2024

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Abundance and Characteristics of Microplastics in Urban Canals: A Case Study In Dhaka City
(Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering(CEE), Islamic University of Technology(IUT), Board Bazar, Gazipur-1704, Bangladesh, 2024-11-30) Rahman, Fahad; Nabi, Mohammed Fahamidun
Microplastic pollution is an emerging global environmental challenge with significant implications for aquatic ecosystems and human health. This study focuses on the urban canals of Dhaka city, Bangladesh, where the abundance and characteristics of microplastics remain largely unexplored. The research problem lies in the lack of comprehensive data on how urban canals contribute to microplastic pollution in peripheral rivers, thereby exacerbating ecological risks. Prior studies have primarily concentrated on larger water bodies, leaving a critical gap in understanding the role of smaller canals as conduits for microplastics. The main objectives of this research were to investigate the occurrence and characteristics of microplastics in urban canals of Dhaka, evaluate the environmental and ecological risks associated with microplastic pollution, and assess the loading of microplastics into connected peripheral rivers. These objectives aim to bridge the knowledge gap and provide actionable insights for policymakers to devise effective plastic waste management strategies. The research adopted a systematic design encompassing field sampling, laboratory analysis, and data interpretation. Five canals—Kallayanpur, Norail, Gobindapur, Digun, and Abdullahpur— were selected for their strategic connections to the Balu, Buriganga, and Turag rivers. Sampling was conducted during the dry season to ensure higher microplastic concentrations, with water and sediment samples collected from urban areas, connecting channels, and canal-river junctions. Laboratory methodologies included vacuum pump filtration for water samples, oven drying for sediment samples, density separation using zinc chloride solutions, and visual and spectroscopic analysis for microplastic identification and quantification. Quality assurance measures adhered to NOAA guidelines to ensure reliability and minimize contamination. The findings revealed that microplastics were present in all sampled canals, with higher concentrations observed in sediment samples compared to water samples. The average concentration in water samples ranged from 13 to 185 items per liter, while sediment samples exhibited 81 to 594 items per kilogram. Among the canals, Digun recorded the highest microplastic concentration in water samples due to industrial discharges, whereas Abdullahpur had the highest sediment concentrations, attributed to stagnant flow and water retention. The dominant microplastic shapes included fibers (55% in water and 22.99% in sediment), films (18.62% in water and 43.1% in sediment), and fragments. Microplastics predominantly ranged in size from 0.1 millimeters to 1 millimeter, with transparent particles accounting for the largest proportion. These findings highlight significant spatial variability influenced by land use and human activities. The study concludes that urban canals in Dhaka serve as critical pathways for microplastics, facilitating their transfer to peripheral rivers and contributing to broader environmental pollution. The implications underscore the urgent need for targeted waste management policies, improved industrial effluent treatment, and public awareness campaigns to mitigate microplastic pollution. Future research should explore seasonal variations, microplastic weathering processes, and their combined ecological impacts, while assessing the risks to human health and biodiversity. This study provides a foundational framework for addressing microplastic pollution in urban waterways, offering insights for environmental management in rapidly urbanizing regions worldwide.
Measuring Chloride Levels at Color Change Boundaries to Precisely Determine the Migration Coefficient of Chloride Ion in Concrete composed of Various Cement Types
(Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering(CEE), Islamic University of Technology(IUT), Board Bazar, Gazipur-1704, Bangladesh, 2024-11-30) Hossain, Md. Delwar; Khan, Tanvir Mustafiz; Zisan, Al Shahrier Mohammad
Assessment of High-Volume SODIS Reactor under Sub-Tropical Climate Conditions in Bangladesh
(Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering(CEE), Islamic University of Technology(IUT), Board Bazar, Gazipur-1704, Bangladesh, 2024-11-30) Mim, Samiha Zaman; Kazmina, Saima
The Bangladeshi population currently lacks basic water coverage, with 98% of the population using groundwater for drinking. However, 86% of the poorest households show E. coli contamination, a concern for Wateraid Bangladesh. This research investigates the efficacy of Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS) as a sustainable and cost-effective method for purifying untreated large volumes of groundwater. SODIS has the potential to address the public health crisis caused by untreated and contaminated water, contributing to approximately 1.5 million deaths annually. The study aims to investigate exposure times and circumstances for SODIS, including salinity, pH fluctuation, and H202 levels, to guarantee effective water purification. By aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals of 2030, the research aims to develop sustainable water treatment solutions, particularly in sub-tropical regions facing waterborne diseases.
