Department of Civil Engineering (CE)

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Protection of the Inter-Tie between an Industrial Cogenerator and a Utility
(Robert Gordon's Institute of Technology, Aberdeen, Scotland, 1990-11) Mollah, Abdur Rahim; Edwards, David C.; Deans, Prof. N. D.
The work presented in this thesis is concerned with the development of a microprocessor based technique to detect and locate symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults on the interfacing network of a utility interconnected industrial cogenerator system; and to identify the type of the detected fault. In order to provide operational flexibility and supply security to such an interconnected industrial cogenerator plant, fault location is regarded as being of prime importance. Current protection practices using conventional technology for this sort of interconnected cogeneration system were reviewed. A relay coordination study was carried out on a simulated utility interconnected cogeneration system. This resulted in identification of the problems and limitations of the application of standard IDMT relays for overcurrent protection of such a system. A review of digital protection, and its various algorithms, was undertaken. This provided the basis for a rational choice of algorithm for the proposed new technique. The sequence of functions of the protection scheme's algorithm, based on the proposed technique, can be presented in brief as follows: First, phase currents at selected positions on the system are sampled. The positive phase sequence (pps) currents at those positions are then obtained in digitised form from the sampled phase currents. Then, these pps currents, containing fundamentals along with other harmonics and dc offsets, are used in a Fourier filtering algorithm to extract only fundamental components in rectangular forms. Signs of imaginary parts of these components are then used to determine the directions of pps currents at the selected positions. The industrial bus voltage is used as the polarising reference. Finally these directions are based in a fault detection aridlocat1on subroutine to determine the location of any fault under such conditions. After detecting a fault and locating its position, the type of fault is determined from off-line analysis of the postfault phase currents. The analysis is based on identifying the phases carrying the maximum fault current and checking the presence of zero sequence current. The proposed protection scheme has been tested on a computer simulated system which consists of a utility interconnected to an industrial plant with cogeneration. The performance has been found to be satisfactory for all kinds of solid and low are resistance faults anywhere on the interfacing network between the systems.
Parameter Adaptive Vector Controller for CSI-fed Induction Motor Drive and Generalized Approaches for Simulation of CSI-IM System
(Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, India., 1992-07) Ghosh, Dr. Bashudeb Chandra; Bhadra, Prof. S. N.
The main subject matter of this dissertation is to develop parameter adaptive rotor flux oriented current fed induction motor drive systems for controlled speed operation. The parameter adaptive approaches do not require special test signals and softwares in a big way. Three easy-to-implement schemes are suggested. One scheme is based on airgap power estimation method and takes into account of the non-linear magnetic state while tracking the actual rotor resistance. The other two methods constitute model reference adaptive controllers. They are based on the inverter input voltage and torque producing component of the stator current. The effectiveness of these methods is examined by extensive simulation and experimentation with two laboratory type induction machines. The experimental set up makes use of two microcomputers (i-8006 with i-6007) and a PC/AT with Burr Brown's PCI system having multi-channel 12 bit data acquisition modules for implementing the control algorithms. Prior to the description of parameter corrective algorithms, a control system suitable for a CSI-fed induction motor under rotor flux orientation is designed and tested by suitable simulation model. Then the influence of rotor resistance variation in the presence of magnetizing flux saturation has been extensively investigated. A two-parameter saturation model (two-term quintic non-linearity) is used in all these studies. It is further shown how the machine performances under field oriented condition are affected inclusion of saturation characteristics. Analytic expressions as well as digital simulation procedures are presented to study the performance of the drive system. Robustness of the drive system has been studied applying the concept of Kharitonov's theorem and then justified from the simulation results of the system for both parametric and torque disturbances. 'Bond Graph' and 'Nodal method' provide an organised way to write equations for a dynamic system. Tedious way of writing equations and their arrangement and re-arrangement for framing state equations can be avoided in the proposed simulation techniques. Simulation studies based on systematic modelling and framing of the system equations using the above two methods for the operation of a speed controlled CSI-IM system under normal and abnormal conditions have also been provided.
Analysis of Soft Ground Reinforced by Columnar Inclusions
(Saga University, Saga, Japan, 1996-03) Alamgir, Muhammed; Miura, Prof. Norihiko
A general method of analysis to solve an important class of problems encountered in the field of geotechnical engineering is developed in this dissertation. The analysis is formulated from the fundamental equation of equilibrium. It leads to develop a simple integro-differential equation to characterize the overall behaviour of the system. The behaviour of rigid columns (e.g. concrete/timber piles, lime/cement columns), deformable columns (e.g. stone columns/granular piles, sand compaction piles), pile groups, pile-raft foundations are the type of situations that can be analyzed by the proposed method. A numerical scheme using finite difference method is proposed to solve the governing equation with the aid of the. Relevant boundary conditions. A systematic process of trial is proposed to identify the possible slip and its magnitude developed at the column-soil interface. The numerical scheme can be used for end bearing and floating columns and for the situation involving stratified layers. The behaviour of soft ground reinforced by a group of columnar inclusions such as stone columns/granular piles, sand compaction piles and lime or cement columns, are predicted using the proposed method of analysis. The reinforced ground is covered by a layer of granular fill. The response of reinforced ground ranges from flexible to rigid loading conditions depending on the magnitude of thickness and deformation modulus of overlaying granular fill. The compacted granular fill over the column reinforced ground is very effective in reducing both the overall and the differential settlements of the composite ground. The compressibility of S the granular fill has an appreciable influence on the settlement response of the composite ground as long as the modulus of granular fill is less than approximately fifty times that of the soft ground. The depth of slip zone at column-soil interface increases with the decreasing value of limiting shear stress. It also increases with the increase of degree of penetration of column. Slip situation predicts higher depth of neutral plane than its no slip counterpart and it increases with the decreasing value of limiting shear stress. In case of end hearing column, a good portion of column sustains little or no interface shear stress at all but for floating column, the whole length of column is subjected to shear stress either positive or negative. The stress in column increases with depth and attains it high value at the bottom for end hearing columns. But in case of floating column, it increases up to the depth of neutral plane beyond which decreases up to the bottom of column. In both the cases no slip situation predicts higher depth of neutral plane than that of possible slip. The differential settlement of the composite ground is noticeable for the case of uniform flexible loading acting over the entire area. The overall and the differential settlements are more for slip analysis than that of no slip case. As the differential settlement does not reduce in case of floating column, end bearing column is more effective due to giving less overall settlement. The influence of soil stratification is evident in the predictions. This is, of course, as expected; the present analysis quantifies it. The spacing, length to diameter ratio, the degree of penetration of columns, the relative stiffness of column and soil, and the angle of friction between column and soil have a significant influence on the mobilization of shear stress, variation of normal stresses in column and soil and the settlement of the treated ground. But the Poisson's ratio of soil has little influence on them. A simple uncoupled consolidation model is proposed to determine the time-dependent response soft ground reinforced by columnar inclusions. This method is simple compared to Biot's coupled consolidation theory. The radial inhomogeneity of the soil properties such as deformation modulus and shear modulus and also soil stratification can be handled easily by the proposed method. From predicted results, it is realized that to evaluate the subsequent response of reinforced ground, the value of degree of consolidation predicted at every nodal points should be used rather than using the average value. The mobilization of shear stress at column-soil interface, the stress in column and soil and the settlement profile with time can be evaluated easily and reasonably accurately by the proposed method. The proposed foundation model has been compared with the existing approaches and verified by the finite element analysis as well as experimental results both in the laboratory and in the field. The existing approaches can be used for rigid loading condition but their application is restricted for flexible loading. In both cases flexible and rigid loading, the proposed model offers better solution as it can be used by taking account the role of overlaying granular fill, soil stratification, slip and no slip situations, can be used for both end bearing and floating columns and also for time-dependent analysis. The comparison of results obtained from finite element method and those of by the proposed model, indicates that the proposed model can be used with a reasonable degree of accuracy to depict the settlement behaviour of end bearing or floating columns reinforced ground subjected to either flexible or rigid loading. The prediction obtained from the proposed model show also good agreement with test results both in laboratory and field.
