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Item FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF MILK PRODUCED FROM COMMERCIAL DAIRYING AT CHITTAGONG OF BANGLADESH(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Chattogram-4225, Bangladesh, 2017-06) Chanda, TanniChittagong is one of the milk pocket areas and the second largest city of Bangladesh. But the commercial dairy farms of Chittagong can’t fulfill the demand of milk of this area. The Government of Bangladesh has a vision 2021 where importance has given for the universal food production and food security. It emphasizes that the country needs to be self-sufficient not only in terms of food production but also equitable distribution of nutritious food amongst the people. TheDepartment of Livestock Services has registered commercial dairy farms of the Chittagong areas, and they have divided the farms into four categories. These are A, B, C and D categories. Each category of dairy farm has different number of dairy cows. The A, B, C and D farm has ≥50, 31-<50, 11-30 and 3-10 number of dairy cows, respectively. Though many problems exist in the dairy farms of Bangladesh, quality is one of them. Similar problems are facing by the Chittagong dairy sector, which also exist in the other dairy farms of Bangladesh. It is observed thatquality of milk produced by these farms is not satisfactory. That is why the aim of this study was to explore the important factorsthat influence the quality and quantity of milk production in the different categories of commercial dairy farms at Chittagong, Bangladesh. From the observed data it was revealed that the commercial dairy sector of Chittagong is facing a lot of problems regarding the quality and quantity of milk production. Among those, selection of appropriate crossbreds under different categories of farm, imbalanced feed and seasonal effects etc., being the most important constraints for milk quality and quantity of milk production. The baseline survey showed that the quality and quantity of milk production of different category of farms (A, B, C) varied significantly due to differing in socio economic conditions of the farmers. From the survey, it also observed that five types of crossbreds were available in different category of farms, of which Holstein Friesian(HF) bloodwas common in four crossbreds (50%HF×50%L(Local), 75%HF×25%L, 50%HF×50%S(Sahiwal), 50%HF×25%S×25%L) and only one crossbred without HF blood was 50%S×50%L. According to the number, the 50%HF×50%L genotype being the highest, and 50%S×50%L crossbred was the lowest in different category of farms. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in milk yield and quality among different category of farms, crossbreds and different seasons. The daily average milk yield/cow was higher in category A farms, and the gross composition of milk except lactose was also rich in the same category of farms. The highest milk yield was observed in monsoon season in compared to summer and winter. The highest daily average milk yield was found in case of 75%HF×25%L compared to other crossbreeds, and the rearing percentage of 75%HF×25%L cow was found to be the highest in category A farms. The lowest daily milk yield/cow was observed in case of 50%S×50%L crossbred. The milk yield and milk constituents of HF 50%×L50% were more or less similar under different category of farms with different feeding and management conditions, whereas performance of 75%HF×25%L and 50%HF×50%S crossbreds were decreased significantly with inferior management and feeding under category B and category C farms compared to category A farms. The average milk urea nitrogen (MUN) differs significantly(p<0.05) among different category of farms and seasons.MUN was the lowest in category A (21.67±4.130) and the highest in category C (26.30±3.976) farms.Theconcentration of MUN in dairy herd of Chittagong was ranged from 18.6mg/dl to 31.03mg/dl which was higher than suggested MUN level of the dairy herd. The MUN level was highest in winter than in summer and the lowest MUN were observed in rainy season. The important finding was observed by the correlation with MUN and milk yield. The negativecorrelations were observed in winter and summer. Positive correlation was observed in monsoon. This finding could be used for minimizing feed costs while maximizing production in commercial dairying at Chittagong. Grading-up of local cattle by temperate breeds for greater performance results to increase the sensitivity to heat stress in tropical environment.The average temperature humidity index (THI) of the stanchion barn were 70.83± 0.535 and 83.87± 0.375 in cool and hot period, respectively. The differences of THI of cool and hot season was significant (p<0.05). At the same THI level the 75%HF×25%L genotypes were suffered more from heat stress than the 50%HF×50%L genotype, which was reflected at their rectal temperature. The average rectal temperature (0F) of 75%HF×25%L and 50%HF×50%L genotype being the 102.15±0.049 and 102.5±0.052, respectively in hot period. The average milk yield (liter/day), fat% and protein% of both genotypes were significantly (p>0.05) lower at heat stressed condition compared to cool period.It was also seen that the declining trend of milk yield was more prominent in 75%HF×25%L genotype compared to 50%HF×50%L above optimum(72) level of THIduring heat stressed period. From the results it can be concluded that genotype 50%HF×50%L might be the better option for all category of farmers considering existing management system, whereas 75%HF×25%Lwould also be a promising for the category B and C farmers through improving overall management and feeding system of the farms.Item Life Style, Health Behavior and Health Status of different FDMN community people in Rohingya Refugee Settlement, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh.(The Thesis is submitted in the fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Organization: Department of Pathology and Parasitology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) Khulshi, Chattogram-4225, Bangladesh, 2023-10) Islam, Md JahedulGlobally, 79.5 million people live outside their country. They are mostly migrants, people who leave their homelands in search of better opportunities. However, over one-third of them are refugees, escaping political violence and other threats in their own country. Currently, the Rohingya refugee issue has become a big humanitarian crisis in Bangladesh. This community has been compelled to leave their home place due to violence. According to the data of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), as of March 2023, 960,539 Rohingya refugees have been registered and issued to be migrated from Myanmar to Bangladesh. This densely populated community is facing many health-related difficulties due to their living conditions, limitation of resources, restricted healthcare access, lack of sanitation etc. In many places, Rohingya camps are mostly overcrowded, with few supplies and major management issues. Because of the crowded living conditions in the camps and the absence of appropriate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) protocols, the refugees are placed in a situation where they pose a significant threat to the health of the general population, particularly at the Kutupalong extension sites. Rohingya people are also exposed to traumatic events related to the war, such as the destruction of property, the loss of family members, witnessing extreme violence, and injuries or losses of property at home earlier etc. These traumatic experiences may result in severe mental health problems among them. Based on these circumstances, we aimed to study the epidemiology and socio-demographic factors associated with different diseases (both communicable and non-communicable) and the impact of health education in improving health behavior, lifestyle and health status of different FDMN communities in the Rohingya Refugee Settlement, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The other associating objectives were to determine the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding different diseases among the FDMN community, and to estimate the disease burden/occurrence among the community people. To satisfy the requirement of the study objectives a cross-sectional survey was conducted on 3060 Rohingya people living in the refugee camps at Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh. After receiving voluntary consent, information was gathered through in-person interviews utilizing a language-validated, pretested questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed on socio-demography, knowledge, awareness, attitude and behavioral practices, disease burden and impact of health education-based variables. The questions were designed on that particular variable/s with suitable options rationally. A non-probability purposive sampling method has been used in this study. In chapter one based on the first objective, we observed that the knowledge, attitude and practice variables had significant association with different diseases when the respondents were asked abouttheir knowledge, attitude and practices on different diseases and related issues. Here 64% of respondents believed that eating regular meals in time is important for health. Around 53% thought that sanitary latrine is important to prevent different water-borne diseases. Also, 62% of respondents mentioned that consulting doctor immediately is important in case of any clinical conditions. However, still 36% respondents believed that TB, Cancer and HIV are the result of great sin. About 58% of respondents were used to wash hands before meals and after toilet properly with soap. About 54% of respondents used to treat or boil water to drink. About 41% of respondents used to cut nails regularly and 69% of respondents used anti-mosquito nets/coils/spray at home. About 36% respondents used to clean bushes and water containing pots regularly to prevent mosquito breeding. In chapter two based on objective two, we evaluated the knowledge level of the study participants on different communicable and non-communicable diseases. We revealed that 84% of the respondents knew about water-borne diseases, 81% knew about transmission of water borne diseases and 78% of respondents knew about the signs and symptoms of water-borne diseases. About 68% of respondents could identify A, B complex, C, D, E and K as examples of vitamins, where 24% identified K, Fe, Zn, Cu and 8% identified Na, I, Ca and electrolyte as vitamins. Around 72% respondents identified Cholera, Typhoid, Diarrhea, Dysentery and Giardiasis as