Department of Botany

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A comparative study of the seab pathogens of potato, sweet potato and sugar beet in Bangladesh
(© University of Dhaka, 2025-04-27) Flora, Ashrafunnesa
A study on spikelet degeneration in rice (Oryza sativa L.) at different stages of panicle development
(© University of Dhaka, 2025-04-29) Das, Arabinda
Action of potassium naphthenate on the physiology and Biochemistry of sweetpotato amd the effects of gamma radiation on storage behaviour of their tubers
(© University of Dhaka, 2025-04-29) Hossain, Mrs. Shamsun Nahar
ADAPTATION MECHANISMS OF PLANTS OF DECIDUOUS SAL AND EVERGREEN HILL FOREST STANDS IN BANGLADESH
(©University of Dhaka, 2024-04-22) Rahman, Mohammad Ataur
Forests are fundamental sources of biological diversity and play important role in constituting terrestrial ecosystem on Earth. Plants, which are important for primary production, govern the structure of forest ecosystems. They play immense role in conserving biodiversity, ecosystem stability, natural resource sustainability, climate regulation, hydrologic cycling as well as providing habitat for plants and animals. Understanding the structure of vegetation and adaption mechanisms of forest plants is important for better management and conservation of forest ecosystems. In plant ecology, recent studies on the adaptation of plants to drought condition through changes in their leaf characteristics have received considerable interests although less is known about how tropical deciduous and evergreen forest plants adapt with their environment. The specific objectives of this study, therefore, were to (1) compare the vegetation structure (diversity and composition) of the selected study areas of Madhupur Sal forest and the Sitakunda Ecopark, (2) examine the relationships of plant vegetation structure with the soil properties of the study areas and (3) investigate the leaf morphological, physiological, and anatomical traits in relation to environmental variables such as soil properties and climatic factors to reveal the underlying adaption mechanisms of deciduous and evergreen forest plants. To study the vegetation of the two forests, a nested design with quadrats of 10 m × 10 m, 5 m x 5 m, and 1 m x 1 m was chosen. A total of 72 quadrats were studied, with 12 for each of the three different habits (herbs, shrubs and trees) under two different forest types. Soil samples were taken from 0-10 cm depth in the center of the quadrats for the analysis of physico-chemical properties. In three consecutive years 2017, 2018 and 2019, leaves were sampled from three individual plants for each of the 5 selected plant species from each forest types during summer (June) and winter (December). A total of 22 leaf parameters (8 morphological, 4 physiological, and 10 anatomical) were investigated and the results were averaged across three years to provide mean values for each season. Data revealed that the composition of herbs, shrubs and tree species differed between two forests. Difference in dominant and rare species between two forest types was revealed by the Importance Value Index. Madhupur Sal forest showed a significantly (P = 0.05) higher number of species (15.5) per quadrat than Sitakunda Ecopark (13.33). The 'productivity versus diversity' hypothesis was tested by regression analysis, which revealed significant negative correlations of tree (R2 = 0.29, P = 0.02) and shrub (R2 = 0.18, P = 0.05) species richness with soil P content across forest types. Plant density had a significant negative correlation (R2 = 0.39, P = 0.03) with plant DBH (diameter at breast height) in the Madhupur Sal Forest, indicating a negative interaction between plant growth and density, though this relationship was stronger in Madhupur Sal Forest than in the Sitakunda Ecopark. Based on both physical and chemical properties of soil, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that the two forests were separated from one another. Based on the species score, Non-Metric Dimensional Scaling (NMDS) analysis revealed that plots of the two selected forests were divided into two groups, with the Madhupur Sal forest being characterized by highly dominant species of Shorea robusta, Grewia nervosa, Mallotus philipensis, Glycosmis pentaphylla, Adina cordifolia, Litsea glutinosa, Antidesma acidum and Ficus hispida and that of the Sitakunda Ecopark was characterized by that of Castenopsis tribuloides, Erioglossum rubiginosum, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Phyllanthus