Some Aspects of Generation Expansion Planning
(Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, India., 1996-04) Azad, Dr. Md. Abul Kalam; Misra, Dr. R. B.
The primary objective of generation expansion planning is to meet the electrical energy needs of the customers as economically as possible with an acceptable degree of safety, reliability, and quality. Power system planning involves studies to determine the resources required to meet the growth in demand at the lowest possible cost considering environmental and financial constraints. A power utility should meet the demand under a wide range of normal, abnormal, and emergency conditions including the reasonable foreseeable failures and maintenance outages of facilities. This requires some generation system capacity reserve in excess of forecasted demand. The uncertainty associated with future demand projections could make the system facilities inadequate, or excessive and uneconomical, both cases being unacceptable. Purchasing cheaper power from other utility through interconnection is another alternative which improves system reliability. in this thesis, some studies have been made on generation expansion planning taking into account the above important criteria. The thesis contains a brief research background, motivation and objective to the modelling and analysis of some important requirements of generation expansion planning. The proposed techniques are implemented to an existing electric utility for generation expansion. The key to all generation expansion planning is a good forecast of load that reflects current and future trends, tempered with good judgment. This is quite important for financial success. Undoubtedly, the most obvious deficiency in any expansion plan is and eventually is seen to be, the accuracy of the demand forecasts. Four modules of Artificial Neural Network have been studied in detail, to forecast peak load of two distribution substations. It is observed from the sensitivity analysis that all modules are not valid for all systems. In other words, for a specific system only a particular module is suitable for load forecasting. It is also found that the predicted results of minimum mean absolute error (MAE) is dependent on learning rate and learning momentum. Using the findings of the sensitivity analysis, various modules of ANN are studied and the most suitable module found is used to forecast yearly peak load of an existing electric utility for fifteen years choosing an appropriate module for the system. Reliability criterion, the next aspect, is primarily used to determine the required S stein generating capacity reserve, to operate the system under equipment failures, equipment maintenance, and load variations. Probabilistic methods are used to evaluate reliability of generation expansion plans using stochastic representation of the generating unit failure-repair process, load variability and emergency help from interconnections. A modified FFT method has been proposed to evaluate the loss of load probability (LOLP) of a power generating system consisting of different types and sizes of unit. This approach uses hourly loads, or any suitable time interval for system demand, for a given period. Out of several properties of FFT scheme, some properties have been used for the reduction of computational complexity. The accuracy of the method has been illustrated using an example. This modified FFT algorithm is applied to IEEE Reliability Test System (IEEE-RTS). The modified approach improves the efficiency in comparison to the conventional FFT method. Further, another new approach has also been developed to evaluate the LOLP of a power generating system. This approach uses joint probability density function (PDF) concepts to convolve the unit outages and loads of the system. The reduction of computational effort for identical generating units is obtained using the binomial distribution. The method has been illustrated through an example and is applied to IEEE-RTS. This method is found efficient and easy to use as compared to other existing methods. In addition, the proposed approach can simulate multistate representations of generating units at less computational efforts. Exploiting these advantages of the proposed approach, generation expansion planning of an existing utility has been made based on levelized LOLP for projected future demand. In generation expansion planning, interconnected system may play an important role on system reliability. Reliability evaluation methodology of interconnected systems is different from that of a single area system. If the available capacity in one geographical region can be transmitted to other regions whenever it is needed without tie line restrictions then and only then, this system may be treated as a single area. Though it is possible to evaluate interconnected systems as a single system with some approximation, but, it is not in practice due to many obvious reasons. The improved modified FFT scheme, developed for single area, has been extended to evaluate LOLP of two area interconnected power systems. A stochastic procedure for interconnected systems is presented using improved two dimensional FF'T IMSL subroutine of Cyber 180/840A mainframe. This method can simulate multi-state generating units without affecting the computational complexity, whereas the computational complexity of other existing methods increases with the increase of number of outage states of generating units. The joint PDF approach, developed for single area, has also been applied to evaluate LOLP of two area interconnected power system consisting of different types and sizes of generating units considering independent as well as correlated system demands. The Probability Density Function (PDF) of equivalent load is obtained by convolving the PDF of generating unit outages with the PDF of system demands using the proposed approach. The LOLP values of each system are obtained from the PDF of equivalent load. The accuracy of the proposed method has been illustrated using a simple example. The results obtained for IEEE-RTS are compared with existing methods. In addition, the above approach is also implemented to an existing utility for which expansion planning studies were carried out. The system under study is considered to be interconnected with a hypothetical system. The benefits desired due to interconnection are evaluated and the impact of interconnection on expansion planning is studied. An efficient approach has been developed to evaluate the expected energy generation, expected unserved energy, production costs (in the thesis production cost is used for fuel cost) and loss of load probability of a power generating system. The expected energy generation of a given generating unit is obtained by evaluating the difference of unserved energy before and after the commitment of the unit. The method can evaluate expected energy generation and production costs of identical generating units at a time. This is not restricted to load duration curves and unit outage density function of any shapes, or size of the systems with a