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Item SCROTAL CIRCUMFERENCE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH TESTICULAR GROWTH, AGE AND BODY WEIGHT IN INDIGENOUS BULLS(HAJEE MOHAMMOD DANESH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY, DINAJPUR, 2018-06) ALI, MD. ROMJAN; Dr. Umme Kulsum RimaThe relationship among the scrotal circumference and testicular parameters with body weight and age were investigated in indigenous bulls. Data from thirty six indigenous bulls were recorded and classified into four age groups namely, Group I (15-18 months, n=7 animals), Group II (19-22 months, n=8 animals), Group III (23-26 months n=12 animals) and Group IV (27 months and above, n=9 animals). Age of the bulls were determined using their dental formula. Live weight body weight of each bull was calculated according to Shaeffer’s formula. Scrotal circumference were measured with a cloth tape and testicular parameters and were measured with a caliper. Body weight, scrotal circumference and testicular parameters were varied in different age groups even in left and right testes of the same animal. The results of different testicular parameters, scrotal circumference, and body weight at different age of Indigenous bulls were significantly (<0.05) different among the age groups. These parameters were increased by the advancement of age. The body weight was lowest in case of age group I (98.14±11.87 kg) and was highest in age group IV (214.22±33.27 kg). The scrotal circumference was lowest in case of age group I (17.14±.63 cm) and was highest in age group IV (24.33±1.31 cm). The average estimated testicular weight was lowest in age group I (86.38±12.18 gm) and was highest in age group IV (214.03±22.93 gm). Various measurements of the testes were highly correlated with each other (< 0.01). Body weight was more highly correlated with the various testicular measurements than age. Moreover age, testis weight, and body weight of Indigenous bulls were highly correlated with scrotal circumference. Scrotal circumference was highly correlated with other testicular measurements as well as testicular volume. Correlation coefficient R2 between scrotal circumference and age in indigenous bulls was 0.599 and between scrotal circumference and body weight was 0.785 which indicates a strong positive relationship among the parameters. Finally from the present study it could be concluded that scrotal circumference is a useful indicator and is an important selection criterion to determine the testicular development and breeding soundness in young bulls.Item PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS OF SHEEP, GOATS AND CATTLE BY BARIUM CHLORIDE AND SEED GERMINATION INHIBITION TEST AT FIELD CONDITION(HAJEE MOHAMMOD DANESH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY, DINAJPUR, 2019-12) KHATUN, MOST. NASRIN; Prof. Dr. Md. Faruk IslamTwenty one days non-returned cows and heifer (n=40), sheep (n=20) and goats (n=20) of pirganj and biral upazillas of Rangpur and Dinajpur Districts, respectively, were used to diagnose pregnancy using seed germination inhibition and barium chloride test. Animals were randomly divided into three groups. No germination with the change of colour having shoots length less than 1 cm were considered Pregnant. Germination 35-60% with moderated shoot length (4 cm), indicated non-pregnant. In controlled petri-dish, 60-80% germination with shoot length of about 6 cm were considered non-pregnant can go to dissimilar. The percentage of pregnant ewes diagnosed by seed germination inhibition test during 21-150 days of pregnancy were ranged from 21-35 days 75% (3/4) and 35-60 days 80% (4/5) of pregnancy results respectively. In goats pregnancy were ranged from 21-35 days 80% (4/5) and 35-60 days 87.5% (7/8) of pregnancy results respectively. The cows at 21-35 days pregnancy showed negative result. It was revealed that percentage of pregnant ewes diagnosed by barium chloride test during 21-150 days of pregnancy ranged from 21-35 days 75% (3/4) and 35-60 days 80% (4/5) of pregnancy results respectively. The goats ranged from 21-35 days 80% (4/5) and 35-60 days 87.5% (7/8) of pregnancy results respectively. The cows of 21-35 days pregnancy showed negative result. Seed germination inhibition test and Barium chloride test from 35 days of pregnancy in cow, the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis was 90% (9/10). Hundred percent positive results were obtained from day 60-240 of pregnancy in cows. The total accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis was 90-100% from the day 35 to 240 by seed germination inhibition test and barium chloride test in cowsItem EFFECTS OF FOCUS FEEDING WITH VITAMIN AD3E INJECTION ON PERFORMANCES IN JAMUNAPARI GOATS(HAJEE MOHAMMOD DANESH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY, DINAJPUR, 