emblica, Streblus asper and Suregada multiflora. Data also revealed that soil factors such as P (R2 = 0.53, P = 0.01), K (R2 = 0.27, P = 0.01), available N (R2 = 0.42, P = 0.01), C (R2 = 0.28, P = 0.01), clay (R2 = 0.28, P = 0.01), and sand (R2 = 0.25, P = 0.01) were significantly correlated with NMDS axes, implying that soil properties played role in structuring forest vegetation. In both seasons, nested ANOVA statistics demonstrated that forest types had stronger influence on the majority of leaf functional attributes than species identity, indicating the importance of forest types in understanding forest plant adaptation to drought conditions. The Madhupur Sal forest had significantly larger leaf fresh weight, leaf turgid weight, leaf area, specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content. The Sitakunda Ecopark had higher leaf water content, chlorophyll content, and stomatal density. All of these changes in leaf attributes between these two forest types followed similar patterns throughout the summer and winter seasons demonstrating that the functional types had a considerable influence on plant leaf traits. Leaf morpho-physiological properties, which indicate leaf economic traits, were used to differentiate the Madhupur Sal Forest from Sitakunda Ecopark between seasons using PCA based on the correlations between the leaf traits of the two forests plants. Madhupur Sal forest had much higher leaf dry matter content, leaf fresh weight, and leaf turgid weight content than Sitakunda Ecopark implying that the plants in this forest were more water-use efficient than that in Sitakunda Ecopark. Plants in Madhupur Sal forests had a higher specific leaf area than those in Sitakunda Ecopark suggesting that they compensated for the loss of photosynthetic product due to leaf fall during the winter by increasing the specific leaf area to improve photosynthetic potential for the rest of the year. Despite having higher chlorophyll content than deciduous plants in Madhupur forests, higher stomatal pore index values and open stomata might be responsible for greater transpiration and water loss in plants of Sitakunda Ecopark. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrated that soil conditions played a significant role on the diversity of plant species and vegetation composition in the Madhupur Sal Forest and the Sitakunda Ecopark. Data also revealed that plants in the Madhupur Sal Forest and Sitakunda Ecopark responded to drought stress by using avoidance and tolerance strategies, respectively.
ADAPTATION MECHANISMS OF PLANTS OF DECIDUOUS SAL AND EVERGREEN HILL FOREST STANDS IN BANGLADESH
(©University of Dhaka, 2024-04-21) Rahman, Mohammad Ataur
Forests are fundamental sources of biological diversity and play important role in constituting terrestrial ecosystem on Earth. Plants, which are important for primary production, govern the structure of forest ecosystems. They play immense role in conserving biodiversity, ecosystem stability, natural resource sustainability, climate regulation, hydrologic cycling as well as providing habitat for plants and animals. Understanding the structure of vegetation and adaption mechanisms of forest plants is important for better management and conservation of forest ecosystems. In plant ecology, recent studies on the adaptation of plants to drought condition through changes in their leaf characteristics have received considerable interests although less is known about how tropical deciduous and evergreen forest plants adapt with their environment. The specific objectives of this study, therefore, were to (1) compare the vegetation structure (diversity and composition) of the selected study areas of Madhupur Sal forest and the Sitakunda Ecopark, (2) examine the relationships of plant vegetation structure with the soil properties of the study areas and (3) investigate the leaf morphological, physiological, and anatomical traits in relation to environmental variables such as soil properties and climatic factors to reveal the underlying adaption mechanisms of deciduous and evergreen forest plants. To study the vegetation of the two forests, a nested design with quadrats of 10 m × 10 m, 5 m x 5 m, and 1 m x 1 m was chosen. A total of 72 quadrats were studied, with 12 for each of the three different habits (herbs, shrubs and trees) under two different forest types. Soil samples were taken from 0-10 cm depth in the center of the quadrats for the analysis of physico-chemical properties. In three consecutive