the River Padma
(University of Rajshahi, 1997-11) Sultana, Nasrin; Hossain, Md. Altaf
Bangladesh has vast fishery resources. The inland water areas of the country comprises 1.03 million hectares of rivers, canals and estuaries; 1,14,161 hectares of natural depressions such as the beals' and 'haors'; 1,61,943 hectares of ponds and tanks, 5,488 hectares of ox-bows; 68,800 hectares of Karnafuli reservior; 2.8 million hectares of flood plains and 87,300 hectares of brackish water aquaforms (Rahman, 1989). A total of 260 species of indigenous species of fin fishes are found in the freshwater habitats of Bangladesh and majority of these fishes are small sized (Rahman, 1989). The small indigenous fishes (SIS) form an important human food item, rich source of complete proteins containing all the essential aminoacids in right proportion. Fish protein is said to be more healthier and cholesterol free and also contains fatty acid which help in cholesterol absorption in the body tissues. The people are advised to take much smaller fish than meat. According to FAO report, (1991), fish contain 72% water, 19% protein, 89% fat, 0.15% calcium 0.25% phosphorus and 0.10% vitamin A,B,C and D. National Household Expenditure Survey (NHES) shows that anmel fish consumption in Bangladesh peaked in 1985 at 13.2 kg/person, had declined to 12.6 kg/person by 1992. This is in the same agreement with the information developed by North West Area Development Study (NWADS), which shows that overall fish supply has stagnated, resulting in price increase in real terms of over 2.8% per annum in the Northwest Region (Interim Report Vol-5 ADB February, 1997). The SIS fishes thus, make a very significant contribution to the daily intake of fish. Moreover, Siddiqui (1985) reported that in Bangladesh about 80 percent of the population is poor and they mainly depend on small size fish for their daily supply of animal protein at a reasonable price. Another advantages of small size fish is that they could easily breed and grow in water bodies, where culture of other major fishes are impossible. However, the ever expanding programme of flood control, drainage and irrigation is interfering with the whole ecological system in fishery resources, thereby causing both loss and degradation of their habitats. Which will inevitably lead to diminution and even disappearance of 95 percent of inland fish production. The present species 4. morer is mostly available in the river systems of Bangladesh. The biology of this species had been reported by Sultana (1991), Bhuiyan et al. (1992) compared the past and present data on the landing of the species together with the market price found that the natural production of the species is decreasing due to construction of the Farakka Barrage and oder FCD projects which caused detremental effect on the national aquatic system. Moreover, over exploitation of fish population and indiscriminate use of agrochemicals also adversely affected the fisheries resources. A. morar is an important species due to its high nutritional value in terms of protein content. Inspite of its usefulness as a source of protein, no detailed studies on the chemical and biochemical investigation has so far been reported. This is a small sized fish with a maximum size of 145 man, feiches the hightest market price due to its taste and flavour. This fish generally live in shallow water of the sandy bottom and medium current areas of the rivers. We hope the present finding may help to increase its population in the river Padma near Rajshahi
Ecology, Biology and Fishery of Clupisoma Atherinoides (Bloch) (Cypriniformes:Schilbeidae)Ecology, Biology and Fishery of Clupisoma Atherinoides (Bloch) (Cypriniformes:Schilbeidae)
(University of Rajshahi, 1999) Begum, Mahbuba; Bhuiyan, M. Abdus Salam
The juvenile and adult of C. atherinoides is mainly a carnivorous fish. Its food consists mainly of crustaceans, insects, rotifers, protozoans, algae, debris and detritus. The juvenile and adult C. atherinoides are surface feeders. Monthly variations in the percentage composition of the food items in the different stages of the fish were recorded. The fish changed its food and feeding habit seasonally. The feeding intensity was very poor in mature fishes during the spawning period. The immature fishes fed actively throughout the year. The ratio of the total length and alimentary canal length of the juvenile and adult stages of the fish is I :0.56 and 1: O. 61 and it has a shortened alimentary tract. The relationships between the total length and alimentary canal length of the juvenile and adult showed strong linear relationship. The ovaries of C. atherinoides were classified into ten stages. Immature stage, maturing-I ( early developing), maturing-II (late developing), mature, ripe, pre-spawning, spawning, post spawning, spent and resting stage.----
Pesticidal properties of Anacardium occide1ttale L. against Tribolium casta1teum (Hbst.)
(University of Rajshahi, 2003) Parveen, Shamima Akhter; Khalequzzaman, M.
Insecticidal properties of Anacardium occidentale L. were investigated. All CHCh and MeOH extracts of leaves, nut-shells, root-bark and stem-bark extracts were tested against Valsa ceratosperma (Tode Ex Fries) and Tribolium ca.\:taneum (Hbst. ). At a dose of I 00 μg/spot on the chromatogram and the CH Ch extract of nutshell, CHCh and MeOH extracts of root-bark and CHCh extract of the stem-bark showed highest activity against the test fungus, whereas CHC'3 extract of leaf and MeOH extract of leaf and nut-shell showed no activity. Both the CHC'3 and MeOH extracts of nut-shells have been found strongly effective against the test insect T. castaneum while tested by topical application metho~. However, the MeOH extract of the root-bark was stronger compared to its chloroform extract. After the nut-shell and the root-bark extract stern-bark extracts were found active but the methanolic extract was less effective in this regard. In case of leaf, MeOH extract was stronger than the CHCL3 extract showing a similarity like the root-bark extract. All the extracts (for both CH Ch and MeOH) of different parts of A. occidentale, viz. leaf, nut-shell, root-bark and stem-bark were subjected to surface film test against 'l'. castaneum adults and no trace of activity for the within the given dose ranges was found.--
Efficacy of Earthworm Against Rheumatic Fever
(University of Rajshahi, 2006) Rahman, Md. Mijanur; Jahan, Md. Sarwar
Rheumatic fever is a chronic lethal disease which affects human at the age of 5-22 years. The disease if not managed properly in time it provokes heart diseases or valvular heart diseases after 10-15 years. There is no specific or selected therapy for the treatment or management of Rheumatic fever. Earthworms had been used as the potential source of medicine for treatment of many diseases related to Rheumatic fever effectively from ancient time. Accordingly, it was thought that earthworm tissue might contain certain effective medicinal compounds to cure Rheumatic fever and investigations were performed in vitro (Laboratory test) and in vivo (clinically). First of all, earthworm's extract was obtained from dry powder of one of the most common indigenous species by using successively ten different solvents through continuous hot percolation process for extraction. Diethyl ether, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, acetic acid, acetone, xylol and morpholine extracted out 2.89±1.23, 3.32±1.36, 16.25±3.15, 4.62±1.73, 0.86±0.29, 0.93±0.36, 1.15±0.49, 1.09±0.46, 0. 76±0.38, and 0.80±0.18 in percent by weight (mg) of the dry powder of earthworm tissue.
