PhD Thesis

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Start date: 2006End date: 2009

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    Fisheries Eco-Biology of Beel Koshba of Naogaon District
    (University of Rajshahi, 2007-12) ISLAM, MD. NUR; Rahman, Md. Safinur
    The present study was conducted in Beel Koshba of Naogaon district on the fisheries eco- biology during the period July, 2005 to June, 2007. The physical conditions of Beel Koshba consisted of air temperature, rainy days, rainfall, humidity, water temperature, water depth and water transparency were 26.07±4.56°C, 9.54±8.55 days, 113.93±114.01 mm, 79.33±7.94%, 25.365.12°C, 204.96 110.36 cm and 30.91+6.78 cm respectively. The chemical parameters of total hardness, alkalinity, pH, DO, CO2 and ammonia were 146.60±13.36 mg/l, 143.30±9.33 mg/l, 7.05±0.75, 6.03±1.08 mg/l, 8.64±0.88 mg/l and 0.73 0.31 mg/l respectively. The magnitude of monthly and seasonal variations of the physico-chemical factors indicated the eutrophic nature of the beel. A total of 54 species of different plants were found surround the beel area. Eight species of sub-merged, nine species of floating, 19 species amphibian vegetations were found in the beel. A total of 126 species of phytoplankton belonging to the 54 genera and 73 species of zooplankton belonging to the 42 genera were recorded from the beel. A total of 103 species of fish belonging to the 52 genera of 20 families, 10 orders under Osteichthyes class were recorded. Food and feeding habits, seasonal availability, breeding season, habitat and economic importance were also studied in the Beel Koshba. Identified annelids, arthropods, mollusks, amphibian, reptiles, aves and mammals were 8, 11, 15, 8, 21, 40 and 12 respectively. Among these 16 species of edible fisheries items were identified. It has been observed that the abundance of fishes is decreasing day by day due to natural and man made causes and other environmental factors. Some of the species are extinct (Nandus nandus, Chaca chaca), some of the species are threatened to extinction (C. marulius, Bagarius bagarius) in the northwest region of Bangladesh. Disease symptoms of the 12 fish species were studied. The symptoms of the diseases were 13 in number. The symptoms of dermal lesion was observed in all of the infected fish species (12 species), followed by ulcer (11 species), Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (10 species), tail and fin rot (6 species), red spot (6 species), scale loss (5 species), deformed (4), dropsy (3 species), gill rot (3 species), hemorrhage (3 species), black spot (3 species), tumour (2), white spot (2 species). The incidence of diseases were 8.08%, 19.42%, 17.08%, 13.42%, 9.58%, 8.00%, 7.25%, 16.17%, 17.42%, 5.42%, 10.08%, 14.92% in the species Carla catla, Channa punctatus, Channa striatus, Cirrhinus mrigala, Heteropneustes fossilis, Labeo bata, Labeo rohita, Mystus armatus, Mastacembelus pancalus, Mystus vittatus, Puntius sarana, Puntius ticto respectively. The overall incidence was 12.24%. The highest incidence was observed in Channa punctatus (19.42%) followed by Mastacembelus pancalus (17.42%) and Channa striatus (17.08%). The lowest incidence observed in Mystus vittatus (5.42%). The occurrence of diseases was highest in February (24.75%) followed by March (23.92%), January (23.42%), April (19.83%), December (19.75%), November (18.17%), October (4.75%), September (4.00%), May (2.92%), August (2.75%) and July (2.58%). The diseases were found in the month of July-May during the study period July 2005-June 2007, peak in the months of January-March. In case of environmental hazards, natural hazards (flood, drought, tornado and earthquake) and man made hazards (degradation of water quality from agriculture sector, industrial waste and fishermen community) were observed. Environmental hazards from fishermen community were observed on the basis of age group, family size, income group, investment, educational qualification, sanitary system, land ownership, fuel use pattern, housing pattern etc. It was found that the fishermen were the highest (32%) in 21-30 age group and the lowest (4%) in 61-70 age group. In case of total population, 11-20 age group people was the highest (25.66%) and accordingly the lowest (1.54%) in 61-70 age group. Daily income of the fishermen was the highest (50%) in Tk. 61-90 income per day group and the lowest (2%) in above the Tk. 151 group. The highest (36%) investments were in Tk. 2001-4000 group and the lowest (8%) were in highest investment Tk. 8001-10,000 group. The fishermen were mostly illiterate (68%) and 25% near to illiterate i.e. below class five group. Only 1% was secondary school certificate and above. In case of subsidiary occupation, the highest (44%) fishermen sell their labour on daily basis, 24%, 12% and 8% were engaged in agriculture, fish trading and other works respectively. Family type was mostly nuclear. Eighty seven percent families have below 6 members. Only 1% family has above 9 members. In case of land ownership pattern 6% fishermen were absolute land less. Seventy percent fishers have no agricultural land, they have only ancestral homestead. Only 24% fishers have a little piece of agricultural land. Overall average per family has only 0.061 hectare land. They use Lakri, Waste straw, Dry leaves, Nanda and Bhusi as fuel for cooking. Most of the fishes (90%) caught by the fishermen was sold in paikari form and always they set a less amount than expected one. The fishermen have no adequate training (only 8% ). They do not know (88%) the fisheries law. They showed interest (99%) to get training. Seventy percent Muslim and 30% Hindu community were engaged in the occupation of fishing.