2019-12) SHARMA, SNIGDHA; Professor Dr. Begum Fatema ZoharaThe present study was conducted in a goat farm to adopt the strategies for focus feeding and observe the effects of focus feeding with Vitamin AD3E injection on reproductive performances and milk yield in Jamunapari goats. For this study, 30 clinically healthy does were used. All experimental goats were assigned into two groups as Group I and Group II. The goats of Group I were maintained on natural grazing with traditional feeding practice. While goats of Group II were supplemented with concentrate feed along with natural grazing and also vitamin AD3E injection. The supplements were given from 45 days before mating time up to 45 days after kidding. Vitamin AD3E was injected at every alternative day from 30 days before kidding up to kidding. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in duration of estrous in indigenous does between two group. The observed duration of estrous was 46 ± 3.09 and 43 ± 3.82 hours respectively. Highest pregnancy rate (100%) was observed in does of Group II compare with Group I (86.67%). Though there was no significant differences (p>0.5) in gestation length between two groups, Group I goats showed slightly higher (143.3 ± 1.7 days) value than Group II (142.7 ± 2.7 days). Significantly (p<0.05) higher litter size was found in Group II (1.93± 0.7) than Group I (1.27±0.7). Significantly higher (p<0.5) kidding rate was observed in does of Group II (100%) compared with Group I (86.67%). Single kidding rate was higher (46.15 %) in Group I than Group II (26.67%). Twinning kidding rate were higher in Group II than Group I. Triple kidding rate were observed 7.69 % in Group I and 6.67% in Group II. Quadruple kidding was only observed in Group II (6.67%). Average daily weight gain in kids of Group II was significantly (p<0.01) higher than kids of Group I (0.0733±0.0076 Vs 0.0359±0.0205). Infertility rate was higher (13.33 %) in Group I than Group II (0%). Kid survival rate was significantly (p<0.05) higher (100 %) in Group II and 57.14 % in Group 8 I. The post partum onset of estrous was significantly shorter (p<0.01) in goats Group II (46 ± 0.5 days) than controlled group (78.8 ± 9.17 days). Average milk production was higher in Group II (946.12 ± 146.3 ml) than Group I (535.5 ± 138.3 ml). It could be concluded that focus feeding before breeding along with vitamin AD3E injection is effective, safe and practical technique and it may be used for improving reproductive performance of does, preventing mortality and increasing newborn vitality and increasing milk production. Further work involving large number of animal should be needed.Item EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TREATMENT REGIMES ON THE HEALING OF SURGICAL WOUNDS IN RABBIT(HAJEE MOHAMMAD DANESH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY, DINAJPUR., 2018-12) SHARIF, MD. NEWAJ; Dr. Mohammad Saiful IslamThe research work was conducted at the Department of Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hajee Mohammed Danesh Science and Technology University (HSTU), Dinajpur, Bangladesh. The experiments were performed in rabbits to find out the topical effect of Aloe Vera leaf gel, Curcuma and liquid paraffin on the healing of the open surgical wound. The bodyweight of the animals ranged from 1.5 to 1.8 Kg. The rabbits used in this study received care under the Guiding Principles for the Care and Use of Research Animals, as established by HSTU. The rabbits were caged individually and provided adequate food and water ad libitum. All surgical wounds treated topically according to experimental design to progress the healing process. The progressive changes in wound healing were monitored every alternative day. Length and width of wound margin were measured every alternative day a total of 28 days with the help of a measuring scale. Wound tenderness was also measured by VAS score. Regular photograph of each wound was taken with the help of a digital camera. Tissue samples were collected for the histopathological study from all treatment groups after completion of healing. Surgical wounds were made on the skin of the dorsal back of the twenty rabbits and each rabbit possesses a single wound. All surgical wounds are the same in size (1.8cm×1.8cm). In this study, a significant difference (p<0.05) on the healing time were observed among the treatment groups. The mean days to complete healing of wounds for the different treatment groups are 15 days for group-A, 19 days for group-B, 22 days for group-C and 25 days for group-D. Aloe Vera treated groups required a shorter time to heal the surgical wounds in compared to other treated groups. In this study, wound healing pattern of Aloe Vera treated group is smoother in comparison to other treated groups and also the wound tenderness of Aloe Vera treated