examples of water-borne diseases and 69% identified Malaria, Dengue and Chikunguniya as mosquito-borne diseases correctly. Moreover, 39% of respondents correctly identified sexually transmitted diseases like Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, HIV and Viral Hepatitis. Pneumonia, Influenza, COVID-19 and TB were identified correctly as respiratory diseases by 49% of respondents. Again when the respondents were asked about examples of non-communicable diseases, 48% replied about Diabetes, Hypertension, MI, Dyslipidemia, Stroke and Osteoporosis. In chapter three based on objective three, we assessed the impact of health education on the knowledge, attitude and practice of health-related behavior of the respondents. We observed that, 71% of respondents are currently using anti-mosquito nets/coils/spray compared to 57% in 6 months back. Around 68% of respondents found practising hand washing properly before meal and after toilet with soap compared to 51% during 6 months back. It was seen that 61% of the respondents knew about essential nutrients whereas it was 47% during 6 months back. Again 73% of respondents thought that fruits and vegetables are good sources of vitamins and minerals which was recorded as 68% in 6 months back. 78% of respondents used to wash fruits, vegetables and other raw foods before consumption which was 61% before 6 months. Also seen that 66% of respondents believed that a healthy lifestyle and healthy food habits can prevent diseases whereas 52% thought similar in 6 months earlier. xv In chapter four based on objective four it was observed that socio-demographic variables had a significant association with different diseases knowledge and practice part. Age groups were significantly associated with the practice part when the respondents were asked about washing hands after defecation with soap (p<0.05). Gender was significantly associated with the practice part when the respondents were asked about cooking foods properly (p<0.001). Age groups had a significant association with knowledge of TB (p<0.05). Age groups were significantly associated with knowledge of mosquito-borne diseases (p<0.001) and on the causes of Mosquito-borne diseases (p<0.001). Monthly family income had a significant association with taking sufficient fruits and vegetables regularly (p<0.05) and having regular meals (p<0.05). According to this study, we found that socio-demographic characteristics and health education had a significant effect on the health behavior and knowledge, attitude and practice towards different communicable and non-communicable diseases in the respondents. The findings showed that age and education shape health knowledge and attitudes. Health education's impact on Rohingya refugees is consistent with other refugee studies, indicating its value in improving health outcomes. Besides these, there was a noticeable impact of health education in improving the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding different health issues. Nevertheless, it is imperative to acknowledge the limitations of the study and take them into account when interpreting the results. Additional research is required in various refugee settings to corroborate and build upon the existing discoveries, thereby augmenting the efficacy of healthcare interventions for marginalized populations on a global scale.Item Breeding and Feeding of Indian Peafowl in Bangladesh National Zoo(ERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSHOPY IN ZOOLOGY (WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY) DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, JAHANGIRNAGAR UNIVERSITY SAVAR, DHAKA, BANGLADESH, 2020-12) MIAZI, OMAR FARUKIndian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) is one of the most beautiful birds in the world. Because of its attractive appearance, the bird has long been famous outside its native range, and consequently kept in captivities and bred across the world. Indian peafowl is an attraction for people and the wild birds are being used as flagship species for conservation and an indicator species for environmental changes. Few other bird species have had such an impact and long history, holding an unmistakable place in the way of life, craftsmanship and religion of eastern and western societies. The wild populations of Indian peafowl are declining and currently it is declared a threatened species according to IUCN Red List. The wild birds used to be found in all the Sal (Shorea robusta) forests of Bangladesh until the 1980s. Today, there is no Indian peafowl in the wild in Bangladesh, but a good number is available in captivity. There are more than 200 Indian peafowls in Bangladesh National Zoo (BNZ) alone, but there was no scientific study on the breeding and feeding as well as others related parameters in captivity in the Bangladesh context. Therefore, the main focus of this study was to fulfill that data gap and get new information on the breeding and feeding of the Indian peafowl in captivity. The data were collected from April 2015 to December 2018 by directly observing and measuring various parameters as well as by questionnaire survey. Based on the data on weight-gain and other phenotypic characteristics of the Indian peafowl in BNZ it was found that the average live weight of a day old chick and 6 month