large number of generation units. Multiple generating units with same outage behavior can be committed with system demand efficiently. The new developed approach has been extended to evaluate the expected energy generation, expected unserved energy and production costs for two area interconnected power generating system. An example and IEEE-RTS have been used for illustration. Further, the proposed method has been used to evaluate expected energy generation, unserved energy and production cost of the generation expansion plan developed for existing utility under study. Based on the detailed study, addition of generating units for the existing utility has been recommended for the period under consideration. Reliability index is derived from the estimates of availabilities of generating units, forecasted loads and unit incremental costs. Uncertainty which results in an unacceptable estimates of system reliability is implicit in the estimates of availability of units and forecasted loads. The uncertainty in the availability of generating units is due to the variation of failure data for different reporting sources and fluctuation in environmental conditions. Fuzzy set theory provides optimistic and pessimistic values of the derived quantities, corresponding to the assumptions of the highest and lowest possibilities of concerned events. In many cases, these bounds provide excellent guidelines to the generation expansion planners. A model has been developed for fuzzy reliability to quantify the effect of uncertainty associated with unit capacity, FORs and the forecast loads on the LOLP of a power generating system. The model has been explained with the help of a simple generation system. Studies are also conducted on the IEEE-RTS to demonstrate effect of uncertainty on system parameters. Effects on the system reliability index due to variation in the amount of uncertainty of the parameters is studied. This proposed model has also been applied to a practical system to predict fuzzy LOLP.
Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis of Wall-Beam Structures
(Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh., 1997-05) Hossain, Dr. Md. Monjur; Rahman, Prof. M. Azadur; Ali, Prof. Sk. Sekender
The composite action between masonry wall and its supporting beam concentrates the vertical loading applied on the top of wall close to the beam supports. This produces bending moments much less than would be expected when the full load is acting directly on the beam. The study of this composite action is of economic importance since if the concept is utilised, a rational design of the beam will be achieved. This thesis presents a comprehensive material model and its incorporation into non-linear finite element computer model for the analysis of wall-beam structures made with brickwork of solid brick subjected to uniformly distributed load. The program is incremental in nature and capable of reproducing the non-linear behaviour caused by material non-linearity and progressive local cracking and crushing. The program is thus capable of modelling the behaviour of wall-beam structures subjected to non-linear load from first crack to final failure. The material model used in this program is derived from tests on representative samples of brick, mortar and small samples of brickwork. In the finite element model brick, mortar, concrete and steel are treated as separate materials along with the simulation of actual directional effects of mortar joints. A series of failure criteria have been adopted to model the different modes of failure experienced in the constituent materials. Due to the crack sensitive nature of the problem, particular emphasis has been given to the modelling of cracking and the post-cracking behaviour of the materials, especially the manner in which the local stresses in the fractured region are redistributed. The results of finite element model have been verified by comparison with experiments on brick masonry wall-beam structures subjected to uniformly distributed load applied at the top and extending over the full length and thickness of the wall. Comparison with published literature reveals that the present method can provide a more comprehensive prediction of behaviour of the wall-beam structure up to failure load. Sensitivity analyses of the various parameters defining the material model and the boundary conditions have been canied out. With the important parameters thus obtained, the finite element model has been used to carry out a comprehensive parametric study of the behaviour of storey height wall-beams subjected to uniformly distributed load. Based on the findings of this study, design recommendations have been proposed. As the computer program developed can handle general cases with arbitrary geometry, loading and boundary conditions, recommendations for investigations of various other wall-beam structures have been made.
Study of Artificial Neural Network and Observer-Based High Performance Induction Motor Drives
(Bangladesh Institute of Technology (BIT), Khulna, Bangladesh., 2001-03) Rafiq, Md. Abdur; Ghosh, Prof. Dr. Bashudeb Chandra
The main subject matter of this dissertation is to study the performance of artificial neural network and observer based high performance induction motor drive. Four suitable flux observers compatible with drive control law are discussed and flux estimation with these observers along with effectiveness is studied. Study of the artificial neural networks for flux estimation with baekpropagation training algorithm for simulation is presented in this dissertation. It also presents the general idea about feedforward neural networks, mapping and training of an artificial neural network. The direct and indirect field orientation control methods of induction motor For variable operating conditions are evaluated in this study. In the direct method, flux estimation is applied for vector rotators which controls drive current or voltage magnitude as well as position SO that the rotor flux can be kept constant. In the indirect method flux estimation is used for parameter compensation. Digital simulation procedures are presented to study the performance of these observerbased field oriented induction motor drives. Speed of an induction machine is also estimated with full order observer and parameter adaptation is also presented for sensorless field orientation control. 1'he main cirawbuck of indirect method of field orientation is due to Variation of rotor resistance that degrades performance and requires tuning. Observers are used for detecting the parameter mismatch condition and correcting the controller resistance. By flux feedback the rotor resistance is adapted and the effectiveness of observers is also examined. Reduced order observer in generalized form is used for parameter adaptation of current source inverter fed system. ix Flux estimation with artificial neural network has been carried out and extended to direct field orientation of voltage source inverter fed induction motor system. Finally, comparison with the results obtained by artificial neural network is given.