Assessment of Microplastics Pollution from Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Sites: A Comparative Study of Controlled and Open Landfills in Bangladesh
(Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering(CEE), Islamic University of Technology(IUT), Board Bazar, Gazipur-1704, Bangladesh, 2024-11-30) Hasan, Ragib; Prantor, Rahat Mostofa
Microplastics are small plastic particles typically less than 5 mm in size, which originate from the breakdown of larger plastic debris or from microbeads found in consumer products. In the context of landfill sites, microplastics are generated through the degradation of plastic waste due to physical, chemical, and biological processes. Open and controlled landfill sites serve as significant sources of microplastics, where improper waste handling and exposure to environmental elements can exacerbate the fragmentation of plastics. Over time, these particles can accumulate and persist in the environment, posing risks to both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Bangladesh, a country with rapid urbanization and growing plastic consumption, faces significant challenges related to microplastic pollution. The country’s solid waste management infrastructure often struggles to keep pace with the increasing volume of waste, leading to the prevalence of open landfill sites where waste is not adequately contained. Microplastics (MPs) pollution has become an escalating problem in Bangladesh, however data of MPs pollution of landfill sites resources is very limited in Bangladesh. Microplastics in landfill sites in Bangladesh contaminate the local environment and pose long term risks to nearby water bodies, agricultural land, and air quality. Leachate from these landfills often flows into rivers and streams, accumulating microplastics in major waterways throughout the country. This contamination affects aquatic organisms and can enter the food chain, impacting human health. Furthermore, wind dispersion from uncovered landfill sites spreads microplastics into the surrounding soil and air, increasing the potential for human exposure through inhalation and ingestion. Once generated in landfill sites, microplastics can be transported to various ecosystems through leachate flow, wind dispersion, and surface water runoff. The movement of microplastics from landfills to nearby water bodies, soil, and air pathways contributes to their widespread distribution. This transport is influenced by factors such as rainfall, landfill design, proximity to water sources, and the permeability of containment systems. Consequently, microplastics can infiltrate food chains, impact wildlife, and pose potential health risks to humans. This study investigated microplastics pollution in two municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill sites, controlled and open of Dhaka city. In total, 31 samples of different sources were collected from the selected locations of Aminbazar and Kodda Landfill sites. A total of about 1 kg of soil of selected depth was sampled using hand auger, 1 liter of leachate and groundwater was collected from the landfill site, from the connecting river of the landfill site 1 kg of riverbed sediment, 5-10 11 m away from the shoreline was sampled using an Ekman grab sampler (15×15×15 cm) from top 10 cm of the riverbed at each sampling station and lastly, 1 liter of surface water was collected from the water columns Density separation and wet-peroxidation methods were employed to extract microplastic particles. Visual Identification was done using a microscope (OPTIKA v.1.0 2019) at 10 x 40 magnification to identify and quantify the microplastics. Microplastics (MPs) were detected across all sampling locations, with abundances ranging from 15 to 4056 particles per kilogram (kg) or liter (L), depending on the sample type. A total of 18,158 particles were recorded from 31 sampling locations across two landfill sites. The Kodda open landfill site accounted for 7,411 particles across 15 sampling locations, while the Aminbazar controlled landfill site contributed 10,747 particles from 16 locations. At the Aminbazar site, the mean and median MP abundances for soil, leachate, river surface water, riverbed sediment, and groundwater were 900.4 ± 227.9 n/kg and 887 n/kg, 245 ± 85.2 n/kg and 213 n/kg, 188.3 ± 38.2 n/kg and 189 n/kg, 280.2 ± 107.8 n/kg and 341 n/kg, and 48 n/kg for both metrics, respectively. In Kodda, these values were 514.7 ± 115.8 n/kg and 544 n/kg, 362.1 ± 225.8 n/kg and 362.5 n/kg, 360.7 ± 96.6 n/kg and 345 n/kg, 405.3 ± 264.8 n/kg and 457 n/kg, and 514.7 ± 115.8 n/kg and 544 n/kg, respectively. The highest MP abundance was observed in the surface layers of landfill soil due to extensive dumping activities in both older and newer areas, while the lowest was in leachate from the Aminbazar landfill’s treatment facility. At the Aminbazar site, the older landfill soil showed the highest MP concentrations, likely due to prolonged, unmanaged plastic waste accumulation. A decreasing trend in MP abundance with soil depth was noted in both old and new landfill sections, likely attributed to initial deposition at the surface and subsequent weathering and degradation over time. The analysis reveals significant microplastic (MP) pollution across both landfill sites, with higher overall abundance at the controlled Aminbazar landfill compared to the open Kodda landfill. The highest MP concentrations were observed in surface soils, particularly in older landfill sections, highlighting the long-term impact of unmanaged plastic waste disposal. A consistent pattern of decreasing MP abundance with depth was identified, likely due to surface deposition followed by weathering and vertical migration over time. The lowest MP levels were recorded in the leachate of the Aminbazar treatment facility, underscoring the potential effectiveness of controlled landfill management practices in reducing environmental contamination. These findings emphasize the need for improved waste management strategies to mitigate MP pollution and its associated ecological risks.
Assessment of Skid Resistance on Pavements of Bangladesh
(Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering(CEE), Islamic University of Technology(IUT), Board Bazar, Gazipur-1704, Bangladesh, 2024-12-15) Jaber, Rujita Ishat
This research examines the skid resistance of road surfaces in Bangladesh through the application of the British Pendulum Tester (BPT), accompanied by comprehensive statistical analysis. Skid resistance plays a vital role in ensuring road safety, especially in areas susceptible to rain, such as Bangladesh, where wet conditions frequently contribute to a rise in accidents. The research focuses on quantifying skid resistance, pinpointing problematic areas, and examining how traffic and environmental factors influence surface friction. The study included field tests conducted at BRT Lane in Gazipur and along 300ft Road in Purbachal New Town, utilizing the British Pendulum Tester. The results showed that although the majority of sections had satisfactory skid num- bers exceeding 35, some specific points recorded skid numbers below 30, neces- sitating appropriate actions. The research highlights the importance of regular assessments of roadway conditions and the implementation of suitable maintenance approaches, espe- cially for heavily trafficked routes. Future research should adopt a broader per- spective, integrating a more extensive network of roads throughout Bangladesh to enhance the development of road safety policies and practices.