Integration of Irradiation with Cytoplasmic Incompatibility in the Management of the Pulse Beetle Callosobruchus spp. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
(University of Rajshahi, 2007) Sharmeen, Eliza; Islam, Md. Shaiful
In the thesis, the impact of radiation on successive generations and cytoplasmic incompatibility of Callosobruchus spp. is studied. C. chinensis and C. maculatus are considered as the study insects. Experiments of oviposition preference and mating competitiveness are also conducted. Study showed that C. chinensis collected either from lentil or Bengal gram preferred lentil << Bengal gram < green gram for oviposition. Regarding the adult emergence, their preferred seeds are green gram > > Bengal gram> Lentil. C. maculatus preferred seed according as they collected from. The highest emergences rate is found in green gram. C. maculatus preferred pea for oviposition but the emergence rate is nearer to zero in it. Irradiation is able to increase the development time of egg to adult in successive generations of C. maculatus. The dose 12Gy the maturity time in F5 generation has gone · more than 100 days. In breeding of the progeny of the irradiated parent do not affect the percentage of adult emergence. For C. chinensis the degree CVs decreases as the treated males increased. Further increase of the number of males the CVs would be the same. For C. maculatus the ratio 1: 1: 1 showed the highest competitiveness values for both radiation doses 6Gy and 8Gy. The dose with 8Gy showed the highest competitiveness value. For 6Gy dose the competitiveness values were the maximum for the ratio 1:1:3 and 1:1:4 and the minimum number of values is attained at the ratio 1:1:2. Both in C. chinensis and C. maculatus the regional and reciprocal crosses have
Bioactive Properties of The Toothbrush Plant, Glycosmis Pentaphylla (Retz.) with Special Reference to Stored Product Pests
(University of Rajshahi, 2007) Pramanik, Md. Shahidullah; Islam, Md. Nurul
In the antimicrobial activity test both the antibacterial and antifungal tests offered promising outputs and the results were supported by the results ach'ieved by the previous workers (Rahmani et al., 2004; Greger, 1993) dealt with this plant. In the disc diffusion method the leaf extract gave the inhibition zones 17-, 16-, 16-, 14-, 16-, 20-, 12- and 7 mm for B. megaterium, B. subtilis, S. lutea, S. - {3-haemolyticus, S. typhi, S. sonnei, S. boydii and P. aeruginosa respectively, while in comparison the inhibition zones for the standard were 28-, 33- 30-, 31-, 35-, 33-, 34- and 31 mm respectively. For the stem bark extract the inhibition zones were 14-, 15-, 15-, 11-, 15- , 10- and 10 mm for S. aureus, B. megaterium, S. lutea, S. typhi, S. sonnei, S. boydii and P. aeruginosa respectively, while the same for the standard were 31"'., 28-, 30-, 35-, 33-, 34-, and 31 mm for the same test agents respectively. For the stem wood extract the inhibition zones were 7-, 14-, 12-, 10- and 12 mm respectively for B. megaterium, B. subtilis, S.- {3-haemolyticus, S. boydii and P. aeruginosa, while the inhibition zones for the standard were 28-, 33-, 31-, 34- and 31 mm; and for the root extract the inhibition zones were 9-, 9-, 10-, 8- and 7 mm for S. aureu, B. megaterium, S. sonnei, S. boydii and P. aeruginosa respectively, while the inhibition zones for the standard were 31-, 28, 33-, 34- and 31 mm for the above mentioned test agents respectively. Many previous works support this output. Arborinine, and acridone alkaloid obtained from G. pentaphylla, exhibited significant inhibition of crown gall tumors produced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in a potato disc bioassay (Quader, et al., 1999). In the antifungal activity tests the leaf extract (chloroform) of G. pentaphyl/a offered promising activity, while the inhibition zones were 20 mm for A. fumigatus and Mucor sp. after 24 h of exposure, however both of them remained responsive after 48 h with 12 mm of the inhibition zones; while the inhibition zones for the standard were 32- and 30 mm for the above mentioned test fungi respectively. For the stem bark extract the inhibition zones 19-, 7-, 17- and 12 mm for A. fumigatus, A. flavus, Mucorsp. and C. afbicans after 24 h of exposure, however after 48 h only the A. fumigatus, Mucor sp. and C. albicans remained responsive to the same with 12-, 13- and 9 mm of inhibition zones; while the inhibition zones for the standard were 32, 28-, 30-and 31 mm for the above mentioned test fungi. The stem wood extract offered inhibition zones 7-, 12-, 10-, 17- and 10 mm after 24 h of exposure against F. vasinfectum,.,A, fumigatus, A. flavus, Mucor sp. and C. albicans, among them only the Mucor sp. remained responsive to the same with 13 mm of the inhibition zone after 48 h of exposure; while the inhibition zones for the standard were 29-, 32-, 28-, 30- and 31 mm for the above mentioned test fungi. For the root extract the inhibition zones were 7-, 15- and 12 mm for F. vasinfectum, A. fumigatus and Mucor sp. after 24 h of exposure, however after 48 h the A. fumigatus and Mucor sp. remained responsive to the same with 9 mm of the inhibition zones; while the inhibition zones for the standard were 29-, 32-, 31- and 30 mm for the above mentioned test fungi respectively. The crude extracts showed cytotoxic activity while tested on the brine shrimp nauplii, A. salina. The LC5o values established were 28.579-, 28.659-, 57.213- and 84.111 ppm for leaf, stem bark, stem wood and root (root bark and root wood were not separated) extracts respectively; while the efficacy could be arranged in a descending order Leaf>stem bark> stem wood> root. Findings of Muthukrishnan and his group (Muthukrishnan et al., 1999) resembles with this result, while the addition of 10±4 to 10±5 M the quinazolone of arborine isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of G. pentaphylla leaf extract to water resulted in 83 to 100% mortality of C. quinquefasciatus larvae.--------
Small Fishes of the River Padma Near Rajshahi and Their Utilization in the Preparation of Fish Meal and Fish Protein Concentrate (Fpc)
(University of Rajshahi, 2012) Akther, Sarmin; Bhuiyan, N. I. M. Abdus Salam
The small indigenous fishes (SIF) are the great source of protein, fat, minerals and micro nutrients. The present research provides information about the small indigenous fishes of the river Padda (Padma) and their preservation, preparation and utilization of FPC made of fast food as fish powder and biochemical analyses of fishmeal of these fishes. The study was carried out during the period from July 2008 to June 2011. The specimens were collected by multiple spot visits to the river bank of Rajshahi City and their adjacent areas and different fish markets. A total of five species of fishes and a group of mixed fishes under 5 families and 5 orders such Glossogobius giuris, Colisafasciata, Puntius ticto, Eutropiichthyes vacha, Corica soborna and some mixed fishes ( Chanda nama, Chanda ranga, Amblypharyngodon mola, Mastacembelus pancalus, Xenentodon cancila) were selected to determine the flesh production, preparation and preservation of powder, utilization, acceptability, biochemical analyses and fishmeal preparation of fish powder and fast food products made by powder of the small fishes. Total length, total weight, after dressing weight, waste weight and weight after dressing and washing were recorded. The percentage of edible portion compared to their wastes were also determined. The highest percentage of weight after dressing and washing was found for Corica soborna 97.54% and the lowest in mixed fishes 72.34%. Among the six experimental fishes the highest percentage of waste product was 27.66% in mixed fishes and 2.5% was the lowest in Corica soborna. Five different species and a group of mixed fishes were used for preparation of powder (FPC). Preservation of all these fishes were in powdered form which were sun dried or oven dried. Sun drying is easy a process and can be used in large scale. But quality of the oven dried fishes was better. The fish powder remains in good condition for 7-9 months at normal room temperature, but in -l 8°C the powder was in good condition throughout the year. Highest quantity of powder from 1 kg of fish was obtained in case of Corica soborna 25.80% and the lowest 11.72% in Glossogobius giuris. Biochemical analyses of the selected six small fishes (protein, fat, moisture, minerals such as calcium, phosphorous, iron) were done. The maximum calcium content was found as 2.53% in Puntius ticto and minimum was 1.66% in Glossogobius giuris. Maximum phosphorous content was 2.93% in Colisa fasciata and minimum was 1.85% in mixed fishes (Chanda nama, Chanda ranga, Amblypharyngodon mo/a, Mastacembelus pancalus, Xenentodon cancila). Maximum iron content was found as 32.00 mg/l00g in mixed fishes and minimum in Puntius ticto as 20.25 mg/l00g. The maximum moisture content was found in Glossogobius giuris (14.28%) and minimum in Corica soborna fishes (12.05%). Maximum protein was found in Glossogobius giuris (73.32%) and minimum in Colisafasciata (57.76%). Maximum fat content was found in Corica soborna (23.63%) and minimum in Eutropiichthyes vacha 1.29%. Different fast-food items such as fish soup, fish cutlet, fish toast, fish burger, fish stick kabab, fish ball noodles, fish parotta, fish papadum, fish pakora were prepared by the six experimental fishes. The consumers' remarks and acceptances towards the taste, flavor and color of different fish fast food items in relation to occupation such as teachers, students, doctors, house wives and others were also observed. The majority of different professionals gave their opinion as good and tasty of all the fast-food products. These included fish soup (45%), fish cutlet (47%), fish toast (46%), fish burger (50%), fish stick kabab (45%), fish ball with noodles (41 %), fish parotta (47%), fish pakora (39%) and fish papadum (39%). The cost of production and profit of the products were assessed. Among all the fast-food products fish burger was of the highest production cost (Tk. 25.00). But on the consumers' remarks basis the highest cost was of fish soup (Tk. 21.5) and the lowest production cost was in fish papadum Tk. 10.50 and Tk. 14.7 in fish cutlet. The present work also gives an information on how to make fishmeal with the head, fin, viscera and other waste parts of the fishes and their utilization.