Study on Pile Cap Design
(Bangladesh Institute of Technology (BIT), Khulna, Bangladesh., 2001-11) Masum, Mir Md. Al; Hossain, Prof. Dr. Md. Monjur
Piles are used to transfer the loads from the superstructure down to the soil stratum. where the required resistance is available. Unless a single pile is used, a pile cap is necessary to spread the vertical and horizontal loads and any overturning moment to all the piles in the group. Unlike footing the base reaction of pile cap Consists of a number of concentrated load. Different methods of designing pile caps are in practice. Those are Broadly classified as ACI Building Code and strut-and-lie model (STM). In this project the cost incurred by different design approaches are compared. The cost of pile caps according to different approaches is compared considering 4 pile -cap with constant pile diameter and column size but with varying pile spacing. The comparison reveals that the pile cap designed by STM costs 5% to 20% lower than AC Building Code for pile spacing 2 to 3 times pile diameter within a range of 75 to 625 kip of column load. The experimental ultimate strength of the pile caps is compared with that obtained by different design approaches. The behavior of pile cap at loading stage is also observed and is seen to agree with other investigators. It is seen that the experimental strength of pile caps is higher than the strength predicted by the STM in comparison to ACI Building Code. Within the limitation of pile spacing up to 3 times pile diameter, modified STM is more rational than ACI Building Code in terms of cost and integrity.
Stress-Deformation Characteristics of Selected Coastal Soils of Bangladesh and their Sampling Effects
(Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2002-03) Bashar, Md. Abul; Safiullah, Prof. Dr. A.M.M.
A considerable development activity within the Coastal Region of Bangladesh has necessitated an understanding of the geotechnical behaviour of soils from this region. With this objective in view a study into strength-deformation, compressibility and intrinsic properties of reconstituted samples of Chittagong coastal soils were undertaken. This thesis presents stress-deformation characteristics of three selected coastal soils and their sampling effects. The soils were collected from Banskhali, Anwara and Chandanaish in Chittagong coastal belt of Bangladesh. The soils are low to medium plasticity (Liquid limit = 34 to 45 and Plasticity index = 10 to 20). Reconstituted samples of the three soils were prepared in the laboratory by K0- consolidation of slurry in a large cylindrical consolidation cell using a consolidation pressure of 150 kN/m2. Overconsolidated samples were prepared in the triaxial cell by releasing the maximum isotropic consolidation pressure of 150 kN/m2 to appropriate values to achieve overconsolidation ratios (OCR) of 1.5, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30. The stress-deformation-strength, stiffness and pore pressure characteristics of reconstituted isotropically normally consolidated and overconsolidated "block" samples of the three coastal soils were investigated in the laboratory by performing undrained triaxial compression tests. Models for the prediction of undrained shear strength of normally consolidated and overconsolidated samples have been developed. To develop intrinsic models of compressibility, intrinsic compression lines (ICL) for the three soils under K0 and isotropic stress conditions have been established which can be used to determine compressibility indices of soils at any depth of known overburden pressure. State boundary surfaces (Roscoe and Hvorslev state boundary surfaces) and critical state lines of the three coastal soils have been established. The critical state parameters of the soils have also been evaluated. Constitutive models relating critical state soil parameters and plasticity index of the soils have been proposed. Applications of these models to undisturbed naturaj clays will require further investigation. The experimentally observed stress-strain behaviour of reconstituted normally consolidated samples of the three coastal soils have been compared with those predicted using two critical state models, namely, "Cam clay model" and "Modified Cam clay model". It has been found that the results predicted by using "Modified Cam clay model" compared more favourably with the observed experimental results than "Cam clay model" for the three coastal soils. The present study has also been carried out to investigate the effects of "perfect" sampling disturbance and tube sampling disturbances on engineering properties of reconstituted normally consolidated samples of the three coastal soils. Undrained triaxial compression tests were carried out on "in situ", "perfect" and "tube" samples. "In situ" samples were prepared by consolidating reconstituted specimens of 38 mm diameter by 76 mm high under K0-condition in the triaxial cell to its in situ stress state. "Perfect" samples were prepared from "in situ" samples by undrained release of the total stresses in the triaxial cell. "Tube" samples were prepared from the large diameter consolidated samples by inserting samplers of different area ratios, external diameter to thickness ratio (De/t) but of constant outside cutting edge angle (OCA) and internal diameter (Di). Area ratio, De/t ratio, OCA and Di of the samplers were 16.4% to 73.1%, 27.3 to 8.3, 5° and 38 mm, respectively. Undrained triaxial compression tests were carried out on reconsolidated "perfect" and "tube" samples of the three coastal soils to assess the suitability of various reconsolidation techniques to minimize sampling disturbance effects. Experimental results indicate that disturbances due to perfect and tube sampling have significant influence on the mechanical properties of coastal soils. The nature of the effective stress paths and por' pressure responses of both "perfect" and "tube" samples are markedly different from those of the "in situ" samples. The "perfect" and "tube" samples adopted stress paths and showed pore pressure responses which are more typical of overconsolidated clays. Disturbances due to perfect sampling led to reduction in the values of undrained shear strength (se), Skempton's pore pressure parameter A at peak deviator stress (Ap), initial tangent modulus (Ei) and secant stiffiess at half the peak deviator stress (E50) whilr axial strain at peak deviator stress (εp) increased due to total stress relief. Due to total stress relief, the reduction Su, Ei and E50 increased with the decrease of plasticity while the increase in c. increased with the decrease of plasticity of the soils. It is also evident that the decrease in mean effective stress (p') due to perfect sampling increases with decreasing plasticity of the soils. The initial effective stress (σ՛i) of "tube" samples reduced considerably because of disturbance caused by penetration of tubes. Compared with the "in situ" samples, values of s, E1, E50 and A of the "tube" samples decreased while sp increased. The changes in measured soil parameters between the "in situ" and "tube" san )les have been found to depend significantly on the sampler characteristics, i.e., area ratio, De/t ratio, used for retrieving the "tube" samples. The values of σ՛i, su, Ei and E50 were decreased due to increase in area ratio (or reduction in De/t ratio). The values of εp, however, increased due to increasing area ratio. A quantitative increase in the degree of disturbance (Dd) has been obtained due to increase in area ratio, while the values of Dd increased with the decrease of De/t ratio of sampler. Disturbance due to tube sampling has been found to depend on the plasticity of the samples of the three coastal soils. The highest reductions in a', st,. Ei and E 0 occurred in the least plastic samples, whereas the minimum reduction in σ՛i, su, Ei and E50 occurred in the most plastic samples. Among the samples of the coastal soils, the least plastic sample produced higher degree of disturbance than the most plastic sample.