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    Assessment of Water Pollution and its Impact on Fisheries Resources of Posna Beel, Kalihati, Tangail
    (University of Rajshahi, 2006) Alam, Ashraful; Jahan, M. Sarwar; Zaman, M.
    Posna Beel is an important perennial waterbody in Kalihati Upazila of Tangail District. The heel area is 121.5 ha in monsoon and 9 .0 ha in dry period. The heel is the main source of fish for Pouzan, Balla, Rampur and Elenga Bazars. A research work for two years was carried out on the water quality, Agro-chemical use, and pesticide residue and beel sediment of Posna heel. From water quality monitoring, it was found that the heel water was very suitable for open water fisheries. The levels of concentration of some water pollutants such as ammonia (0.012-0.076 mg/I) and nitrate (0.15-0.48 mg/1) were very low while the bio­chemical parameters such as BOD5 (2.70-5.43 mg/I) and COD (5.20-8.15 mg/l) were slightly high. Nitrite was found zero round the year. The values of DO vary from 6.66 mg/I to 9.66 mg/1, which was suitable for fishes and other biota. According to the field survey, the farmers in the beet area was found to using 113.14 kg urea per acre against the government recommendation level of 87.0 kg per acre. On the other hand, application of TSP, MP and Gypsum were lower than the government recommendation level. Both the bee! water and sediment were free from Organophosphorus and Carbamate pesticides. However, a very trace amount of Organochlorine (DDT, heptachlor and dieldrin) pesticide was found in the beel sediment and water sample, which was negligible in the context of pollution. From the survey on agro­chemical use, it was found that farmers around the Posna beet were not using organochlorine pesticides in HYV Boro field. The presence of a trace amount of Organochlorine pesticides in water and sediment samples may be for the past use of these pesticides for mosquito eradication in this area.
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    Environmental Consequences of Development Interventions in Rural Areas: A Study on Selected Villages
    (University of Rajshahi, 2006) Ahsan, Kamrul; Jahan, M. Sarwar
    The study was conducted to explore the indigenous knowledge and concept of people of various statuses from two floods free and two flood-affected villages on rural environmental consequences of development interventions under Camilla Sadar and Sonargaon Upazilas of Bangladesh. As well as the impact of development interventions in soil and water qualities were assessed. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and survey methods were used to assess the current environmental conditions in the study areas. Agriculture soil tests covered soil texture, pH, organic matter content, percent of total nitrogen, P and K. Nine soil samples from different land types of the study villages were tested for finding out residual effects of insecticides in soils under the groups of Organophosphorus, Organocarbamate and organochlorine after the boro season of 2003. Soil samples were collected from different types of agricultural land under the. study. Water quality both for surface and ground water were considered for the study. Total Dissolved Salt, SS, NH/, PH, P and K tests were carried out for surface water. Arsenic, TH and TDS tests were carried out for ground water assessment in the study villages.-------
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    Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts of Social Forestry in the High Barind Tract
    (University of Rajshahi, 2006) Basher, Mohammed Norul; Rahman, M. Shamsur
    Forests and forest produce are the integral part of world's environment and they support the environmental balance of the world as well as supply the major portion of the basic needs of human beings. Forests accommodate a great diversity of largely unknown plants, animals, microorganisms and genes generated by intricate ecological process. Forests and trees provide a range of wood and non-wood products, fuel wood, fruits and vegetables, fodder, medicine and so forth. Forests also provide basic elements for life on earth through ecological functions, regulate climate and water resources, stabilize soil, cycle nutrients, treat waste, provide habitat and facilitate recreation. People began to clear forestland's for agriculture, settlement and grazing from Neolithic age. As the population rapidly increased since the l 8th and 19th centuries, a pressure on forestland's also increased. Nowadays the demand for forest goods and resources are the highest ever as the world's population is constantly increasing (Isik, Yaltirik and Akesen, 1997). Population pressure, agriculture, industrialization and development activities are exerting a tremendous pressure on the forests and forestland's. Forest covers one-third land of this planet (about 3.9 billion hectares) excluding Antarctica and Greenland, which is 29.6% of the world's total Landmass (Larsen, 2003). Assessments have shown that for many years world's forest cover is shrinking. According to Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO] (2003), 0.38% of the world's forest were converted to other land uses (i.e., deforested) every year since 1990s. Although large areas reverted to forest, it leaves a net annual loss of 0.22 percent and the world lost about 94 million hectares of forest from 1990 to 2000. Bangladesh is a developing country in South-East Asia with low natural resource base but a dense population. The natural resource base of the country is under serious threat, as most natural resources are being over-exploited and used unsustainable. In 1947, the natural forest cover of the country was 24% of the total land (Gain, 1998a), which has now come down to about 5.8% of the total land of the country (Bangladesh Forest Department [BFD], 2003). Bangladesh has nearly 150-years' history of scientific forest management. In the early 1980s, Bangladesh introduced Social Forestry with some core objectives: ecological restoration, poverty alleviation and people's participation. There remains a question whether these objectives are fulfilled at excepted level or there is room for a more responsive practice to improve outcomes of Social Forestry. A brief examination of past forest resource management practices and shift in forest policy changes in Bangladesh is essential to fully perceive the answer of this question. 