years 2017, 2018 and 2019, leaves were sampled from three individual plants for each of the 5 selected plant species from each forest types during summer (June) and winter (December). A total of 22 leaf parameters (8 morphological, 4 physiological, and 10 anatomical) were investigated and the results were averaged across three years to provide mean values for each season. Data revealed that the composition of herbs, shrubs and tree species differed between two forests. Difference in dominant and rare species between two forest types was revealed by the Importance Value Index. Madhupur Sal forest showed a significantly (P = 0.05) higher number of species (15.5) per quadrat than Sitakunda Ecopark (13.33). The 'productivity versus diversity' hypothesis was tested by regression analysis, which revealed significant negative correlations of tree (R2 = 0.29, P = 0.02) and shrub (R2 = 0.18, P = 0.05) species richness with soil P content across forest types. Plant density had a significant negative correlation (R2 = 0.39, P = 0.03) with plant DBH (diameter at breast height) in the Madhupur Sal Forest, indicating a negative interaction between plant growth and density, though this relationship was stronger in Madhupur Sal Forest than in the Sitakunda Ecopark. Based on both physical and chemical properties of soil, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that the two forests were separated from one another. Based on the species score, Non-Metric Dimensional Scaling (NMDS) analysis revealed that plots of the two selected forests were divided into two groups, with the Madhupur Sal forest being characterized by highly dominant species of Shorea robusta, Grewia nervosa, Mallotus philipensis, Glycosmis pentaphylla, Adina cordifolia, Litsea glutinosa, Antidesma acidum and Ficus hispida and that of the Sitakunda Ecopark was characterized by that of Castenopsis tribuloides, Erioglossum rubiginosum, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Phyllanthus emblica, Streblus asper and Suregada multiflora. Data also revealed that soil factors such as P (R2 = 0.53, P = 0.01), K (R2 = 0.27, P = 0.01), available N (R2 = 0.42, P = 0.01), C (R2 = 0.28, P = 0.01), clay (R2 = 0.28, P = 0.01), and sand (R2 = 0.25, P = 0.01) were significantly correlated with NMDS axes, implying that soil properties played role in structuring forest vegetation. In both seasons, nested ANOVA statistics demonstrated that forest types had stronger influence on the majority of leaf functional attributes than species identity, indicating the importance of forest types in understanding forest plant adaptation to drought conditions. The Madhupur Sal forest had significantly larger leaf fresh weight, leaf turgid weight, leaf area, specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content. The Sitakunda Ecopark had higher leaf water content, chlorophyll content, and stomatal density. All of these changes in leaf attributes between these two forest types followed similar patterns throughout the summer and winter seasons demonstrating that the functional types had a considerable influence on plant leaf traits. Leaf morpho-physiological properties, which indicate leaf economic traits, were used to differentiate the Madhupur Sal Forest from Sitakunda Ecopark between seasons using PCA based on the correlations between the leaf traits of the two forests plants. Madhupur Sal forest had much higher leaf dry matter content, leaf fresh weight, and leaf turgid weight content than Sitakunda Ecopark implying that the plants in this forest were more water-use efficient than that in Sitakunda Ecopark. Plants in Madhupur Sal forests had a higher specific leaf area than those in Sitakunda Ecopark suggesting that they compensated for the loss of photosynthetic product due to leaf fall during the winter by increasing the specific leaf area to improve photosynthetic potential for the rest of the year. Despite having higher chlorophyll content than deciduous plants in Madhupur forests, higher stomatal pore index values and open stomata might be responsible for greater transpiration and water loss in plants of Sitakunda Ecopark. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrated that soil conditions played a significant role on the diversity of plant species and vegetation composition in the Madhupur Sal Forest and the Sitakunda Ecopark. Data also revealed that plants in the Madhupur Sal Forest and Sitakunda Ecopark responded to drought stress by using avoidance and tolerance strategies, respectively.