A Study on Sectionalizing and Coordination of Protective Devices and Voltage Drop Compensation of Rural Distribution System
(Bangladesh Institute of Technology (BIT), Khulna, Bangladesh., 2002-05) Das, Santosh Kumar; Ghosh, Prof. Dr. Bashudeb Chandra
Methodologies are presented in this thesis to study the coordination among the protective devices and voltage drops at different points of a radial distribution system. Maximum and Minimum values of currents due to different types of faults occurring at various points of the distribution system are calculated. The inverse time relays and fuses are modeled by nonlinear time current relations. The definite time relays are modeled by constraint conditions. Impedance model for the radial distribution system is considered to find the fault currents. The effectiveness of the protection scheme is studied using different sets of minimum and maximum values of fault currents for all concerned fuses and relays acting as primary and backup protective devices. In the case of any miscoordination or improper coordination the CT plug multiplier setting and relay time dial setting are proposed to adjust. The optimal coordination of the radial distribution system is calTied out using two- phase technique. In phase I, the constraints for protecting the lines and equipment of the distribution system for primary and back up protection is tested for feasibility of the constraint conditions for protection. In this phase the relay and fuse time-current characteristic curves arc superimposed to visualize and ensure coordination graphically. Phase II endeavors to find out the optimal settings of relays to ensure minimum power interruption. Voltage drops under specified loading at different points are calculated to have an idea about the condition of power at different distribution points of the feeder. As case study, the radial distribution feeders of the Topshidanga 33/11 KV S/S and the Baganchra 33/11 KV S/S, under Jessore PBS-I, a project of Rural Electrification Board is considered for study on sectionalizing and coordination of protective devices and voltage drop compensation. The proposed methodology is tested in a Pentium III PC-based digital computer environment.
Planar Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures and Applications
(Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 2005-03) Mollah, Md. Nurunnabi; Fu., Dr. Jeffrey S.
With the emergence of novel wireless technologies, the demands for larger bandwidth, high efficiency and high capacity RF and microwave devices have been growing tremendously. To satisfy the demand novel materials, new processing techniques and refinement of existing devices have been evolving. Using electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) is a new technology to improve the performances of existing RF active and passive devices. EBG structures (EBGSs) are periodic structures, which exhibit distinct passband and stopband characteristics. The passband can be used as phase shifters and slow wave structures. The stopband characteristics can be used to suppress surface waves in dielectric media. Due to these unique properties, EBGSs find potential applications in many active and passive RF and microwave devices including antennas, filters, amplifiers and oscillators. Recently, the dispersion properties in passband of EBGSs are used in the phased array antennas for wide angle beam steering. Among various EBG configurations, planar EBGSs become most popular due to their low profile, ease of fabrication and integration with monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs). The thesis concerns the planar EBG structures in the forms of conventional circular and rectangular photonic bandgap structures (PBGSs) and defected ground structures (DGSs). Novel PBGSs in the form of non-uniform Binomial and Chebyshev distributions of unit PBG cells have been proposed. This novel PBGSs yield ripple free passband and wide stopband properties, which are very useful to suppress higher order harmonics in the bandpass filters. Next the chirped PBGSs are investigated that yield better passband return loss, low ripples and wider stopband than those for conventional PBGSs as well as non-uniform PBGSs mentioned earlier. The parametric study of dumbbell shaped DGSs has been conducted with the gap width and length and the size of dumbbell slots. Three novel designs are proposed: non-uniform dumbbell shaped DGSs with Chebyshev distribution, hybrid DGS and PBG and modified hybrid DGS and PBG configurations. The novel designs outperform the conventional DGSs reported in the literature. The DGSs yield perfect LPF responses with negligible passband ripples and extremely wide stopband. The modified hybrid DGS and PBG configuration yields dual stopbands that can be used as a dual stopband filter. The novel design are used in asymmetric coupled line bandpass filters, aperture coupled single band and dual-band patch antennas and finally in 4-element conventional and reconfigurable phased array antennas. For filters, PBGSs suppress second and third harmonics by about 40 dB, A comprehensive investigation of the number, filling factor and position of the PBGS under the filter has been conducted. The frequency response of the filter has been observed. This investigation is novel and illustrates the significance of PBGSs in suppression of higher order harmonics of the bandpass filters. It has been found that non-uniform distribution of PBGSs is more effective to suppress higher order harmonics than the conventional uniform PBGSs. DGSs are very effective for simultaneous suppression of both 2nd and 3rd harmonics due to their very wide stopband performances. This phenomenon of DGSs has been demonstrated in various designs of asymmetric coupled line bandpass filters. Finally, the passband phase properties of the PBG and DGS have been investigated. The comprehensive investigations of relative phase delays of PBGS and DGS assisted microstrip transmission lines have been performed. Such investigation is not found in the open literature. It is observed that DGSs yield much larger phase delay compared to a similar size PBG structure. Therefore, DGS assisted feed network can scan the beam over a wide angle. After thorough and satisfactory investigation of phase delays for PBGSs and DGSs, phased array theory is studied. The required phase delays for a 4-element phased array are calculated based on the element spacing and number of elements. A wide beam scanning up to approximately 60° is achieved with 0-8-16-24 DGS assisted corporate feed network for the 4-element patch antenna array. So far such wide angle scanning using DGS assisted beamforming network has not been reported in the open literature.