1.1 Bangladesh Forestry Sector Bangladesh is situated in the no1th-eastern part of South Asia between 20° 341 and 26° 381 1101th latitude and between 88° 011 and 92°411 east longitude. The country covers an area of 1, 47,570 sq. km and is bounded by India from the west, north and most of east. Myanmar lies on the southeast and the Bay of Bengal on the south (BBS, 2001a). The cow1try is highly populated and total population of the country is 149.7 million (UNFP A, 2005). Bangladesh is located in a unique geographical location between two biologically diverse sub-regions (Indian and Malayan). Due to this, the country has a number of major natural forest ecosystems including the Sunder ban. Forest ecosystems of Bangladesh mainly consist of natural and plantation forests. Tropical wet evergreen, tropical semi evergreen, tropical moist deciduous ai1d tidal forest ecosystems are in the category of natural forests (Ali, 2003). Plantation forests are however developed in deforested forestland's, degraded hill forests, sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn.) forests, marginal lands and newly accreted low-lying coastal areas. Forest area of Bangladesh is gradually decreasing since the independence of Bangladesh. From 1986 to 1996, more than half of the closed forests those were medium to good density forests were turned to either degraded to poor density forests or deforested or encroached (F AO, 2000). Androgenic activities and natural causes are the agents of depletion of forest resources in Bangladesh. Increased consumption of forest products, human encroachment, deforestation, illegal logging, low flows in the dis-tributaries of the Gai1ges due to withdrawal of water at Farakka Barrage point in India during lean season and its · consequences are the human induced activities responsible for forest degradation. Climate change, sea level rise also acts as natural causes for forest degradation in Bangladesh (Ahan1ed, Siddiqi & Choudhuri, 1999). Three distinct periods are evident in the forest management history of Bangladesh. They are: 1) Forest management during colonial period 2) Forest management during Pakistan period and 3) Forest management in Bangladesh and inception of Social Forestry…
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    Sustainable Land Management: Policy Implication and Sectoral Achievement
    (University of Rajshahi, 2007) Alam, Md. Shamsul; Ahmed, Raquib; Rahman, Md. Redwanur
    Present investigation deals with the "Sustainable Land Management: Policy Implication and Sectoral Achievement". It was conducted from the period of three years (July'2003 to June'2006) in the Barind tract (Nachole Upazila) and Chalan Beel area (Singra Upuzila). The Chalan Beel area lies between 24°35' to 24°70' North latitude and 89° 10' to 89°35 'East longitudes. The total area of Chalan Beel area is 368 sq km. Barind tract lies between 24°20' to 25°35'North latitudes and 88°20' to 89°30' East longitudes. Total area of Barind tract is about 7,770 sq km. The investigation was designed with land management system of Bangladesh and degradation due to inadequate existing polices and improper implementation of existing laws in Bangladesh. The present study has observed that there are many laws and government policies to manage the land of Bangladesh such as The Non Agricultural Tenancy Act'1949, The Land Revenue Act’s 949, The State Acquisition and Tenancy Act' 1951, The Tax Rules'1962, The Vested Property Act'1966, The Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance'1971, The Bangladesh Irrigation and Water Rate Ordinance'1983. Most of these laws were prepared during British and Pakistan periods. These ancient laws were prepared and enacted for their own interest and in ancient time. But now the scenario is changed. The formal Bengal province is now fully independent country. The land use pattern has been changed and population has been increased. Man land ratio has been decreased. The excessive land use and improper land use change are causing land degradation. The socio-economic problems are rising due to improper land management. The population is much more than the affording capacity of the area. The people need foods, shelter and others from the limited land. The farmers are trying to produce much food from the limited land resource. They are using chemical fertilizer, insecticides, HYV seeds and other harmful things in agricultural land without considering its consequences and future. Rut there are not laws and policies to stop or to reduce of these harmful activities. Even the existing laws and policies are encouraging them to use the harmful activities such as The Canals Act' 1864, The Irrigation Act'1876, The Destructive Insects and Pests Act'1914, The Agricultural and Sanitary Improvement Act'1920, The Tanks Improvement Act'1939, The Agricultural Pesticides Ordinance'1971, The Bangladesh Irrigation and Water Rate Ordinance' 1983. Though recent policies are emphasizing! To reduce those chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural land. But these policies and laws are not implemented properly. There are 24 agricultural laws and 7 policies passed by the government of Bangladesh to develop the agriculture……………………………