Combined Action of Piperonyl Butoxide with Some Insecticides, Against the Lesser Grain Borer Rhylopertha Dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)
(University of Rajshahi, 2012) Ferdoush, Mst. Rezwana; Rahman, A. S. M. Shafiqur
The toxicity of four (4) commercially formulated insecticides viz. organophosphate, pyrethroid, neonicotinoid and organo carbamate was investigated following residual-film method. 7 days old adults was used in this experiment. The data was recorded after 24 hours of treatment. All tested insecticides showed satisfactory killing ability towards the beetle tested. The insecticides were highly or moderately toxic to adult with LD50 values of 0.0745 (chloropyrifos), 0.7182 (cypermethrin), 1.9997 (imidacloprid) and 3.6513 (carbaryl) respectively. Chloropyrifos was found most toxic and carbaryl was less toxic to adult. The order of toxicity was chloropyrifos > cypermethrin> imidacloprid > carbaryl. Synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) in combination with all the insecticides tested was also investigated. The synergistic effects were calculated by using co- toxicity coefficient (>100) values. piperonyl butoxide considerably increased the toxicity of all the insecticides except of chloropyrifos. PBO did not produce synergistic effect against the adult. The interaction between insecticides and synergist was analyzed by co-toxicity coefficients and through plotting isoboles of the LD50 values.
Epidemiological Investigation of Schistosomosis in Domestic Cattle in Bangladesh
(University of Rajshahi, 2013) Begum, Nurjahan; Mannan, Md. Abdul; Awal, Md. Abdul
Bovine schistosomiasis is a disease of great economic importance in cattle production resulted from infection by helminth parasite of the genus Schistosoma. An epidemiological study of bovine schistosomiasis was conducted in Mymensingh, Netrokona, Kishorgonj, Chittagong and Sirajgonj areas of Bangladesh. On farm and abattoir survey were done to find out the risk factors associated with epidemiology, abundance of vectors and their relationship with temperature and rainfall during September 2009 to August 2011. Epidemiological data were collected from five different agro-ecological zones and schistosomiasis was found as one of the major bovine parasitic diseases. Among the different areas Sirajgonj district, male, adult animal and rainy and summer seasons were identified as significant risk factors for bovine schistosomiasis by egg (egg per gram of feces) count in Bangladesh. Among the three species of mostly common schistosomes in Indian sub-continent two species of were recorded during this period. Schistosoma indicum (29.9%) were the most common species than Schistosoma Spindale (10.6 %). Based on fecal egg examination a significant variation in the prevalence of bovine schistosomiasis were observed according to districts, ages, breeds, sexes, physical conditions, fecal consistency, sanitations, grazing, diets, de-worming, farming systems and seasons. Mesenteric blood vessels examination showed higher prevalence (48.0%) than fecal examination (33.2%). A significant variation in the prevalence of bovine schistosomiasis was observed according to regions and seasons. The highest number of total schistosomes counted from one mesenteric blood vessel was 322 and lowest was 18. In the study of intensity 27.4% of the mesenteric blood vessels showed moderate intensity (21-100 pair) which were statistically significant than low and heavy worm intensity. In order to find out the role of vector host snails were examined and 3.8% were found positive for cercariae of schistosomes of cattle with seasonal variation. Among the three different types of snails Indoplanorbis exustus played the dominant role followed by Lymnaea luteola and L. auricularia for shedding of Furcocercus cercariae. The shedding of Schistosoma spp. carcariae was significantly higher (P<0.01) during rainy season. The miracidial hatchability study clearly showed that miracidia hatching increases with the decreasing age of cattle. This observation clearly indicates that young animal plays an important role in the transmission cycle. Though clinical signs were not observed but histopathology of liver, small intestine and large intestine showed slight to moderate parasitic granulomas produced by the S. indicum eggs and adult parasites. Two simple methods such as egg detection method and miracidia hatching test was of great help in performing a proper diagnosis and fair assessment of schistosomiasis in the field. It may be concluded that schistosomiasis in cattle could be listed among the infectious diseases with special care because of climate change in the future which will severely affect the disease transmission dynamics. This study indicated that treatment of the infected animal with proper anthelmintic at the end of summer and restrict their movement nearer to water reservoirs could reduce the infection rate to a greater extent.
Effect of Plant Extracts on the Growth and Development of the Mulberry Silkworm Bombyx Mori L
(University of Rajshahi, 2014) Banu, Hosna Ara; Rahman, Sowdagar Mahfuzar; Ahsan, Md. Kamrul
An attempt was initiated for the utilization of different plant materials as food supplement for the improvement of different economic traits of Bombyx mori L. For this purpose initially an experiment was conducted to screen out different parts of Abroma Augusta, Centella asiatica, Neolamarckia cadamba, Solanum tuberosum, Persicaria acuminata and Andrographis paniculate plant with respect to their toxic effect on silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Relative toxicity by probity analysis for different parts of six plants extracts at different feeding schedules against silkworm larvae have been found out. Results on the mean mortality percentage of the larvae indicated that all the parts of P. acuminata and A. paniculata extracts showed toxic effect. With the increase of the dose of the extracts of the plant materials mortality of the larvae were increased. The LD50 values for different parts extracts at different feeding schedules also implied that different parts of those plant extracts produced higher mortality so that fruitful results could not be achieved with the supplementation in the feeding of silkworm larvae. On the other hand, results on the mean mortality percentage of the larvae indicated that all the parts of A. Augusta, C. asiatica, N. cadamba, S. tuberosum plant extracts were not toxic. The LD50 values also reported the same effect. After screening, the effects of the supplementation of different parts, viz. leaf, stem, root extracts of A. Augusta, C. asiatica, N. cadamba, S. tuberosum on growth and development of B. mori at different feeding schedules, viz. fed only in 1st feeding of 3rd to 5th instar larvae (FS-1), fed every day in 1st feeding of 3rd to 5th instar larvae (FS-2), fed every day in 1st and 3rd feeding of 3rd to 5th instar larvae (FS-3) were conducted. Leaf extract of A. Augusta increased the WML, LML, BML at different doses compare to control while fed in FS-1, FS-2 and FS-3. The highest and the lowest results for these parameters were observed at 500 ppm and control respectively………………………………
Productivity, Management Practices And Disease Incidences Of The Indigenous, Exotic And Crossbred Chickens Under Smallholders’ Conditions In Rajshahi, Bangladesh
(University of Rajshahi, 2014) Dutta, Ripon Kumar; Islam, M. Saiful
This research work evaluated the productivity, management practices and disease incidences of various chicken breeds under smallholders’ conditions at 10 Upazillas of Rajshahi District, Bangladesh. The productivity study, conducted on six available chicken breeds viz., Cobb 500 (broiler), cockerel, Fayoumi, indigenous (Deshi), RIR and Sonali from one government farm (GOV), ten private farms (PRI) and ten backyard chicken farms (BCF) from the urban, semi-urban and rural areas of Rajshahi, revealed that the crossbred Sonali was the highest in production number in both the GOV and PRI farms during 2011-12 and 2012-13 fiscal years whereas broilers attained the highest in 2013-14. The BCF earned the maximum profit (profitability index, PI=0.646) than PRI (PI=0.114) whereas GOV showed a negative PI (-0.021) indicating economic losses. The PI values gradually decreased from 2011-12 to FY 2013-14 throughout the entire production period which indicated economic instability in the poultry farming in the study area. Using a five-scale scoring system, eight major management practices (MP) namely, room temperature (RT), water source (WS), vaccination (VC), bio-safety measures (BM), boundary walls (BW), human residence (HR), chicken transportation (CT) and feeding management (FM), were considered to rank the farms under study. On average, GOV farm scored 4.00 indicating good management practices for BW, HR and FM, PRI farms achieved 3.42 for FM but the BCF exhibited a lower level to satisfactory scores (2.23-2.62) for all the parameters. Disease incidences (DI) such as bacterial diseases (BD), viral diseases (VD), fungal diseases (FD), flock-wise disease commonness (FDC) and seasonal disease prevalence (SDP) were taken into account to rank the poultry farms using a five-scale