Analysis of Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) of Lightning Surge of a Vertical Conductor and its Invasion to a Control Building
(Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh., 2005-06) Rahman, Md. Mostafizur; Goni, Dr. Md. Osman
The lightning surge characteristics of transmission line components as well as the statistical data of lightning such as the ground flash density and the stroke peak current distributions are very essential for analyzing the lightning performance of overhead power transmission lines and substations. Lightning over-voltages must be taken into account when designing a vertical tower model and the insulation system of a cable. In the world, specially in Japan various studied, therefore, have been done to measure the characteristics of the line components and to develop their equivalent circuit models for the Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) simulations. EMTP has been widely used in Japan to analyze switching and lightning over-voltages to design power stations and substations from the viewpoint of insulation coordination. The Japanese standard of' high voltage testing, JEC-0102-1994, and the insulation design and the coordination of an 1 l()()-kV line of lokyo electric power company were mostly based on EMTP simulations. 'I'his research demonstrates the electromagnetic behaviour of transient i-espouse of lightning surge strike on single vertical conductor, base-broadened tower, actual tower and the control building. Vertical conductor surge responses are analysed using EMTP. The accuracy of this method is shown to be satisfactory with the simulation result based on the numerical electroiiiagnctic code (NEC-2) that were carried out on vertical tower as reduced scale model. Surge iiiipcdancc is calculated by both the vertical and horizontal stroke analyses method. In addition, line constant program of different frecuency of EMTP is also verified in the work for evaluating (lie voltage and current due o lightning surge. lhcrc have been considerations sonic methods to evaluate the transient characteristics of a tower, such as : (i) theoretical studies, (ii) simulation of reduced scale models and (iii) simulation of lill-sized tower. The simulation analysis of surge response are carried out in the several arrangements of the current lead wire: (i) vertical and at the top of vertical conductor. (ii) vertical and a little far from the top of vertical conductor, and (iii) horizontal and far from the top of vertical conductor.In all the cases, the voltage measuring wire is also placed perpendicular to the current lead wire. Each of the arrangement of the current lead wire affects the measured surge impedance of' the vertical conductor and that has been explained in this research in detail. If a travelling wave propagates along the vertical conductor at the velocity of light, the reflected wave from the ground should return to the top of the vertical conductor just after the round-tril) time of the travelling wave in the vertical conductor.In all the cases, the voltage measuring wire is also placed perpendicular to the current lead wire. Each of the arrangement of the current lead wire affects the measured surge impedance of' the vertical conductor and that has been explained in this research in detail. If a travelling wave propagates along the vertical conductor at the velocity of light, the reflected wave from the ground should return to the top of the vertical conductor just after the round-tril) time of the travelling wave in the vertical conductor.
Study on the Strength Development in Cement Stabilized Soft Clay
(Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh, 2005-09) Das, Tapashi; Alamgir, Prof. Dr. Muhammed
The inherent limitations of the conventional foundations lead to choose an alternative solution, namely, ground improvement technique for solving geotechnical problems. Shallow soil-cement stabilization and in-situ deep mixing technique (cement column) are widely used for soft ground improvement. Mixing of cement converts the existing soft ground into a composite media. The strength development of cement stabilized materials depends on various aspects such as water content, curing time, amount of cementing materials, temperature and type of soils. Hence, the understanding of the strength-deformation characteristics of induced cemented clay is necessary to reflect its behavior in the rational design of the composite ground. In this study, the findings obtained from laboratory investigation on cement-stabilized clay are presented. Typical soft clay from the KUET campus, Khulna, the southwest region of Bangladesh is considered in this investigation. Ordinary Portland cement is used as a cementing agent. The cement was mixed thoroughly with the remolded clay at a percentage of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 35% and 50% of the solid weight of soil. To have the same initial water content at all cases, soil-cement mixing was done at the liquid limit state of the clay. The soil-cement samples were wrapped properly so that additional water cannot be entered into the samples while kept under water for curing and also to prevent moisture evaporation till the designated rest period. Unconfined compression tests were conducted at a rest period of 0.25, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days to examine the development of strength deformation characteristics with time. The change of water content, unit weight, failure strain, compressive strength and stiffness was also examined at different cement content and rest period. A relationship is established among the cement content, rest period and unconfined compressive strength. Significant changes were also observed in other physical and mechanical properties. Finally, an empirical equation is proposed which can be used with a reasonable degree of accuracy for the estimation of compressive strength at an elapsed rest period for particular cement content.
Determination of In Situ Soil Density by Sand Cone Method Using Locally Available Sands
(Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh., 2005-12) Rashid, A. B. M. Mamunur; Bashar, Prof. Dr. Md. Abul
In Bangladesh Ottawa sand is used to find out in situ soil density using Sand Cone Method. Ottawa sand is very expensive and it is always imported from abroad. Usually it requires much time to import this item. Instead of Ottawa sand, Sand Cone Method might use locally available sand as an alternative material for determining in situ soil density. In Bangladesh, local sand is available in abundance and compared with Ottawa sand it is also much cheaper in price. In this research the quality and suitability of locally available sand in and around Khulna district are assessed for determining in situ density using Sand Cone Method. Five samples of sand named by Sylhet sand, Kushtia sand, Fultala sand, Bogjhuri sand and Mongla sand were collected from nearby business centers. Original sand and some graded sands of each sample were under investigation to ascertain their suitability of use in lieu of Ottawa sand in determining in situ soil density. Four gradations were considered and those were (i) passing # 16 and retained in # 30, (ii) passing # 30 and retained in # 40, (iii) passing # 40 and retained in # 50 (iv) passing #30 and retained in # 50 sieve. Each of the original samples has been characterized by determining its index properties, Grain size distribution. Specific gravity and density are determined for each sample of original and graded sands. These properties are compared with those recommended by ASTM (1989) for selecting suitable sand in Sand Cone Method. From this study it was found that original sands of all selected places in Bangladesh did not satisfy the ASTM (1989) criteria for Ottawa sand. In case of graded sands, Sylhet sand satisfied all the required ASTM criteria for four gradations, while Kushtia and Fultala sands satisfied fully for three gradations except the gradation passing # 16 and retained in # 30 sieve. Bogjhuri and Mongla sands did not satisfy all the required criteria. So, the above graded sands that satisfy the criteria of Ottawa sand as mentioned in investigation can be used in sand cone method in lieu of costly Ottawa sand.
A New Approach to Grow High Quality Bulk lnxGa1-xAs Crystal by Multi-component Zone Melting Method
(Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh., 2005-12) Rahman, Mohammad Shaifur; Islam, Dr. Md. Rafiqul
An analytical study has been carried out to grow high-quality bulk InGaAs crystals by the two-step multi-component zone melting (MCZM) method. Characterization of bulk InGaAs crystal grown by the two-step MCZM method has confirmed the existence of large amount of strain of the order of 10 in bulk InGaAs crystal due to approximately exponential variation of composition from 0.06 to 0.29 in the first step growth process of the two-step MCZM technique. From the experimental evidence, it has been confirmed that the composition-dependent strain is associated with the breakage issue in the MCZM grown crystals. Using an axially symmetrical strain model, the quantitative amount of strains and their distributions have been studied for various compositional profiles including the currently used profile. In addition, the spatial variations of strain components for various compositional profiles have been analyzed using the twodimensional strain maps. The strain values and their distributions corresponding to the various compositional profiles have been compared and a suitable compositional profile has been proposed to grow compositionally homogeneous high quality bulk InGaAs crystals using the MCZM method. Further, from the dependency of the strain values with the crystal length and diameter, the possibility of the growth of large-size crystals has been investigated. It has also been studied that the proposed compositional profile allows achieving the growth parameters easily for the two-step MCZM growth process.