A Comprehensive Study On Identifying Various Trends And Patterns Of Road Accidents In Dhaka City
(Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering(CEE), Islamic University of Technology(IUT), Board Bazar, Gazipur-1704, Bangladesh, 2024-08-30) Khan, Masrhid Monir; Nahin, Jafrin Rahman
This research offers a detailed investigation of traffic accident data, with an emphasis on finding important patterns and trends pertaining to vehicle type, age, gender, and temporal variables. Data from 10,000 accidents between July and December 2023 was analyzed using both manual observation and hypothesis testing techniques. An initial overview of accident patterns can be derived by the manual analysis which includes investigation of data through excel analysis, however for rigorous and more clear analysis require hypothesis testing as manual analysis is often subjected to bias and error. Therefore, deeper insights and significant relationships between variables were analyzed by hypothesis testing, which included chi-square tests and regression analyses. Important conclusions from hypothesis tests are the identification of buses and motorbikes as high-risk vehicles; furthermore, substantial connections were found between vehicle type, age groups, gender distribution, and accident frequency. With the use of the hypothesis tests, these patterns were more statistically validated and supported recommendations for initiatives aimed at improving road safety. This study underscores the need for targeted safety measures on streets, particularly focusing on high-risk demographics and vehicle types, to improve traffic safety in Dhaka
A Study of Vehicle-Pedestrian Jay-walk Interactions at Median Road Locations in Bangladesh: Using Image Recognition And Image Processing Techniques
(Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering(CEE), Islamic University of Technology(IUT), Board Bazar, Gazipur-1704, Bangladesh, 2024-12-12) Hassan, MD.Ihfaz Sindid; Ayon, A.K.M. Asaduzzaman
Pedestrian safety remains a global concern as a significant number of traffic-related injuries and fatalities involve pedestrians. Factors such as uncontrolled traffic flow, mid-block crossings, and inadequate road safety infrastructure exacerbate this issue. According to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), these elements are particularly prevalent in densely populated and poorly regulated urban environments. In Bangladesh, the capital city of Dhaka consistently reports the highest traffic fatality rates, underscoring the urgency of addressing pedestrian safety in developing countries. Although developed nations like the United States, Ireland, and Greece have conducted extensive studies on jaywalking in controlled traffic scenarios, limited research has focused on underdeveloped countries, where traffic is often mixed and unpredictable, making the problem more complex. This study investigates the influence of the distance and speed of oncoming vehicles on jaywalking decisions across three urban zone types: industrial, residential, and commercial. These zones were chosen for their diverse traffic characteristics and pedestrian usage patterns. Dashcam footage from vehicles traveling in these areas was used to collect data. The selected locations include Bangla-motor and Gulshan (commercial zones), Mirpur and Banani (residential zones), and Gazipur and Tejgaon Industrial Area (industrial zones). Advanced image recognition techniques, specifically the YOLOv8 (You Only Look Once) machine learning model, were employed to detect jaywalking behavior. The model also measured the speed and distance of approaching vehicles, providing precise and real-time data. To analyze jaywalking patterns, Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) plots were generated, allowing a visual understanding of pedestrian crossing behavior. Statistical analyses, including two-sample t-tests for both equal and unequal variance, were used to compare the xiii speed and distance of oncoming vehicles across different zones and timeframes, specifically during morning, evening, and off-peak hours. The findings reveal significant variations in pedestrian and vehicular behavior based on the zone and time of day. Industrial zones recorded the highest vehicle speeds during weekdays, averaging 16.41 km/h, reflecting the urgency and high volume of traffic in these areas. Conversely, residential zones exhibited the highest vehicle speeds on weekends, averaging 26.18 km/h, likely due to reduced weekday congestion and higher recreational movement. Regarding crossing distances, pedestrians in residential zones maintained the longest distance from oncoming vehicles during off-peak hours on weekdays (7.48 m). On weekends, the residential zones also showed the greatest crossing distance during morning peak hours (8.05 m), suggesting a more cautious approach by pedestrians during specific periods. This study provides valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers aiming to enhance pedestrian safety. The detailed behavioral patterns observed across different zones and timeframes highlight the need for tailored interventions. Recommendations include the installation of safer pedestrian crossings, implementation of traffic-calming measures, stricter enforcement of jaywalking laws, and the integration of intelligent traffic management systems. Additionally, improving road safety infrastructure in high-risk areas such as industrial zones could significantly reduce pedestrian-vehicle conflicts. These findings serve as a foundation for developing comprehensive road safety strategies not only in Bangladesh but also in other developing countries facing similar challenges.