Aeromycoflora of Dhaka city, Bangladesh
(University of Dhaka, 2016-01-17) Sultana, Tania
The air influences every aspect of life and the activities of organisms affect the air. Sources of air borne microorganisms are everywhere. They are in food, water, on utensils and on bed sheets. The indoor and outdoor air is an important source of aeroallergens and pathogens. During the present investigation, monthly sampling of air borne mycoflora of Dhaka Metropolitan City, during February 2013 to January 2014 was recorded. The fungal colonies developed in PDA media were isolated from five different locations in the morning and evening in monthly intervals. The total number of counted fungal colonies were 6648 out of which in the morning was 3268 and in the evening it was 3380 and 156 colonies were sterile mycelia. The sampling sites were Sher-e Bangla Agricultural University, Gulistan, Dhaka Medical College, Sadarghat and DOHS, Mohakhali. The qualitative nature of the mycoflora, their mean, standard deviation, percent frequency and correlations to the total mycoflora, monthly periodicity have been described in this investigation. In this study, fifteen genera have been recorded viz. Alternaria, Arthrinium, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Curvularia, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Penicillium, Pestalotia, Rhizopus, Syncephalastrum and Trichoderma under the class Ascomycetes, Zygomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Local fluctuations of the air borne fungi in relation to some meteorological parameters were also studied. The three most dominant fungal species were Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Penicillium contributing 30.71, 18.10 and 12.79% in the evening and in the morning it was 28.82, 15.78 and 11.53% in twelve months counting of the total colonies, respectively. Aspergillus was found in the highest frequency in the present investigation among the identified genera. In the present study Cladosporium was found 2nd position in term of its percent frequency. Maximum number of fungal colonies were found in Gulistan and Sadarghat in the morning and evening. During the twelve months investigation maximum fungal colonies were found in August and September as all the climatic factors were favorable for the fungal growth, their dispersal and survival. Among the fungi, found in the present investigation Alternaria, Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Fusarium, Penicillium and Rhizopus were reported as pathogenic to plants and/or human and strongly allergenic to human. Bipolaris, Colletotrichum, and Pestalotia were reported as only plant pathogens. The present study contributes to our knowledge of air borne spores in the Dhaka City. Regular monitoring of air borne fungi can be helpful in the prevention of fungal allergic diseases in the city.
Agronomic and physiological responses of recently developed corchorus capsularis L. and C. olitorius L. lines to various cultural practices
(© University of Dhaka, 2025-04-29) Talukder, Fazle Akber Hayder
ALGAL DIVERSITY IN THE COASTAL WETLANDS OF COX‟S BAZAR IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES AND ECOLOGICAL NICHE
(©University of Dhaka, 2023-10-12) JOLLY, JESMIN AKHTER
Algae have amazing diversities in respect to their habit, habitat, and taxonomic characters. Coastal wetlands are semi saline water bodies of varying length and dimension and in Bangladesh are present in the vicinity of the Bay of Bengal. Among the diversities of algae of the coastal wetlands, phytoplankton are major occupants and contribute cellularly built vital food elements to the trophic cascades. In those wetlands, the faunal diversity is fully dependent upon the productivity of phytoplankton. The qualitative and quantitative aspects of phytoplankton community, on the other hand, reflect the water quality status of a habitat. In the present research, a two-year study (2018-2020) on the assessment of the water quality of two coastal wetlands namely, Bakkhali River and Reju Canal, of Cox’s Bazar city area was carried out. Cox’s Bazar, a significantly famous maritime touristic spot of Bangladesh, where the aquatic ecosystems are routinely threatened by strong anthropogenic activities. So, the goal of the present research was to accumulate field data on water quality governing parameters as well as the quality, quantity, and seasonality of algal diversity of the two major coastal wetlands. Relevant to this, data collection was done on air- and water temperature (AT and WT, respectively), Secchi depth, salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, alkalinity, NO3-N, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), soluble reactive silicate (SRS), chlorophyll-a (chl-a), phaeopigment, and phytoplankton density. A total of six (3 in each wetland) sampling stations were fixed to collect samples. Due to the remoteness of the study habitats from Dhaka, the sampling was done monthly once. The collected samples were processed following the standard procedures as available. The digital database thus created based on the analytical results was used to perform multivariate statistical analysis for predicting the ecological niche of the two wetland ecosystems. Besides, the dynamics of phytoplankton density (PD) variable with respect to the study stations and seasons were done via box-plot diagram. Impact on PD by AT, WT, water transparency (Secchi depth), biomass (chl-a), phaeopigment, and NO3-N were made via simple linear regression. To see the water quality, trophic diatom index was calculated. To predict PD using all the variables, advanced machine learning model, Random Forest, Support Vector (SVM) was used. Taxonomy of phytoplankton community was worked out and the species as new reports for Bangladesh and some new species were screened and reported. All the nutrients like nitrate (NO3-N), phosphate (PO43-) and silicate (SiO4-4) showed seasonal as well as spatial variation. Higher values of nitrate were observed during the pre-monsoon period than the other times of the year. The DO content of the water exhibited high degree of variation throughout the year especially during post monsoon and winter. Results of