scoring system. Results showed that the GOV farm scored the highest 4.33 (severe to elevated) for SDP, the PRI farms scored 2.74 (mild to gross) for BD, and the BCF scored 1.06 (absent to mild) for FD. The DI parameters showed highly significant differences for BD and SDP (P<0.001) followed by VD, FD and FDC (P<0.01) among the farms during the study period. For meat yield studies, a total of 768 day-old Fayoumi and Sonali chickens of both sexes were divided into 16 diet groups, each containing 16 chickens with 3 replications, reared under four dietary treatments groups viz., T1 (premix, control), T2 (premix + vitA) , T3 (premix + EAAs) and T4 (premix + vitA + EAAs) to evaluate the growth performance, meat features and carcass features. The growth performance parameters included feed intake (FI), live weight gain (LWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survivability (SB); the meat features were dressing yield (DY), total meat (TM), breast meat (BM), dark meat (DKM), drumstick meat (DM), wing meat (WM) and thigh meat (THM) and the carcass features were skin weight (SW), abdominal fat weight (AFW), neck weight (NW), head weight (HW) and giblet weight (GW). Analyses demonstrated that Fayoumi was the highest values for FI and LWG while Sonali was the highest for FCR. Male chickens showed the highest FI and LWG but the lowest for FCR than the female ones. The T4 group chickens showed the highest SB followed by T3, T2 and T1 groups. Meat features showed significant differences for LW, TM and BM (P<0.001), DKM (P<0.01) and WM (P<0.05) while, carcass features exhibited significant difference for LW and GW (P<0.001), SW and AFW (P<0.01) among the treatment groups. For egg yield studies, a total of 384 day-old Fayoumi, indigenous, RIR and Sonali chickens were randomized in 16 diet groups, each containing 8 chickens with 3 replications, under four dietary treatment groups mentioned earlier for growth performance, egg production performance and egg quality performance. The growth performance parameters were day-old chick weight (DW), live weight at 20 weeks (LW), live weight gain (LWG), feed intake up to 20 weeks (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), final live weight at 48 weeks (FLW) and survivability (SB); egg production performance included egg weight (EW), age at sexual maturity (ASM), age at peak production (APP), egg production (EP), egg mass production (EMP), feed intake (FI) from 21 to 48 weeks and feed conversion ratio (FCR); and the egg quality parameters were egg weight (EW), egg shape index (ESI), albumen index (AI), yolk index (YI), albumen percentage (AP), yolk percentage (YP), shell percentage (SP), shell membrane percentage (SMP), shell thickness (STH), yolk colour score (YCS) and Haugh unit (HU). Analyses of the data on egg yield studies revealed that Sonali was the highest and indigenous the lowest followed by Fayoumi and RIR for EP. The indigenous chickens attained ASM and APP at the lowest production days while RIR at the highest production days. Moreover, the highest EP was found in T4 group and the lowest in T1 group followed by T3 and T2 groups. The T4 group chickens attained ASM and APP at the lowest production days while T1 group at the highest followed by T3 and T2 groups. Highly significant differences existed for EW, ESI, AP, YP, SMP, YI, STH and HU (P<0.001) among the breeds; while highly significant differences were found for ESI, SMP, AI, STH and HU (P<0.001) among the treatment groups. To sum up, the present results demonstrate that the smallholder poultry farmers maintained sustainable production of their chickens which, in turn, improved the economic conditions of the growers as well as the nutritional status of the consumers in the region. Owing to their smaller size, popular meat characteristics, low cost and suitability for rearing under prevailing environment in the urban, semi-urban and rural areas, the crossbred Sonali chickens appeared to be commercially viable poultry birds in the study area. Since there was no detrimental effects of the feed supplement on the experimental chickens, it is therefore recommended that administration of suitable doses of VitA and EAAs to available poultry feed would result in enhanced growth, survivability, carcass characteristics, egg production and egg quality parameters. Supplement of EAAs only to the feed, however, would contribute to the increased productivity parameters of the chicken breeds under study.
Epidemiology and Control of Mange on Goat in Rajshahi District
(University of Rajshahi, 2014) Rahman, Shaziea; Das, Bidhan Chandra; Wall, Richard
The parasitism is an important limiting factor to rear goats in Bangladesh as the climatic condition of the country favors the development and survival of various parasites. In parasitic problems, mange infestation is common in goats which directly or indirectly reduce their health and productivity. The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence of mange mite on goat, assess the risk factors and health of goat in Rajshahi in relation to mange infestation and evaluate the economic impact of mange and to find out the alternative measures of mange control especially with herbal products. The study was carried out through questionnaire survey, clinical examination and the experiment of mange control in goats in the study areas of five Upazila namely Boalia, Puthia, Poba, Gudagari and Baghmara of Rajshahi district. In the prevalence study, the relevant data were collected from randomly selected a total of 129 goat rearing farms which consists a total of 1277 goats during the period from July’2010 to June’2011. In the experimental study of mange control, fifteen affected goats of both sexes aged between 10 and 30 months which were divided into five groups randomly and 3 goats were considered in each group. The treatments were considered with control (A), Neem ointment (B), Ata ointment (C), Mehedi ointment (D) and Ivermectin (E). The control experiment was conducted during November’2012 to December’2012. The collected experimental data were analyzed using SPSS Version-15. Association between prevalence and explanatory variables was found using chi-squire (P) test. A descriptive statistical analysis and ANOVA were used for the results of clinical parameters (skin lesion and bodyweight), certain hematological parameters (Hb, TEC, PCV and TLC) and biochemical parameters (SGOT and SGPT). The significant difference was set as (P<0.05) and (P<0.10) in the prevalence and experimental study, respectively in the analyses. The overall prevalence of mange mite was 5.95 per cent in goats in the study. The highest and the lowest percentages of mange mite prevalence were observed in large farm (9.04%) and small farm (4.13%), poor feeding (8.25%) and good feeding (3.61%), Black Bengal (6.93%) and crossbreed (3.09%), age 3 years and above (8.47%) and age below 01 year (3.60%), female (6.78%) and male (3.87%), winter season (10.74%) and summer season (2.09%), low land (8.81%) and high land (3.09%), conventional housing system (6.51%) and semi-intensive housing system (2.34%), poor housing condition (8.97%) and good housing condition (3.50%), poor health condition (25.32%) and good health condition (2.03%), temperature below 210C (8.47%) and temperature 290C & above (2.76%), rainfall below 50 mm (8.24%) and 50 mm to < 200 mm (3.73%) and humidity below 65% (8.93%) and humidity 65% to < 85% (3.64%), respectively and the prevalence of mange mite was significantly different in each risk factor (P<0.05). The mange mites were the highest frequency on the head region and the lowest were on tail, leg and whole body. The maximum economic loss was incurred in large farm and it was the lowest in small farm. Only one species Sarcoptes scabiei was identified through the preparation of permanent slide. The recovery of skin lesion was statistically significant (P<0.10) in all treatment groups except control group (P>0.10). The bodyweight was increased in all treatment groups and it was decreased in control group which was significant (P>0.10). After treatment, Total Erythrocytes Count (TEC million/ cu.mm), Hemoglobin content (Hb gm %), Packed Cell Volume (PCV %) and Total Leukocytes Count (TLC thousand/ cu.mm) of blood was increased in all treatment groups except control group which were significant (P<0.10) and the SGOT and SGPT of blood were decreased in all treatment groups except control group which were significant (P<0.10). From the prevalence study, it may be concluded that this study quantifies the level of mange mite infestation in goats corresponding to the different risk factors which demands immediate control program and more epidemiological study for detail information of the constraints of goat health and production. In the herbal ointments, Neem (Azadirachta indica) was more effective for control of mange in goats than Mehidi (Lawsonia inermis) and Ata (Annona reticulata). The patent drug Ivermectin was very much successful in mange mite infestation than the herbal ointments. Further studies are required to clarify the efficacy of the ethnoveterinary and anthelmintics widely used in agro ecologies, animal species and livestock management system in Bangladesh.