group is lower in comparison to other treated groups. Lower the wound tenderness is indicative of a faster healing rate. In histopathology, deep staining and high scarification were found in Aloe Vera treated group. These findings indicate better healing capacity of Aloe Vera than the other treated groups. Curcuma and liquid paraffin treated groups take good stain but the presence of reactive cells indicates the presence of inflammation under the epithelium and shows the continuation of underlining tissue healing. However, in Aloe Vera treated group there is no reactive cell and thus indicates the completion of superficial and underlining tissue healingItem ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ANAESTHETICS AND PAIN RESPONSE AFTER LAPAROTOMY IN RABBIT(HAJEE MOHAMMAD DANESH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY, DINAJPUR., 2018-12) RITU, WASHEMA AKTAR; Dr. Md. Saiful IslamThis study was carried out for the assessment of various anaesthetic combinations on pain management after laparotomy and to find out the best combination of premedication and anaesthetic drugs for prevention of pain in rabbits during the period from JulyDecember, 2018 in the Department of Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hajee Mohammed Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh. Fifteen rabbits were allocated into three equal groups. The treatment groups were the Midazolam-Ketamine-Xylazine (MKX), MidazolamAcepromazine-Ketamine (MAK) and Acepromazine-Diazepam-Fentanyl (ADF). The levels of analgesia and wound tenderness were assessed by dynamic interactive visual analogue scale (DIVAS). Parametric variables were analyzed using one-way ANOVA in the appropriate cases. Overall, postoperative pain and wound tenderness score increased significantly (p<0.01and p<0.05) irrespective of groups. Pain decreased significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.05) in MKX group compared to other two groups. Similarly, wound tenderness decreased significantly (p<0.01) in MKX group at each observation compared to other two groups (MAK and ADF). Midazolam-Ketamine-Xylazine (MKX) combination has significantly (p<0.01) lower induction period, higher duration of anaesthesia and rapid recovery. No adverse event or reaction was observed through the courses of the study. It was demonstrated that Midazolam-Ketamine-Xylazine group provided an excellent analgesia compared to MAK and ADF. A multimodal approach of anaesthesia during laparotomy in rabbits is suggested for prevention of pain.Item FIELD ASSESSMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF DAIRY CATTLE IN DINAJPUR DISTRICT(HAJEE MOHAMMOD DANESH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY, DINAJPUR, 2018-06) RAHMAN, S. M. LATIFUR; Dr. Begum Fatema ZoharaA cross sectional study was conducted to identify the prevalence of major reproductive disorders of dairy cattle and the possible risk factors in selected upazila of Dinajpur district of Bangladesh from January-December 2017. The primary data were collected directly from the dairy cattle owners by using questionnaire. The diagnosis of reproductive disorders was made on the basis of history, clinical signs and response to treatment. A total number of 375 dairy cattle examined of which 118 (31.47%) were found infested with different diseases. The highest frequency distribution was reproductive disorders (35.59%) and lowest frequency distribution was surgical affection (2.54%) among the different diseases. Among all the reproductive disorders, prevalence of repeat breeding syndrome was found to be the highest (30.95%) and anestrus was the second (28.57%) common reproductive disorder. The prevalence of retained placenta, abortions, dystocia, uterine prolapse, endometritis and vaginal prolapse was 9.52%, 9.52%, 11.90%, 2.38%, 4.76% and 2.38%, respectively. There was no significant differences (p>0.05) on the prevalence of reproductive disorders among the breed studied. However, the highest prevalence was found in local breed (16.36%) and lowest (7.14 %) in SL×L crossbred. The local breed shown significantly (p<0.05) highest prevalence of anestrus compare to SL×L and F×L crossbred. The higher prevalence of repeat breeding syndrome (4.0 %) and dystocia (2.0 %) were found in F×L crossbred. There was no significant (p>0.05) effect of age on the prevalence on reproductive disorders. However, highest prevalence of reproductive disorders was observed in above 2 to 4 years dairy cattle. The highest prevalence of anestrus and repeat breeding syndrome was found in cattle of above 4 to 6 years and 0 to 2 year age group, respectively. There was no significant (p>0.05) effect of parity on the prevalence on reproductive disorders. However, the highest prevalence of reproductive disorders was observed in 2nd parity. The significantly (p<0.05) highest