multiple correlation analysis reveal significant positive correlation between phytoplankton and xv different physicochemical parameters. Phytoplankton biomass as chl-a is also compared to the study sites. Physicochemical variables of both the studied ecosystems are almost similar only exceptions could be observed in case of phytoplankton density. In Reju Canal the density of phytoplankton is nearly 5-fold higher than the Bakkhali River. The phytoplankton was found to be a function of temperature factor. Both the ecosystem has a dynamic equilibrium and therefore the ranges of the concentration of dissolved nutrients were wide. The upper limit of DO concentration in Bakkhali River and Reju Canal was 9.8 and 7.9 mg/L, respectively. The present hydrobiological condition is ideal for the growth of phytoplankton and species richness of Chaetoceros throughout the year for Reju canal on the other hand excessive nutrient load create negative impact on phytoplankton growth in Bakkhali river for some samplings due to higher conductivity and salinity. During monsoon, the dilution of nutrients promotes quality of phytoplankton for richness rather than quantity. Heavy precipitation favored the growth of phytoplankton as well as chl-a concentration. Among all the studied parameters, conductivity showed significant role for the growth and distribution of phytoplankton. Nitrate nitrogen was found as the limiting factor for phytoplankton growth. In the present study, Reju Canal habitiat showed 1.5 times higher NO3-N than that of Bakhkhali river. So, phytoplankton diversity is higher in Reju canal. On the other hand, microbial degradation and chemical pollution helps to retard the growth of the phytoplankton in Bakhkhali River. Different hydrobiological parameters and presence of Chaetoceros and Cyclotella differentiate two ecological niches of the studied wetlands. Trophic diatom values indicate a moderate to good water quality of the studied ecosystems. As coastal wetlands, the Bakkhali river and Reju canal supports a significantly large phytoplankton diversity dominated by diatoms. Its self-purification capacity might be still high to lead a fairly good water quality. The niche defining characters of two dominant centric diatoms namely, Chaetoceros and Cyclotella could be as those by water transparency, water temperature, salinity and other nutrients. The study may contribute 48 new reports of phytoplankton for Bangladesh, which awaits a further detail address on a preliminarily identified source-list as new contribution.
Analysis of progenies of the cross, corchorus olitorius x c. capsularis through tissue culture and biochemical methods
(© University of Dhaka, 2025-04-29) Hoque, Md. Midadul
Angiospermic flora of Gazipur district, Bangladesh
(University of Dhaka, 2015-12-06) Tabassum, Rehana
1. A total of 833 taxa under 489 genera and 126 families have been recorded from the area of Gazipur district. Among the taxa recorded, the number of taxa under Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida are 605 and 228 respectively. Magnoliopsida consists of 98 families and 369 genera, while Liliopsida consists of 28 families and 120 genera. This is the outcome of 40 trips in 95 localities of the district covering forest areas, plain land, village thickets and wet lands, as well as herbarium specimens and relevant literature survey. 2. The families have been arranged according to Cronquist’s system of classification (1981). 3. Dichotomous bracketed keys to the families, genera and species have been provided. The genera and species have been arranged alphabetically under each family. 4. Original citation of each taxon with valid name and important synonyms, local name and English name (when available), brief description, chromosome number, flowering and fruiting time, ecological notes, distribution, uses and specimen examined have been provided. 5. Habitat, duration of life-span, phenology, status of occurrence, economical importance of the species and also locations are provided. Exotic taxa are specified as well. 6. Of the total number of taxa, herbs are represented by the highest number (463= 55.58%), followed by trees (174= 20.89%), shrubs (116= 13.93%), climbers (75= 9.0%), epiphytes and parasites taxa constitutes less than 1% of the total angiospermic flora. 7. The phenology of the species shows much seasonal overlapping. In the rainy season 380 species produce flowers/ fruits, in winter 367 species produce flowers/ fruits, while 86 species produce flowers/ fruits throughout the year. 8. Out of 833 angiospermic taxa recorded, 160 species (19.23%) appear to be exotic, of which 48 are trees, 30 shrubs and 82 herbs including climbers. 9. Of the recorded taxa, 766 appear to be important from ecological and/ or economic point of view. 10. In the study area the following species have been recorded only once and hence considered as rare in the area: Ecbolium ligustrinum (Vahl) Vollesen (Acanthaceae), Entada rheedii Spreng. (Mimosaceae), Hygrophila schulli (Buch.- Ham.) M. R. & S. N. Almeida (Acanthaceae), Leea alata Edge. (Leeaceae), Pterospermum semisagittatum Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb. (Sterculiaceae) and Strobilanthes scaber Nees (Acanthaceae). On the other hand the following species have been recorded from most of the localities visited and hence considered common in the study area, such as Amaranthus viridis L. (Amaranthaceae), Calotropis procera (L.) R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae), Centella asiatica (L.) Urban (Apiaceae), Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae), Cleome rutidosperma DC. (Capparaceae), Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. (Asteraceae), Nelsonia canescens (Lamk.) Spreng. (Acanthaceae), Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae), Shorea robusta Roxb. ex Gaertn. f. (Dipterocarpaceae) and Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. (Asteraceae). 11. Ethnobotanical information collected from local people, specially from people belonging to Koch, Garo and Santal communities, are also provided. 12. The study has identified threats to the plant diversity of the district and has proposed some measures for their conservation.