Open Water Fisheries Resources Management in Bogra District
(University of Rajshahi, 2014) IQBAL, S.M.; Sultana, Sabina; Mortuza, M. Golam; Hossain, M. Altaf
In the present investigation the samples were collected from July 2009 to June 2012 and 124 species 67 genera 29 families 12 orders of fish are recorded. Fishes were collected from 15 fish landing centers out of 87 at Bogra district. All these fish species have economic value, but there are about 57 species under 34 genera are most economic important. The present study has conducted at Bogra District during the July 2009 to June 2012. The fisheries item and open water bodies information were collected with the help of fishermen and related persons. There are 4 main rivers like Januma, Bangali, Korotoa and Ishamoti including the small river flows in the district. Total number of river 8, heels 95, and canals 35 are included open water bodies in this district. Open water bodies area 7,784.38 he. and close water bodies about 11,325 he. and fish production (Close water = 42,117.42 Mt. and open water bodies= 2,083.62 Mt.) 44,201.04 Mt. During the study area period a total of 9 species of Annelids, 17 species of Arthropods, 16 species of Mollusks, 7 species of Amphibians, 17 species of Reptiles, 30 species of Birds, 2 species of Mammals and 48 species of aquatic plants present in the study area. Varieties of crafts and gears are used for fishing purpose. In my present investigation major 12 types of nets, 8 types of traps, 8 types of spears and harpoons, mainly 3 types of line and 5 types crafts are found in the study area. The culturable and non·culturable fish species were listed. The total production of each upazilla was determined. Total 129 species 66 genera 29 families 12 orders of fish are recorded. All these fish species have economic value, but there are about 57 species under 34 genera are most economic important. The fisherman or producer is the first basic person of the marketing system. During the peak fishing season the commodity is sold to the farias and beparies. Farias again may sell the fishes at nearby markets or hand over it to the beparies. Beparies are the third basic person of the marketing channel. The total numbers of hat/bazaar are 186 (Daily Bazar 77 and weakly Hat 109). There are about 87 fish landing centers in the study area. In the study period it was found that 37 species of various groups of fishes from 4 important surveyed FLC's of Bogra district, Exotic carps, Major carps, Cat fish, Live fish, SIS and Others various fishes have been discussed about their monthly landing and wholesale price in details For the present study a total of fishermen were interviewed. Analysis of age structure show that the highest 26% of fishermen was of 20-30 age groups. On the other hand the lowest 2.33% comprised of fishermen Under 20 years of age. The educational status of the fishermen is not satisfactory. About 43.67% fishermen are illiterate. 5% fishermen have SSC pass. About 20.66% fishermen have primary education. 30.67% fishermen know just how to read or write. The highest percent (28.33%) of fishermen invest their capital from 10000-15000 Tk. and the lowest percent (2.33%) of investment are 2000-4000 Tk. Other group and percentages are 5.34% fishermen invest Tk. 4001-6000, 15.67% fishermen invest 6001-8000 Tk. 25.33% fishermen invest 8001-10000 Tk. and 15.33% fishermen invest 15000-20000 Tk.
Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Bacteria from Diseased Farm Fish
(University of Rajshahi, 2015) Ahsan, Md. Kamrul; Parween, Selina; Saha, Ananda Kumar; Hossain, Md. Mosharrof
Present study was carried out for three years duration from March 2012 to February 2015 to isolate and characterize the bacteria collected from diseased farmed carp fishes and pond water. From the collected diseased carps (Puntius sarana, Labeo rohita, L. bata, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and water samples total nine isolates were differentiated and sub-cultured at 30-37C in the laboratory. The bacteria were identified on the basis of their morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and confirmed by sequencing of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Among the nine isolates six were Gram-negative rods and three were Grampositive. Gram-negative six isolates can utilize citrate, and two isolates can ferment lactose. Four isolates were found as catalase positive, while two were weak positive; three were oxidase positive. All the nine isolates were found as fermentative type of bacteria. None of the isolates reduce sulphur, five produced indole; three were motile on motility indole urea media and showed flagellar movement on hanging-drop method. Six isolates showed positive results for methyl red test, while four of them were Voges- Proskauer positive. Sucrose was utilized by all the isolates where one of the isolate could only ferment sucrose. Among the nine isolates six showed resistance against bacitracin. All the isolates are more or less sensitive to gentamicin, neomycin, cephradine, doxycycline, tetracycline, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, mecillinam and nitrofurantoin. The highest colony forming units/ml was calculated as 65-71×1010 and lowest was 11-16×108. Two isolates were found ampicillin resistant, and MIC for this antibiotic ranged from 320-640 μg/ml and MBC was in the range of 320-1280 μg/ml for the rest of the isolates. The MIC and MBC were ranged from 320-640 μg/ml and 320-1280 μg/ml respectively for the antibiotic tetracycline as all the isolates were sensitive to this antibiotic. Isolates showed their optimum growth in the range of temperature 28–30C, pH 6.8–7.5 and salinity 1%. Five different primers were used and the combination of 8F–806R and 8F–1492R gave the more contrast single band in between 700–800 bp in comparison to 1kb plus DNA ladder. NCBI BLAST nucleotide sequence first matching revealed the nine isolates as Klebsiella oxytoca strain KB (98%), Klebsiella oxytoca strain SHD-1 (99%), Klebsiella oxytoca strain AIMST 8.Cp.16 (99%), Pantoea sp. strain F6-PCAi-T3P21 (84%), Aeromonas sp. strain OS6 (97%), Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria strain ER.1.24 (99%), Brevibacillus borstelensis strain 1CK49 (99%), Brevibacillus borstelensis strain 1CK49 (91%) and Bacillus sp. BVC99 (99%). Among the identified isolates six belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae, two from the family Paenibacillaceae and one from the family Bacillaceae.
Screening Of Bioactive Components Of Azadirachta Indica A. Juss. And Their Efficacy Against The Red Flour Beetle Tribolium Castaneum (Herbst)
(University of Rajshahi, 2016) Yeasmin, Rogena; Rahman, A. S. M. Shafiqur
The chloroform and methanol extracts of the leaves, flower, root bark, root wood, seed, stem bark and stem wood of Azadirachta indica were tested against Tribolium castaneum adults through residual film assay. According to the intensity of activity observed through mortality of the adult beetles the potentiality of the chloroform extracts could be arranged in a descending order of seed (107.0412μg/cm2) > leaf (113.3073μg/cm2) > stem wood (177.580μg/cm2) > root wood (192.5573μg/cm2) > stem bark (244.4488 μg/cm2) > flower (259.3435 μg/cm2) > root bark (480.3277 μg/cm2) and for the methanol extracts, seed (222.3965 μg/cm2) > root wood (418.4427μg/cm2) > leaf(447.2792μg/cm2) > stem bark (457.6257μg/cm2) > stem wood (492.0781μg/cm2) > flower (752.3578 μg/cm2) > root bark (1011.733 μg/cm2) for 96h of exposure. Due to prolongation of exposure no alteration of the results was observed other than proportional increase in the number of mortality. However, mortality was observed just within 24h of exposure, which is very special potentiality in dose-mortality experiments. All the chloroform and methanol extracts of the flower, leaves, root bark, root wood, seed, stem bark and stem wood of A. indica have been applied against the larvae of T. castaneum for the detection of their biological activity (including lethality, prolongation of larval instars, causing deformity in body, abnormality in any of the biological parameters). According to the intensity of activity against he 1st instar larvae of chloroform extract the result could be arranged in the following order: seed> root wood > stem bark > stem wood> flower. In case of methanol extracts, the results were as follows: stem wood > root bark > seed > root wood>flower>stem bark>leaf. For 2nd instars, the results were leaf flower> root wood> stem bark> root bark > seed > stem wood for chloroform extract after 72 hours respectively. For the methanol extracts the results were as follows: leaf > flower> root wood> root bark > stem wood > seed > stem bark after 72 hours respectively. In case of 3rd instars larvae the results were stem bark > root wood> stem wood > seed > flower> root bark> leaf for chloroform extract after 72 hours respectively. For the methanol extracts the results were stem bark > root wood> seed >stem wood > flower> root bark> leaf for after 72 hours respectively. For the 4th instars larvae against the chloroform extracts the results were as follows: root wood > root bark> seed >flower > leaf > stem wood >stem bark after 72 hours respectively. For the methanol extracts, the results were flower > root bark> seed >root wood > leaf > stem wood >stem bark respectively. The larval mortality showed a possibility of raising toxicity by the magnification of the amount of ingestion of the treated food. Besides mortality of the larvae and abnormality in changing instars, as well as differences in size were also observed. The number of death has been increased just proportional to that of the age of the larvae, which indicates the increase in volume of food intake by the larvae as well. All the test extracts of leaves, flower, seed, root bark, root wood, stem bark and stem wood of A. indica collected in chloroform and methanol showed repellent activity against adult beetles of T. castaneum. The F values have been established were 51. 