prevalence of anestrous (17.14%) was found in poor condition compare to fair and very good condition. The information gathered from the results of this study would be helpful for the dairy farmer to develop the strategies of dairy farm efficacy.Item REPRODUCTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY COWS IN DIFFERENT UPAZILA OF DINAJPUR DISTRICT(HAJEE MOHAMMOD DANESH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY, DINAJPUR, 2018-06) Dr. Begum Fatema ZoharaThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the reproductive and productive performances of dairy cows in different upazila of Dinajpur district from July-December 2017. A total of 200 cows were selected to collect data in respect of age at puberty, age at first conception, age at first calving, time from calving to first estrus, time from calving to first service, calving interval, number of service per conception, milk yield through a pretested questionnaire. The significantly (p<0.05) highest age at puberty (23.9±4.0 months) was observed in Khansama, whereas the lowest (19.3±7.3 month) was observed in Chirirbondar. The cows of Khansama took significantly (p<0.05) longer time to obtain age at first conception (24.9. ±3.7 months), whereas the cows of Chirirbondar upazila needed shorter time to obtain the age at first conception (20.2±6.7 months).The significantly (p<0.05) highest age at first calving was observed in Khansama (34.9±3.7 months), whereas the lowest in Chirirbondar (30.2±6.7 months). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) from calving to first estrus of cows in different upazila. However, the cows of Khansama took the highest time from calving to first estrus (80.0±24.0 days) whereas the lowest (69.6±19.3 days) was observed in Dinajpur Sadar. Time from Calving to first service of cows in different upazila was not significantly (p>0.05) differed from each other. In Khansama the highest time from calving to first service (86.5±27.1 days) was observed, whereas the lowest in Birol upazila (78.6±14.7days). Though there was no significant differences (p>0.05) in calving interval of cows in different upazila. Therefore, in Khansama took the highest duration for calving interval (395.3±23.9 days) compared with the lowest calving interval observed in Dinajpur Sadar (381.0±34.8 days). Number of service per conception of cows was not significantly (p>0.05) differed from each other in different studied areas. However, the cows of Birol needed the highest number of service per conception (2.10±2.4) whereas lowest in Dinajpur Sadar (1.62±0.66). The ranges of service per conception were 1-17. Significantly (p<0.05) highest milk yield (2286.8±1598.9 L) was observed in Chirirbondar compared with the lowest (937.2±830.9 L) was observed in Khansama. In conclusion, the information generated from the study may be useful for farmers to improve the productive and reproductive efficacy of dairy farms in Dinajpur district.Item INCIDENCE OF REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF GOAT IN DINAJPUR DISTRICT(HAJEE MOHAMMOD DANESH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY, DINAJPUR, 2018-06) KULSUM, UMME; Dr. Mst. Sogra Banu JuliThe study was conducted at Upazila Livestock Office, Sadar, Dinajpur of Bangladesh from January 2017 to December 2017 to investigate the incidence of reproductive disorders in goat. Data on reproductive disorders were collected on the basis of owner’s complain and observed clinical signs. Age and season wise occurrences of reproductive disorders were also recorded. Descriptive statistical analysis was done. Out of 2484 clinical cases, a total of 107 reproductive disorders of goat were recorded. Incidence of abortion (38.3%) was higher and pyometra (0.9%) was lower among reproductive disorder in goat. The incidence of reproductive disorders of goat was higher in group-2 (above 1-2 years) (36.4%) followed by group-1 (upto 1 year) (21.6%), group-3 (above 2- 3 years) (21.5%), group-5 (above 4 years) (15.3%) and group-4 (above 3-4 years) (3.6%). Among reproductive disorders, the incidence of abortion was higher in group-2 (58.9%) followed by retained placenta (50%) in group-4, metritis (47%) and dystocia (23.5%) in group-5, repeat breeding (17.4%) and anestrus (4.3%) in group-3, and pyometra (2.5%) in group-2. Slight seasonal variation among individual case of reproductive disorders were recorded, highest in winter (34.5%) than summer (32.4%) and rainy season (31.7%). The incidence rate of abortion was high in each season (summer 25%, rainy 32.3% and winter 56.7%). In case of retained placenta and dystocia, the incidence was high in summer season (22.2%). But in case of metritis and repeat breeding, the incidence was high in rainy season (32.3% and 14.7% respectively). For treatment of reproductive disorders in goat, antibiotics drugs (35%) were