Use of Waste Materials as Asphalt Fillers
(Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering(CEE), Islamic University of Technology(IUT), Board Bazar, Gazipur-1704, Bangladesh, 2024-03-10) Rahman, Maheen Shahriar; Khatun, Nayma
Asphalt production is reimagining with discarded materials like waste oils, plant-based additives, and scrap wall paint as fillers in hot mix asphalt. We found that plastic-based paints can be heated and mixed with bitumen, while enamel-based paints can be melted to create filler materials. The paint scraps were collected from various locations and ground to the necessary fineness for our study. During the research, we treated different types of paint, including asphalt, with powdered paint scrapings at varying replacement rates, alongside using stone dust as a control. Additionally, we explored the potential of using fish scales as a filler material. Our findings showed a slight increase in Marshall's stability due to powdered paint waste compared to the baseline. Notably, stability values showed some improvement when bitumen was used with both paint types and also Fish Scales. Our study suggests that the use of paint-based filler and fish scale filler as a replacement for traditional filler can lead to an equivalent increase in asphalt mix strength. However, it's important to note that in some cases, this strength gain may be offset by increased moisture resistance, despite promising economic results. Furthermore, it's crucial to consider that certain paints may contain heavy or harmful materials
Exploring the factors affecting the movement of female pedestrians at night-time in Dhaka city
(Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering(CEE), Islamic University of Technology(IUT), Board Bazar, Gazipur-1704, Bangladesh, 2024-07-08) Taslim, Faiyaz Ahmed; Labiba, Hurmetun Nesa; Momin, Nafisa Binte; Sameen, Tahseen Mohammed
In Bangladesh, where women account for half the population, the majority have experienced sexual harassment or violence in public spaces. The urban environment, particularly after dark, poses unique challenges and concerns for women, affecting their mobility and overall sense of safety. Cultural norms and societal expectations, coupled with a lack of law enforcement presence, contribute to an environment where women feel insecure and reluctant to venture out at night. Therefore, numerous studies have been conducted on the issue of women's safety when moving around at night in developed countries as well as in developing countries like Bangladesh. However, existing research in Bangladesh focuses on specific groups such as garment workers’ safety as pedestrians during night time, leaving a gap in understanding the factors that influence the women's experiences of other sectors or cohorts. Hence, to find the influence of demographic traits of the victims, for instance, age, income, profession, car ownership, marital status, location of residence, prior experience of harassment and road infrastructure factors such as road network connectivity, lighting conditions, presence and condition of sidewalks, foot-over bridges, traffic density and other various reasons, this study will explore the perception of female pedestrian moving at night, considering diverse background from the perspective of a developing country. This paper seeks to identify the factors that discourage or encourage female pedestrian movement during night-time. A questionnaire, segmented into six categories, was designed with 47 questions by reviewing existing literature, considering the local context, and conducting a pilot survey. These encompass a range of socio-economic & demographic features, road infrastructure, surrounding environment, safety and security, incident reporting, and policy and social awareness. The survey was conducted in various locations within Dhaka city, including garments, hospitals, outside schools, government and non-government offices, and public places, collecting responses from 500 women of diverse ages and backgrounds. Independent variables were formed based on the responses provided in this survey. The dependent variable for this study is whether women commute outside during nighttime. Ordered Probit Model (Fixed Coefficient), due to the ordinal nature of the dependent variable, is employed to identify the key factors influencing the perceptions of female pedestrians when moving at night. The Ordered Probit Model will illustrate the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The analysis will reveal significant factors encouraging or discouraging women from walking at night. The model assists in finding out the most and least affected cohort of women. Additionally, independent variables with significant impacts on the perception of female pedestrians are also comprehended. The study's outcomes will empower policymakers to prioritize road infrastructure enhancements and enact legislation to enhance the safety and well-being of female pedestrians during nighttime in developing cities like Dhaka. Furthermore, safety authorities can utilize the insights from this paper to implement a strong monitoring system in areas where women experience higher rates of sexual harassment and violence.

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