03662, 253.5068, 43.04438, 83.58911, 75.79346, 75.94017, 64.50964, 50.44838, 25.82928, 61.28114, 45.56164, 34.5519, 35.75216 and 21.5157 for the analysis between doses and 6.778143, 3.007724, 5.447409, 3.835164, 1.400522, 1.856993, 5.669432, 4.258362, 5.590989, 0.876118, 4.630108, 3.285364, 1.990562 and 0.989226 for the analysis between time interval for seed, stem wood, stem bark, root wood, root bark, flower and leaves of Chloroform and Methanol extracts respectively. Among the tested CHCl3 and MeOH extracts all the rest offered repellency at 0.01% level of significance (P<0.001) According to the intensity of repellency the result could be arranged in a descending order: In case of chloroform extract stem bark >root wood> seed >flower> stem wood> leaf> root bark and for the methanol extracts seed> stem wood>stem bark> root bark> root wood> flower> leaf extract. The cytotoxic effect of the above mentioned extracts was also found promising. The seed extract was found to offer the highest mortality of the nauplii, while the LC50 values were 520.1635, 24.50645 and 5.942745ppm for the chloroform extracts; 906.5301, 61.17362 and 18.24789ppm for the methanol extracts for 30 min, 24h and 48h of exposures respectively. The LC50 values for the stem bark extract were 1042.544, 196.883 and 24.53654ppm for the chloroform extracts; 6030.069, 167.7432 and 34.2457ppm for the methanol extracts. The LC50 values for the stem wood extract were 3711.381, 94.12271 and 45.16339ppm for the chloroform extracts; 1641.063, 92.75699 and 48.30029ppm for the methanol extracts. The LC50 values for the flower extract were 933.4176, 67.70986 and 26.04309ppm for the chloroform extracts; 18450.49, 113.4081 and 24.50362ppm for the methanol extracts. For the leaf extract the LC50 values were 3476.365, 101.4525 and 51.38413ppm for the chloroform extracts; 9577.411, 455.9743 and 160.1078ppm for the methanol extracts. The LC50 values for the root bark extracts were 987.7583, 28.04569 and 23.26771ppm for the chloroform extracts; 1030.155, 57.71285 and 26.29665ppm for the methanol extracts. The LC50 values for the root wood extracts were 838.2706, 36.47875 and 8.40184ppm for the chloroform extracts; 5187.234, 82.83993 and 23.38707ppm for the methanol extracts for 30 min, 24h and 48h of exposures respectively. According to the intensity of activity the results of the extracts against the brine shrimp nauplii could be arranged in the following order: seed > root wood >root bark> stem bark> flower>stem wood> leaf for the chloroform extract and seed > root wood > flower> root bark> stem bark> stem wood> leaf for the methanol extracts. The antibacterial activity of A. indica extractives collected in CHCl3 and MeOH were tested against 14 bacteria (6 Gram-positive bacteria) S. aureus, B. cereus, B. megaterium, B. subtilis, S. lutea, S.-ß -haemolyticus and (8 Gram-negative bacteria) S. typhi, S. dysenteriae, S. shiga, S. sonnei, S. boydii, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and Proteus sp. at concentrations of 50 and 200 µg/disc along with a standard antibiotic, ciprofloxacin 30 µg/disc. The seed (chloroform) extract S. aureus, B. cereus, B. megaterium, B. subtilis, S. lutea , S. typhi, S. dysenteriae, S. shiga, S. boydii, E. coli and Proteus sp. were responsive with inhibition zones 06,13, 11, 10, 10, 12, 14, 12, 10, 13, 13 and 12 mm for 50 and 200 µg/disc application and for the methanol extract S. aureus, B. cereus, B. subtilis, S. lutea, S. typhi, S. dysenteriae, S. shiga, S. boydii, E. coli and Proteus sp. were responsive with inhibition zones11, 10, 12, 09, 12, 11, 09, 10,12, 05 and 10 mm respectively for the same doses; while the inhibition zones for the standard Ciprofloxacin 30µg/disc were 30, 28, 28, 30, 28, 30, 30, 29, 29, 28, 28, 28,28 and 28 mm for the above mentioned test agents respectively. For the stem bark (chloroform) extract only S. aureus, B. megaterium, B. subtilis, S. lutea, S.-ß –haemolyticus, S. typhi, S. dysenteriae, S. boydii, E. coli and P. aeruginosa were responsive with inhibition zones 12, 11, 10, 11, 12, 13, 12, 11, 12, 13mm and 7mm for 200 and 50 µg/disc application and for the methanol extract S. aureus, B. megaterium, B. subtilis, S. lutea, S.-ß –haemolyticus, S. typhi, S. dysenteriae, S. boydii, E. coli and P. aeruginosa were responsive with inhibition zones 10, 09, 10, 10, 11, 12, 13, 10, 12, 11mm and 08, 10, 09mm respectively for the same doses; while the inhibition zones for the standard Ciprofloxacin 30 µg/disc were 30, 30, 28, 30, 28, 30, 29, 29, 29, 28, 28, 29, 29 and 29 mm for the above mentioned test agents respectively. The stem wood extract (chloroform) was responsive to S. aureus, B. cereus , B. megaterium, B. subtilis, S.- ß – haemolyticus, S. typhi, S. dysenteriae, S. boydii, E. coli and Proteus sp. with inhibition zones 10, 08, 10, 12, 10, 12, 10, 09, 10 and 10 mm for 200 µg/disc application and for the methanol extract S. aureus, B. megaterium, B. subtilis, S.- ß -haemolyticus, S. typhi, S. dysenteriae, E. coli and Proteus sp. with inhibition zones 08, 09, 11, 07, 10, 09, 07 and 10mm respectively for the same doses (Table ); while the inhibition zones for the standard Ciprofloxacin 30µg/disc were30, 30, 30, 30, 32, 30, 30, 32, 30, 30, 30, 31, 30 and 30 mm for the above mentioned test agents respectively. The flower extract (chloroform) was responsive to B. cereus, B. subtilis, S.- ß -haemolyticus, S. typhi, S. dysenteriae, S. boydii , S. shiga, E. coli and P. aeruginosa with inhibition zones 12, 11, 13, 13, 12, 12, 11, 14 and 12mm for 200 µg/disc application and the methanol extract was responsive to B. subtilis, S.- ß -haemolyticus, S. typhi, S. dysenteriae, S. boydii, E. coli and P. aeruginosa with inhibition zones 10, 12, 11, 10, 11, 10, 13 and 10mm respectively for the same doses; while the inhibition zones for the standard Ciprofloxacin 30µg/disc were 30, 30, 30, 30, 32, 30, 32, 30, 30, 30, 31, 32, 32 and 30 mm for the above mentioned test agents respectively. The leaf (chloroform) extracts were responsive to S. aureus, B. megaterium, S.-ß-haemolyticus, S. typhi, S. boydii, S. lutea, E. coli and P. aeruginosa with inhibition zones 12, 11, 12, 12, 12, 10, 12 and 10 mm for 200 µg/disc application and the methanol extract was responsive to S. aureus, B. megaterium, S. typhi, S. lutea, S. boydii, E. coli and P. aeruginosa and with inhibition zones 09, 10, 11, 10, 12, 10 and 09 mm for the same doses; while the inhibition zones for the standard Ciprofloxacin 30 µg/disc were 30, 30, 32, 30, 30, 32, 32, 30, 30, 30, 32, 32, 32 and 30 mm for the above mentioned test agents respectively. In case of the root bark extract (chloroform) B. cereus, B. megaterium, B. subtilis, S.- ß -haemolyticus, S. typhi, S. shiga, S. boydii, E. coli and Proteus sp. were responsive with inhibition zones 13, 12, 13, 13, 13, 12, 09, 12 and 13mm for 200 µg/disc application, and for the methanol extract B. cereus, B. megaterium, B. subtilis, S.- ß –haemolyticus, S. typhi, S. shiga and E. coli were responsive with inhibition zones 11,10,12, 10,11,09 and 11mm for the same doses; while the inhibition zones for the standard Ciprofloxacin 30 µg/disc were 30, 30, 32, 30, 30, 32, 30, 30, 30, 32, 30, 32, 30 and 30mm for the above mentioned test agents respectively. The root wood (chloroform) extracts were responsive to S. aureus, B. megaterium, B. subtilis, S.-ß-haemolyticus, S. typhi, S. dysenteriae, S. sonnei, S. boydii, E. coli and Proteus sp. with inhibition zones 12, 13, 12, 13, 14, 13, 13, 12, 13 and 10 mm for 200 µg/disc application, and the methanol extract was responsive to S. aureus, B. megaterium, S. lutea, S.