Bacterial association and their role in culture and preservation of spirulina in Bangladesh
(© University of Dhaka, 2025-04-29) Akhtar, Nasim
Biochemical studies of some hydrolases and dehydrogenases in cotyledons of germinating psophocarpus tetragonolobus L. And vicia faba L.
(© University of Dhaka, 2025-04-27) Akhtar, Nilufar
Biogas And Organic Fertilizer Production From Azolla Pinnata R. Brown
(University of Dhaka, 2019-12-10) Begum, Monira
Biogas and organic fertilizer production from Azalla pinnata R . Brown supplementing cow dung and poultry droppings were studied in the laboratory batch digester (reactor) and in the outdoor " Mini-Biogas Plant" . In the laboratory studies, treatments considered using 20: 1 carbon-nitrogen ratio revealed that 50% Azalla supplementing 50% cow dung produced highest amount of biogas (22 L) followed by Azalla supplementing poultry droppings (20 L) and cow dung alone (16.5 L) after 45 days . When Azalla and cow dung alone were compared, Azalla produced lower amount of biogas because of longer time required to decompose than cow dung. Azalla appeared to have decomposed slower also when mixed with poultry droppings. When biogas from different treatments were compared in terms of percentage contributions by methane, Azalla s upplemented cow dung always prod uced higher amount (63-68%) followed by cow dung (51-66%), and Azalla supplemented poultry droppings (64-65%), later two are not significantly different from each other. Again Azalla alone or in combination contributed lowest amount even after 14 days. To obtain maximum biogas with high percentage of methane, Azalla plants were crushed manually and mixed thoroughly with cow dung and was used in the " Mini-Biogas Plant" developed. On an average 18.63 ± 1.92 L biogas was produced per day from day nine to 45 days of semi-continuous digester. Using about 20 L biogas produced in the " Mini-Biogas Plant", 250 g rice was cooked. The Mini-Biogas Plant developed may be further refined in future for performing better. 4 99 0 ~ fl Analysis of organic fertilizer produced from biogas residue (slurry) of laboratory di gester revealed that N , P, K and S concentrations were significantly higher in Azalia s upplemented cow dung compared to cow dung alone. Heavy metals were present but the concentrations were much lower than the acceptable limit. Using a mixture of 50% organic fertilizer obtained from Azalla supplemented cow dung residue with 50% recommended fertilizer doses (RFD) a much higher number of filled grains per pot and significantly higher 1000 grain weight (by 4.79%) were obtained in BRRI 28 rice variety compared to I 00% chemical fertilizer alone It appeared that Azalla supplemented cow dung mixture produced higher amount of biogas with higher concentration of methane and that the organic fertilizer produced from the residue mixed with 50% RFD was better than the 100% RFD of chemical fertilizers.
Biology phytochemistry and in vitro propagat Biology phytochemistry and in vitro propagattion of citrus macroptera mont. var. annamensis (Satkara)
(© University of Dhaka, 2025-04-29) Miah, Md. Nesawar
Biosystematic studies of water hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes (Mart.) Solms)
(© University of Dhaka, 2025-04-29) Khatun, Rahima