Generation, Composition and Characteristics of Municipal Solid Wastes in Some Major Cities of Bangladesh
(Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh, 2005-12) Ahsan, Amimul; Alamgir, Prof. Dr. Muhammed
Huge amount of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generation and its mismanagement has become one of the major concerned social and environmental issues in urban areas. Characteristics of MSW are important for evaluating infrastructure, technology and equipment needs, management programme and planning, especially with respect to the implementation of disposal as well as resource and energy recovery options, This study identifies the generation rate and total generation amount, composition, physical and chemical characteristics of MSW in four major cities of Bangladesh, namely, Dhaka, Khulna, Raj shahi and Barisal. The MSW generation rates in residential, commercial and institutional areas are determined in each study city. The amount of MSW generations are 5340, 520, 170 and 130 tons/dayfor Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi and Barisal city, respectively and the percapita waste generation rates are varied from 0.325 to 0.485 kg/day for four major cities of Bangladesh. Food and vegetable waste is the predominant component in each sampling sources of residential areas due to the habit of food consumption and other inherent socio-economic aspects of the cities of Bangladesh. In MSW stream, food and vegetable waste range from 68.3 to 81.1 %, while papers and plastics range from 7.2 to 10.7% and 3.1 to 4.3%, respectively. The remaining portions are rubber, cloth, metal, tin, glass, dust and others. The important physical characteristics such as pH, moisture content, volatile solid content, bulk density and particle size are determined. It is observed that pH value varies from 7.70 to 8.69, while moisture and volatile solid content vary from 56 to 70% and 43 to 71 %, respectively. The bulk. density in loose state varies from 566 to 621 kg/m3, while in medium and compact state, the bulk density varies from 764 to 951 kg/m3 and 875 to 1127 kg/m3, respectively. The important chemical characteristics are carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and calorific value are also determined. The concentration of carbon ranges from 6.53 to 24.93%, while nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous vary from 0.56 to 1.62%, 0.38 to 1.37% and 0.31 to 0.41%, respectively. The highest and lowest calorific values are obtained as 20,467 kJ/kg for rubber and 5,907 kJ/kg for food wastes, respectively. In the context of Bangladesh, MSW are suitable for composting since good concentration of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium, while incompatible for incineration due to high moisture and organic contents.
Electromagnetic Field Analysis of Lightning Return Stroke Current
(Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh., 2006-02) Hossain, Md. Faruque; Azad, Prof. Dr. Md. Abul Kalam
Accurate knowledge of the characteristics of lightning electromagnetic fields is needed for studying the effects of the potentially deleterious coupling of lightning fields to various circuits and systems, for achieving an efficient insulation design of electric power networks and for determining electromagnetic compatibility requirements o telecommunication systems. In the first step, lightning analysis requires the development of return stroke models, which are able to reproduce the electromagnetic field signature similar to that generated by natural return stroke. In this thesis, the lightning return stroke is, firstly, assumed as a current pulse originating at ground level and propagating along the channel of perfect electrical conductor. Then the effects of channel resistance and inductance both on the current and the electromagnetic fields are investigated. The results show that the inclusion of channel resistance and inductance will change the prediction of the model in such a direction that they will come closer to the experimental observations. Reviewing different models, electromagnetic model is used in the present study. For the accurate analysis of the transient electromagnetic field around a three-dimensional (31)) conductor system, application ol electromagiietic modeling codes are more appropriate. Among many available codes, Numerical Electromagnetic Code (NEC-2) based on the 4 method of moments is chosen for the above purpose since it has been widely and successfully used in analyzing thin-wire antennas. The effect of ground electrical parameter on the channel current and remote electromagnetic fields is deduced in the present thesis for several grounds. With different methodologies different input data are involved in the lightning analysis: one of them is related to the lightning current itself. The effect of different current wave-shapes is also investigated in this work. Experimental observations and theoretical investigations have shown that the presence of an elevated strike object (such as a tall tower) could affect lightning current and their radiated electromagnetic fields substantially. lherefore, an analysis of tower current and remote electromagnetic fields radiated by lightning return strokes to tall towers is presented taking two towers of different heights. In the work, both the slow-front and steep-front wave-shapes, corresponding respectively to typical first and subsequent return strokes, are adopted as injected current wavefonii. Because, the subsequent return strokes that are characterized by lower current peaks but higher front steepness and return stroke speed may result in higher field peaks. It is shown in particular that the presence of a tower tends, in general, to increase substantially the electric and magnetic field peaks and their derivatives. Furthermore, the presented results are shown to be consistent with recent experimental observations of current in lightning strokes to the high stack in Japan and Toronto CN Tower and of the associated electromagnetic fields. Finally, to show the validity of the model, some results calculated by NEC-2 are compared with the results calculated by Virtual Surge Test Lab (VSTL), which is based on Finite Difference Time Domain (FD'l'D) method. In such case, reduced scale model is considered because of large computation time of FI)TD method.
An Approach for the Selection and Evaluation of Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management in Bangladesh
(Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh., 2006-11) Chowdhury, Md. Khaled Hassan; Alamgir, Prof. Dr. Muhammed; 2006
Bangladesh, one of the Least Developed Asian Countries is facing very complicated situations for the management of vast quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated by urban communities. Due to the absence of an integrated system there are many loop holes and constraints in the existing waste management practice, which ultimately fails to improve the overall system. This study provides information about the present situation of MSW and its characteristics, management practices and limitations in the six city corporations of Bangladesh, namely Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Barisal and Syihet. The key issues needs to be addressed for an efficient waste management system and the limitations of the present system are also identified and illustrated here explicitly. For an integrated management of MSW, the study discuss several options such as cost benefit analysis, life cycle analysis and multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) and propose a spreadsheet tool for an integrated management system based on the MCDA. The tool is suggested for the verification of suitability and sustainability of the adopted approach. The proposed approach is based on series of spread sheets of waste system components such as contain & collect, sort & recovery, transfer & treat and dispose & make safe, and aspects of evaluation such as source & streams, cost & return, health & environment and community & structures. The spreadsheet can be used in two ways῾WasteCheck’—where the body of the table is used to highlight the most significant questions and ῾WasteCase’—where the body of the table is used to highlight the most pertinent answers relating to the ῾usiness and sustainability’ justification. The selection and evaluation tools is then adopted theoretically for a case study city, Khulna, the third largest city of Bangladesh, to check its sustainability based on local needs and associated aspects. New terminology WastePoint for on-site disposal facility. WasteNode for waste transfer facility, StrategicSite for ultimate disposal facility is adopted in the study for better understanding and clarity. As the six study cities show a remarkable degree of similarity with respect to financial aspects, technical aspects and human resources development,the selection and evaluation approach can be easily extendable for other city corporations of Bangladesh as well.