- ß –haemolyticus, S. shiga, S. dysenteriae, S. boydii, E. coli and P. aeruginosa with inhibition zones 10,11, 11, 09, 12, 10, 12, 10, 11 and 09 mm for the same doses; while the inhibition zones for the standard Ciprofloxacin 30 µg/disc were 30, 30, 30, 32, 30, 30, 28, 29, 29, 30, 28, 30, 30 and 28mm for the above mentioned test agents respectively. Among all the CHCl3 and MeOH extracts only CHCl3 extracts of the seed and the root wood were subjected to evaluate the minimum inhibition zones. The MIC value of the chloroform extract of the seed was 128µg/ml against B. cereus, 64µg/ml against S.- ß –haemolyticus and 32µg/ml against S. dysenteriae. The MIC values of the chloroform extract of root wood were 128µg/ml against S. - ß –haemolyticus; 64µg/ml against B. megaterium and 32µg/ml against S. typhi. Antifungal activity of the A. indica extractives collected in chloroform and methanol were tested against six pathogenic fungi F. vasinfectum, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. flavus, C. albicans and P. notatum at concentrations of 50 and 200µg/disc along with a standard Nystatin (50µg/disc). For the flower extract (chloroform) A. flavus, A. niger, P. notatum and C. albicans were responsive with inhibition zones 13, 12, 12, 11mm and for the methanol extract 10, 10, 14 and 10mm for 200 µg/disc application, while the inhibition zones for the standard nystatin 50 µg/disc were 20, 20, 22, 22, 21 and 20mm for the above mentioned test agents respectively. In case of the leaf extracts (chloroform) A. niger, A. flavus, P. notatum and C. albicans were responsive with inhibition zones 14, 13, 12, 12mm and for the MeOH extract 12, 11, 10, 11mm for 200 µg/disc application, while the inhibition zones for the standard nystatin 50µg/disc were 20, 20, 22, 22, 20 and 20mm for the above mentioned test agents respectively. For the root bark extracts (chloroform) A. niger, A. flavus, C. albicans and P. notatum were responsive with inhibition zones 14, 13, 10, 11mm and for the methanol extract 13, 11, 08, 10mm for 200 µg/disc application; while the inhibition zones for the standard nystatin 50 µg/disc were 20, 20, 23, 23, 22 and 20mm for the above mentioned test fungi. In case of the root wood extract (CHCl3) A. niger, A. flavus, C. albicans and P. notatum were responsive with inhibition zones15, 13, 13, 12mm and for the MeOH extract 12, 11, 12, 11mm for 200 µg/disc application; while the inhibition zones for the standard nystatin 50µg/disc were 20, 20, 23, 23, 22 and 20 mm for the above mentioned test agents respectively. In case of the seed extract (chloroform) only A. niger, A. flavus, C. albicans and P. notatum were responsive with inhibition zones 16, 14, 12,11mm and for the methanol extract 13, 12, 10, 09 mm for 200 µg/disc; while the inhibition zones for the standard nystatin 50 µg/disc were 23, 24, 24, 24, 23 and 23mm for the above mentioned test fungi respectively. For the stem bark extract (CHCl3) only A. niger, A. flavus, C. albicans and P. notatum were responsive with inhibition zones 13, 12, 13, 11mm and for the MeOH extract 12, 10, 11, 10mm for 200 µg/disc application; while the inhibition zones for the standard nystatin 50 µg/disc were 24, 24, 25, 25, 23 and 23 mm for the above mentioned test agents respectively. For the stem wood extract (CHCl3) only A. niger, A. flavus, C. albicans and P. notatum were responsive with inhibition zones 13, 12, 13, 12mm and for the MeOH extract 12, 10, 11, 10mm for 200 µg/disc application; while the inhibition zones for the standard nystatin 50 µg/disc were 23, 24, 25, 25, 23 and 23 mm for the above mentioned test agents respectively. The leaf, stem bark, root wood and seed of A. indica shows alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavanoids, glycosides, phenol, protein, resins, saponnins, tannins and sterols of different solvents. The phytochemical screening was performed with chloroform and methanol extracts of A. indica. Through activity guided chromatographic fractionation two bioactive compounds have been isolated from the leaf extracts of the test plant A. indica. The CHCl3 extract of the leaf yiel ded 2 compounds, i) Quercetin3-ß-D- glucosi cde.i ci) ß-sitosterol The MIC values of the pure compound A1 were 32µg/ml against B. cereus, 16µg/ml against S. - ß –haemolyticus and 64µg/ml against S. dysenteriae and of the compound A2 were 64µg/ml against B. cereus, 64µg/ml against S. - ß –haemolyticus and 32µg/ml against S. dysenteriae.
Ecological Characterization of Indigenous Rhizobium Populations in Rajshahi Area
(University of Rajshahi, 2016) Nushair, Ali Mohammad; Saha, Ananda Kumar; Rahman, Md. Anisur
Rhizobium spp. were isolated from root nodules of Green Gram, Black Gram, Lentil, Pigeon Pea, Sweet Pea, Chick Pea, Cow Pea and Bean on Yeast Extract Mannitol Agar (YEMA) and their morphological, cultural, physiological and biochemical characteristics were studied. It was observed that the colonies were circular, light pink, convex, entire and opaque. The bacterium was gram negative, rod shaped, aerobic, non-spore forming and motile. In this study, all isolates were showed hazy appearance in the motility media and also were positive for Catalase, Citrate Utilization Test, Urea Hydrolysis, Congo red test, Nitrification test, Oxidase Test, Triple Sugar Iron Test , Mac Conkey Agar Test and, motility Tests. The samples were found negative for Methyl Red (MR), Voges-Proskauer (VP), Indole, Starch hydrolysis test, Hydrogen Sulphide production and Hofer’s alkaline test. Utilization of different carbon sources is an effective tool to characterize the isolates. In the present study sucrose, fructose, galactose, maltose and mannitol (25 mg Hi-media, India) and 20% solution of glucose, lactose, arabinose and xylose were utilized for this test. All the isolates tested here can ferment sucrose, glucose, fructose, mannitol and produce acid. These carbon sources are generally utilized by bacteria of the genus Rhizohium. Fast growing Rhizobial strains utilized a wider variety of carbohydrates than the slow growing strains. Their ability to metabolize a broad range of carbon substrates may be advantageous for survival in soil. Isolates which were named as Lentil, Cow Pea and Bean can be utilized in all the nine sugar and the produced acid. Green Gram, Black Gram, Pigeon Pea, Sweet Pea, Chick Pea cannot ferment maltose sugar. Besides this isolates from Green gram, Black Gram, Pigeon Pea Sweet Pea and Chick Pea fermented all sugar but Green gram and Black Gram cannot fermented galactose, lactose, arabinose and xylose. Resistance patterns of the isolates to thirteen antibiotics were studied. Screening for antibiotic resistance in our study revealed that most of the strains were resistant to Ampicilin, Erythromycin, Gentamicin, Amoxycillin, Penicillin, Streptomycin and Nalidixic acid. The generalized sensitivity to Mecillinam, Ciprofloxacin, Cotrimoxazole, Pefloxacin, Ceftazidime and Tetracycline were found in our study. An optimum growth was observed at room temperature (28ºC to 30ºC). The organisms were found to be temperature sensitive as at higher and lower temperatures, a low growth was observed that might be due to a hindrance in the metabolic activity. pH is an important parameter for the growth of the organism. Best growth of Rhizobium was reported at pH i.e. 7 and very less growth was observed in the medium with pH 5.0 and 9.0. Salt stress may decrease the efficiency of the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis by reducing plant growth and photosynthesis, and hence nitrogen demand, by decreasing survival and proliferation of rhizobia in the soil and rhizosphere, or by inhibiting very early symbiotic events, such as chemotaxis and root hair colonization, thus directly interfering with root nodule function. The experiments also showed that the cells were able to grow in 1% NaCl containing medium but unable to grow on higher concentration, showing that the isolate was sensitive to the salt concentration. In general, the phenotypic study isolates showed large physiological and biochemical biodiversity. Indeed, the studied strains showed a variable resistance against stress factors, temperature, pH, salinity, resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals, which allowed the selection of good candidates for genetic studies. Several investigators have studied the genetic diversity of Rhizobium isolated from several countries around the world. However, it needs I6S rDNA sequencing experiment for further identification of the phenotypic species. These experiments will help to know the relationship between the phenotypic and genotypic identification as well as the phylogenetic position of the identified isolates. 