used most commonly and hormonal drugs (3%) used in lower percentages. It was concluded that the most pressing constraint on goat reproduction in Bangladesh is abortion, retained placenta, dystocia and metritis. Strategies should be taken to minimize their occurrence.Item FACTORS AFFECTING BULL SEMEN QUALITY AT BREEDING STATION(HAJEE MOHAMMOD DANESH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY, DINAJPUR, 2018-06) TOHURA, SHARABAN; Dr. Md. Faruk IslamThe knowledge of factors affecting sperm production and semen quality is important with regard to reproductive efficiency and thus genetic improvement, hence, this study aimed to investigate the effects of breed, age, scrotal circumference, BCS, season and nutrition on bull semen quality at breeding bull station of Ejab Alliance Limited, Thakurgaon, Bangladesh. A total of 777 ejaculates were collected from 25 bulls (Friesian=10; Sahiwal=15) using an artificial vagina. Ejaculate volume, concentration, mass activity, individual motility, morphology significantly (P<0.05) differed with the factors. All semen parameters were significantly (P<0.05) higher in Sahiwal bulls than in Friesian bulls except concentration which vary non-significantly (P>0.05) between the two breeds. No significant (P>0.05) effects of breed, age, BCS and nutrition were found on the concentration of semen. The volume, individual motility, mass activity and sperm morphology were significantly (P<0.05) higher in adult age group (>3.5-4.5 years) than in younger (2.5-3.5 years) and older groups (>4.5years-above). Scrotal circumference significantly (P<0.05) affected all the parameters regarding to semen quality. The highest values were observed in bulls with scrotal circumference of 31.1-33 cm and the lowest values were observed in bulls with scrotal circumference of 33.1 cm to above. The volume, individual motility, mass activity and sperm morphology were higher (P<0.05) in bull group with BCS of 4 to 4.5 than in bull group with BCS of >4.5 to 5. Significantly (P<0.05) highest values regarding to semen quality were found in winter and the lowest in summer but the effect of season on volume was non-significant (P>0.05). During the study, Vit. ADE supplementation significantly (P<0.05) improved the semen quality. In conclusion, Sahiwal breeds should be promoted at the bull station in the subtropical condition like Bangladesh. Most semen should be collected during winter. Bulls of >3.5 to 4.5 years of age with moderate scrotal circumference and BCS should be the choice of priority. This conclusion, however, is based only on one year study, a long duration trial need to be necessary to confirm the effects of all related factors and their interactions with the reproductive physiology and management of bulls in a breeding station.Item FROZEN SEMEN QUALITY AND CONCEPTION RATE IN COW(HAJEE MOHAMMOD DANESH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY, DINAJPUR, 2018-06) PARVIN, ARIFA; Dr. Md. Faruk IslamThe present study was conducted in Sadar upazila at Dinajpur district and Ejab Alliance Limited at Thakurgaon district of Bangladesh from March 2017 to February 2018 to investigate the frozen semen quality and conception rate in cow. Total 60 frozen semen straw were collected from six different companies (CCBDF, Ejab, AD, DAIC, Lal-Teer and BRAC) at first week of every month and subsequently up to next ten months. Straw was collected from the dealer of different companies at Upazilla Veterinary Hospital, VTH-HSTU, Dinajpur and Ejab Alliance Limited Breeding Station, Thakurgaon. Then the straw was kept in liquid nitrogen cane and transfer to the laboratory of Ejab Alliance Limited for evaluation. The frozen semen straws were thawed at 35-37˚C for 30-45 seconds and pooled. The post-thaw percent of motility and morphology of spermatozoa were compared and recorded among different season, preservation time, companies and area. Post-thaw motility and number of normal spermatozoa slightly varied on preservation time. Higher percent of motility and number of normal spermatozoa were 73±0.00 and 83±0.75 found in winter season but lowest in summer season and that was 73±0.40 and 82.2±0.47, respectively. The percent of motility and number of normal spermatozoa of BRAC semen were 75±2.27 and 84±1.77 and the values was higher among other companies with lowest in Lal-Teer which were 72±1.61 and 79±3.52, respectively. The conception rate was statistically higher (p<0.05) in winter (65%) season, 6 months’ storage duration (66%), using BRAC semen (76.5%) and at the area of sadar, Dinajpur (62%). The conception rate was somewhat lower in summer (60%) season, 10 months of duration (62%) using Lal-Teer (53.2%) semen and at the area of Ejab Alliance Ltd. (57%) Thakurgaon. It is suggested that the high quality semen is prerequisite to increase the conception rate in cows.