old chick were 65.7±3.00 gm and 1982.05±38.58 gm, respectively. There was statically increasing trend in the weight in different ascending age groups. The body weight of a day old peachick ranged from 58 to 71 gm, which continue to gain weight with the age and at age 180 days the weight ranged from 1,935 to 2,079 gm. Significant, variation was found in the individual weight gain with the age. The males gain more weight in all stages of development compared to the females from 210 days up to 365 days. On average, the one year old males gained 3,266.2 gm weight whereas females gained 2,830.4 gm weight. The growth rates varied significantly in males and females of all age groups (P<0.001). The weight gain was found satisfactory because of the supply of proper and balanced feed, good housing, and good management in BNZ. The average weight of mature Indian peafowl was found 5.35 kg for male and 3.14 kg for female. Most of quantitative parameters of male and female were significantly different (P<0.001). The mature male appearance in breeding season was colourful plumage with glossy blue neck and the mature female was shiny brown with smooth plumage. In the breeding season every single male maintained a territory that consisted of three or four females. Males became sexually mature at the age of 2.79±0.20 years whereas females became sexually mature at 1.77±0.19 years of age. Breeding season was from February to August (n=105). The incubation period was 29.45±0.69 days and the first laying age was 675.45±65.74 days. Egg weight, egg length, egg width and clutch number found in this study were 107.84±6.27 gm, 7.53±0.50 cm, 5.43±0.24 cm and 11.25±1.02, respectively. The overall fertility was 45.61% (n=592), but the overall hatchability was 40.20% based on total eggs (n=592) and 88.15% based on fertile eggs (n=270). The feeds supplied for adult Indian peafowl during the study included layer feed, spinach, cabbage, fruits, eggs and peanuts. Mango and watermelon were supplied seasonally, but papaya was supplied most of the time. Bulk of feeds (comprised of layer feeds, spinach and fruits) were provided totally 250 gm daily; on the other hand, 25 gm of supporting feed eggs and peanuts were given per peafowl. Clean water was given every day. No significant difference in feed intake was found across the seasons. The peachicks were fully free from feed and water on the 1st day and small amount of crumble feeds were supplied to the peachicks from the 2nd day. After the 3rd month, pellet form of layer starter feed was supplied. Spinach, fruits, eggs and peanuts were given as feed constituents after 2 weeks, 1.5 months, 2 weeks and 4 months respectively. The habitats of the Indian peafowl in BNZ are fully enclosed, and comprises with resting and egg laying areas. Space requirement for each Indian peafowl was more than 100 square feet in both habitats. Livability of the Indian peafowl chicks was very high for all study years. The overall livability was 95.82% (n=263) up to fledgling age. The fledgling age was considered three months when they grow full feathers. Livability (97.5%; n=39) was the highest in 2018, whereas the lowest (93.75%; n=15) was in 2016. Mortality, on the other hand, was found low in all study years, the total average was found only (4.18%; n=263). The main causes of peachick mortality were found colibacillosis and salmonellosis. Most of the deaths orrurred in early age between 1-15 days, which was 82% (n=9), later in 16-90 days age only 18% (n=2) deaths occurred. Out of the total recorded death cases due to diseases during the study, 62.5% (n=5) was due to colibacillosis and 37.5% (n=3) was due to salmonellosis. The common diseases were salmonellosis and coli basillosis in early stage, and coccid iosis and parasitic infestation in adult stage. Moreover, omphalytis was found in day-old peachicks and Newcastle disease, f owl pox, avian cholera, rickets and enteritis were reported in past time, but not during this s tudy. The common visible abnormalities were curled toes, bumble feet, wing injury and lameness. T The highest recorded (54.1%; n=33) was curled toes and the lowest recoded (6.6%; n=4) was wing injury. Other rarely observed abnormalities included gout in hock joint, heat stress, cool stress, visitor stress and nervous disorder disorder. The diagnosis of diseases and abnormalities were done by the official veterinary physicians, based on clinical signs and postmortem analysis, which was followed by treatment as prescribed by the physicians. Vaccine against Newcastle disease, fowl pox and avian influenza were used to combat the diseases. Moreover, medication against parasitic infestation was started from four month of age and later continued regularly in six months interval. Some vitamins, minerals and nutrients were used regularly for preventing several abnormalities and diseases. The findings of this study will be useful in improving the management and propagation of the Indian peafowl in captivity, particularly in zoos, safari parks and farms. Since it is a large ornamental bird, its breeding has the commercial prospect to sale as pet bird or for meat. Moreover, initiatives can be taken to breed the species in captivity, systematically train them to survive in the wild, and release in safe wild habitats where the species once existed in the wild.