16S rRNA sequencing has helped the description of Rhizobium spp. In the studies reported here, the genetic biodiversity of eight represented strains were examined. The genetic study carried out is a quick method that gives a better idea of the diversity of these strains. The 16S rDNA was sequenced to determine the taxonomic position of these strains, and the results revealed that there was a great genetic diversity among the eight rhizobial strains studied. Indeed, sequence analysis of 16S rDNA and subsequent BLASTn analyses indicated that six strains had 95 to 98% and other two bellow similarity with Rhizobium spp. The phylogenetic distances indicate that the relationships among this group and the Agrobacterium species are as distant as those among the genera Mesorhizobium and Sinorhizobium. This clearly showed that subgroup belonged phylogenetically to the genus Rhizobium. Although the phylogenetic position of subgroup was not found to be distinct from that of other Rhizobium sp. by analysis of the partial 16s rRNA sequences. It was distinguished clearly from the Rhizobium sp. CCNWYC119, Rhizobium sp. CCNWYC119, Rhizobium sp. SOY12, Rhizobium sp. CCNWYC119, Rhizobium sp. CCNWYC119, Rhizobium sp. CCNWYC119, Rhizobium sp. SOY7, Rhizobium sp. SOY12 position by the full sequence of its 16S rRNA genes. So it seems that the partial sequencing of 16S rDNA has limited value in determining phylogenetic relationships among rhizobial species. The BLASTn search results for the partial sequences of the 16S rRNA gene of the isolates revealed that the purity and concentration of extracted DNA were performed at 260/280 nm obtained as 1.77 for Green Gram, 1.74 for Black Gram, 1.74 for Lentil 1.77 for Pigeon Pea,1.85 for Sweet Pea,1.77 for chickPea,1.82 for Cow Pea and 1.84 for Bean and concentration as 42.0, 83.9, 28.9, 49.0, 88.5, 68.8, 86.8 and 69.7 ng/µl for Green Gram , Black Gram, lentil, Pigeon Pea Sweet Pea, Chick Pea, Cow Pea and Bean, respectively. Finally the selected eight bacterial isolates were identified up to species as Rhizobium sp. through 16S rDNA gene sequencing. There were eight experimental plants from which eight colonies of Rhizobium were isolated of which five strains showed similarity among them (Rhizobium sp. CCNWYC119 ) another two strains were also similar (Rhizobium sp. SOY12 ) and only one(Rhizobium sp. SOY7 ) was different based on the nucleotide sequence. The 16S rDNA sequence reveals that the isolated strains Green Gram , Black Gram, Lentil, Pigeon Pea Sweet Pea, Chick Pea, Cow Pea and Bean are homologous to bacterial strain Rhizobium sp.CCNWYC119, Rhizobium sp.CCNWYC119, Rhizobium sp.SOY12, Rhizobium sp.CCNWYC119, Rhizobium sp.CCNWYC119, Rhizobium sp. CCNWYC119, Rhizobium sp. SOY7, Rhizobium sp. SOY12 respectively. Also the results obtained in this study show some interesting aspects on the growth effects of Rhizobium inoculation in Green Gram, Black Gram, Lentil, Pigeon Pea Sweet Pea, Chick Pea, Cow Pea and Bean which was grown in pots under controlled environment. The results indicate the successful nature of usage of commercial inoculants of Rhizobia to improve the growth effects of the pulses studied. Successful results by using commercial inocula of Rhizobia were obtained in field grown eight isolates ( Green Gram , Black Gram, Lentil, Pigeon Pea Sweet Pea, Chick Pea, Cow Pea and Bean) showed significant difference between inoculated and control. The no of nodule, fresh weight of nodule, dry weight of nodule, plant height, pod weight and seed weight were taken. Rhizobial inoculation induced significant changes in plant growth characteristics. This study also showed that enhancement of soil fertility along with the yield of legume plants occurred due to nodulation. Soil treated with Rhizobium spp. showed higher values than control regarding total nitrogen and organic matter (%).
Effect of vitamins on the growth and development of the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
(University of Rajshahi, 2016) Ferdous, Tasnima; Ahsan, Md. Kamrul
The effect of the supplementation of mulberry leaves with vitamin B2 and C at different concentrations (e.g. 60, 150, 240, 330 and 420ppm for vitamin B2 and 10000, 15000, 20000, 25000 and 30000ppm for vitamin C) throughout different seasons, e.g. S-1, S-2, S-3 and S-4, at different feeding schedules, e.g. fed every day in 1st feeding of 3rd to 5th instar larvae (FS-1), fed in 1st to 5th feeding of 3rd to 5th instar larvae (FS-2), fed only in 1st feeding of 3rd to 5th instar larvae (FS-3) on the growth and development of B. mori were assessed in this investigation. The supplementation of vitamin B2 increased the WML, LML and BML under different concentrations (except 420ppm) compared to the control while fed according to FS-1, FS-2 and FS-3 in S-1. The highest and the lowest results of these parameters were observed at 240ppm and 420ppm respectively. Similar results were also found in S-2, S-3 and S-4. At FS-1, FS-2 and FS-3 while the supplementation of vitamin B2 slightly increased the PW under different concentration, e.g. at 60ppm, 150ppm, 240ppm and 330ppm in comparison to the control in S-1, S-2, S-3 and S-4. Vitamin B2 significantly increased the CW, CL, CB, SW, SP, TEL and EHP of B. mori at different feeding schedules under different seasons. Generally, the highest and the lowest results for these parameters were recorded at 240ppm and 420ppm respectively. In case of SR% the most effective concentration of vitamin B2 was not followed the normal trend as found in other parameters. On the other hand, vitamin B2 slightly decreased the larval period, pupal period and mortality percent at different concentrations except 420ppm compared to the control. The results of physiological parameters like food consumption, food utilization, food digestibility, food consumption index and co-efficient of food utilization were significantly increased in different concentrations (e.g. 60ppm, 150ppm, 240ppm and 330ppm.) under different feeding schedules and seasons. The results of ANOVA indicated that the items of feeding schedules, seasons and doses showed highly significant differences for all the parameters at 1% level of significance. But the item dose × season showed insignificant results in majority of the cases. The effectiveness of vitamin B2 with respect to different seasons on different characters under study followed the order S-2 > S-1 > S-3 > S-4, while in respect of different feeding schedules this trend has been in the order of FS-2 > FS-3 > FS-1. The most effective dose of vitamin B2 followed the order 240ppm > 150ppm > 60ppm > 330ppm. In case of vitamin C supplementation, WML, LML and BML were increased at different concentrations except 30000ppm compared to the control while fed in FS-1, FS-2 and FS-3 during different seasons. The mean values of PW were also increased at different concentrations, e.g. at 10000ppm, 15000ppm, 20000ppm and 25000ppm in comparison to the control. Similar results were also recorded for CW, CL, CB, SW, AE%, TEL and EHP of B. mori at different feeding schedules and seasons. In these cases the highest and lowest results were observed at 15000ppm and 30000ppm respectively. Vitamin C supplementation reduced the developmental periods in B. mori at majority concentrations except 30000ppm. It was also found that the mortality percent of B. mori was significantly decreased in these concentrations. The physiological traits like FC, FU, AD%, FCI and CFU of B. mori were enhanced against all the concentrations except 30000ppm compared to the control. In most of the cases the result of ANOVA indicated that the items of feeding schedules, seasons and doses showed highly significant differences at 1% level of significance. In majority of the cases it was observed that the effective dose of vitamin C on different characters followed in the order of 15000ppm>20000ppm>10000ppm> 25000ppm and in respect of feeding schedules it was in the order of FS-2> FS-1>FS-3. The most effective season was found in the following order S-2> S-1> S-3> S-4. Finally, the results depicted that the supplementation of vitamin B2 and C at some concentrations e.g. 60ppm, 150ppm, 240ppm, 330ppm of B2 and 10000ppm, 15000ppm, 20000ppm, 25000ppm of vitamin C may have beneficial effects on the physiological parameters, larval growth, cocoon characters and survival percentage by stimulating metabolic processes of the silkworm B. mori. Although it was observed that the growth and development of B. mori took place upto a particular dose 240ppm of vitamin B2 and 15000ppm of vitamin C at FS-2. So, this supplementation could be prescribed to the farmers to get more quantity of silk. On the contrary, higher concentrations, e.g. 420ppm of B2 and 30000ppm of C reduced the growth parameters and increased the developmental period and mortality percent. It may be due to hypervitaminosis.