Study on Selection of Suitable Foundation for Khulna City Corporation Area
(Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh., 2006-11) Razzaque, Md. Abdur; Hossain, Prof. Or. Md. Monjur
The soil condition of Khulna City Corporation (KCC) area is different from other places due to its very soft nature up to a great depth and the existence of peat layer. As a result, the selection of suitable foundation type is a challenging job for the geotechnical engineer. In this region, even for a small project, a sub-soil condition is required to reveal completely for the safe design of structure. Since sub-soil exploration is expensive and time consuming, an evaluation of sub-soil condition in a comprehensive way may help designer in this context for the selection of suitable foundation for KCC area. In this study, samples were collected by auger boring from I 09 points within KCC. From test results of these samples and using correlation equations, the parameters are calculated. The samples from auger are disturbed sample from which moisture content, liquid limit, plastic limit and specific gravity are obtained. Unconfined compressive strength (qu) and compression index (Cc) are the important parameters for design purpose for which undisturbed samples are required. For these tests sample collection, preparation and testing need considerable amount of refinement, precaution and time, with the result that the procedure is costly. This situation calls for an alternative method by which this issue can be addressed. Correlation equation is available in literature verified in the context of Khulna soil. For this purpose available existing soil reports (202 nos.) were studied for where 617 nos. value· for qu and 2 IO nos. value for Cc were collected. Using existing correlation equations q0 and Cc were calculated from corresponding values of moisture content, liquid limit, plastic limit and specific gravity. Comparing the actual and calculated values, it was observed that the actual value of qu is approximately 1.98 times more than the correlation equations qu value and Cc is approximately 1.09 times more than the correlation equation Cc value, which means the q, and Cc from equation were much conservative and safe for structure. From the result of collected existing 112 nos. bore log and 109 nos. auger boring, the position and depth of peat layer are described. By combination auger boring and existing 202 nos. soil reports, the profile of q, and Cc are prepared. From this profile, q, and Cc may be measured from different places. The position of peat layer and instant observation water table are shown. The results accomplished in the study can be used by the practicing engineers as a background information for the selection of suitable foundation in KCC areas for the construction of relevant structures.
Design of High Efficiency lnxGa1-xN-Based Multi-Junction Solar Cells
(Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh., 2006-11) Islam, Md. Rafiqul; Bhuiyan, Dr. Ashraful Ghani
Photovoltaic (PV) power generation is becoming widespread as a clean and gentle energy source for the earth. The main drawback of currently used photovoltaic cell is its low conversion efficiency and materials with the appropriate band gaps that can perfectly match the broad range of solar radiation. Recently it has been shown that the energy gap of 1nGa1 N alloys potentially can be continuously varied from 0.7 to 3.4 eV, providing a perfect matching to the full-solar-spectrum. Therefore, InGa t N becomes a promising material for very high efficiency multijunction solar cell. Any desired value of bandgap can be obtained from this material choosing the appropriate composition. In this work, InGa.N-based multijunction solar cells have been designed theoretically for high efficiency and the performance of the designed solar cells are evaluated with various parameters. The theoretical design and performance evaluation are done by developing a simulation model. The developed mode optimized the solar cell design for high efficiency at different junction numbers. The efficiency is found to be varied from 24.49 to 45.35 % for single junction to eight junction solar cells. The current mismatches of multijunction solar cell are kept within 0.29%. The lattice mismatches between different cells were found to be varied from 0.86 to 3.15%. The increase in surface recombination velocity and emitter thickness decreases the efficiency. On the other hand, the increase in minority carrier lifetime of emitter and base, and doping density increase the efficiency. In order to get more accurate results the effect of depletion width was taken into account. However, no significant change is observed between the results without and with considering le depletion width. The performance of InGaN-based MJ solar cells under concentrator is studied. The efficiency is found to be varied from 24.49 to 39.28 (%) for single junction and 45.35 to 72.79 (%) for eight junction, without and with concentrator. respectively. This model can be applied to design the solar cells at any number of junctions.
Correlation Between Penetrometer Test Value and Bearing Capacity for Granular Soil
(Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh., 2007-01) Quader, Md. Golam; Bashar, Prof. Dr. Md. Abul
In the present study, an attempt to investigate the correlation between hand penetrometer test value and bearing capacity of granular soil especially sand, was under consideration. To achieve this goal artificial sand beds of thirteen samples were prepared in an open test bed above the ground surface, and on these samples, direct shear test and field density test were carried out to find out the friction angle and the field density of each sample. Bearing capacity of sandy soil were predicted from Terzaghi's bearing capacity equation for strip footing. Three penetrometers of different diameters (18.75 mm, 25 mm and 31.25 mm) were especially fabricated and used to find out penetrometer test value. The test procedure of these penetrometers is similar to standard penetration test (SPT) by split spoon sampler, but diameter of penetrometers, weight of hammer and height of fall were different. To correlate between hand penetrometer test value, friction angle and bearing capacity, seven equations have been established for hand penetrometer of three different diameters. It has been found that there established better correlations between friction angle and hand penetrometer test value for three penetrometers with high coefficient of correlations. In the investigation it has observed that there exists a best correlation between friction angle and bearing capacity of granular soil (sand). Finally it has been found that there are good correlations between hand penetrometer test value and bearing capacity of granular soil for any diameter of penetrometer with coefficient of correlation from 0.79 to 0.96.