Vol. 14, No. 2, December 2021

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    Pension Shortfalls Recovery Techniques in Federal Universities in Nigeria
    (©Daffodil International University, 2021-12-17) Adeyele, Joshua Solomon; Maiturare, Mohammed Nasirudeen
    Ascertaining the extent of pension liabilities at any point in time is a critical erercise that must be undertaken at regular intervals. As contributions to employees' retirement saving accounts (RSAs) are expected to be made monthly, failure to comply by many employers has resulted to pension shortfalls that needs to be determined so that the beneficiaries ofdefined contribution (DC) scheme are not underpaid when they retire. Carrying out this exercise requires sound actuarial models that capture all funds not remitted as well as returns on expected contributions. Mixed method in terms of primary and secondary data were adoptedfor the study. The models developed in this study systematically account for all accruing benefits to employees in which their employers omitted to pay into their RSAs. Specifically. our findings revealed that out of550 employees from the selected institutions. 260 employees are being owed N191,687,720.46. Based on the pension shortfalls estimate, we concluded that the current members of DC with nofunds being remitted to their retirement saving accounts as and when due risk substantial pension wealth for as long as default continues. Consequently, we recommend that the National Pension Commission (NPC) should come to the aid of affected employees by making sure that employers take deliberate step to repay the estimated liabilities and other outstanding liabilities to their RSAs.
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    Digital Marketing Activities
    (©Daffodil International University, 2021-12-17) Shahriar, Mohammad Shibli; Iqbal, Mohammed Masum
    This study on a comparative analysis of digital marketing activities of Evaly and Daraz has highlighted strategic comparative analysis of two online supermarket stores in Bangladesh. It has evaluated external characteristics of the marketing environment by using PESTLE analysis and internal characteristics through SWOT analysis. The micro environment of Evaly has been analyzed by idenOing potential digital factors of marketing while Daraz has also been identified by its emerging marketing abilities. Competitive rivalry for both the markets has been found as moderate, which has been formulated through four other marketingforces. The study also highlights operational strategies which can improve digital marketing strategies that are adopted by both the organizations for extension of their digital supermarket. in addition. limitations of the suggested strategies are also explained in the report. In conclusion, major similarities and differences between the operations of two organizations are highlighted. In recommendations, some suggestions have been made forAttire implications for both Evaly and Daraz.
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    The Effects of Unemployment, Inflation and Interest Rates on the Government Expenditure in the philippines
    (©Daffodil International University, 2021-12-17) Bienes, Carl Vincent; Domingo, Patrick Mello; Pinpin, Arkyl Joshua; Cabauatan, Ronaldo
    This study examines the nature and interaction of the government expenditure (GE) and the macroeconomic variables such as unemployment rate (UNEM), inflation rate (IN), and real interest rate (RIR) in the Philippines from 1976 to 2019. This study aims to determine the effect of the macroeconomic variables on GE in the Philippines based on time series data from the World Bank Database. The econometric techniques such as Augmented Dickey•Fuller (ADF), Johansen cointegration test and Granger causality, were used to investigate the relationship that transpires in the variables. The properties of time series were examined through unit root test and the results of the ADE unit root test which showed that the independent variables IN, RIR, and UNEM are stationary at level form. while government expenditure percent of GDP is stationary at first difference. The Johansen cointegration test stated that there exists a long-run relationship between UNEM, IN, RJR and GE. The Granger causality revealed that UNEM, IN. RIR does not cause GE. hence, there is no causation between these variables.
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    A Theoretical Plethora of Modelling Actuarial Risk Aversion Coefficient
    (©Daffodil International University, 2021-12-17) Ogungbenle, Gbenga Michael; Zayed, Nurul Mohammad; Hassan, Mohammad Arif; Imran, Mohammad Ali
    The goal of the paper is to theoretically evaluate an approximate actuarial aversion risk coefficient in relation to future utility trend and discuss an analytic model for investigating the behaviour of risk aversion random risk together with the infiuence it exerts on utility function. By initiating Newton s process, the result shows that the scheme holder’s risk premium for small actuarially neutral risk , is the product ofhalfofthe aversion and the volatility term. The paper stresses the importance of numerical methods in actuarial risk theory and also brings our attention to risk measurement applications. Furthermore, it describes the procedure of estimating the intensity of aversion co-efficient using numerical algorithm. It relies heavily on the analytic properties of utility function whose gradient function does not vanish. The estimation of aversion coefficient lends credence to risk theory because of its potency to measure riskiness of insurance portfolio guiding both risk manager and scheme holder either or not to assume risk. However, the estimation of aversion involves a model based on the knowledge of differential equation.
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    Alternative Sources of Income of Employees from the Foodservice Industry in Puerto Princesa City During Pandemic
    (©Daffodil International University, 2021-12-17) Olano, Randy Gamelong; Viernes, Josefina Salanguit; Ayco, Bonifacio Vergabera
    The overwhelming impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on company sales, notably in the restaurant industry, compelled employers of various foodservice companies to change their business models, resulting in the loss of thousands of jobs in the Philippines. The primary objective of this study was to ascertain alternative sources of income for foodservice industry personnel in Puerto Princesa City during the pandemic. A descriptive correlational research design was adopted in this study. Following pretesting, the researchers individually administered the self-created questionnaire to available personnel at the city's most popular restaurants. For those who were not there at the time, a link to Google Forms was also supplied. The survey form was completed by 135 participants. The findings indicated that 41.5 percent of respondents lacked alternative income sources due to their membership in the skeletal workforce or their reliance on help from their employers, private businesses, and both national and local government units. Meanwhile, employees who used online business as a supplement to their income during ECQ earned an average of 2,206.37 pesos per month. Their initial capital came from savings and their 13th-month pay of 2,992.21 pesos. Additionally, the study discovered that the respondent's age, spouse's salary, and job title/position were significantly related to the amount of alternative income earned. Furthermore, while more restaurant employees engaged in entrepreneurial ventures during ECQ than those employed in hotel foodservice outlets, there is no statistically significant difference in terms of alternative income earned.
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    Effect of Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Prevention and Control of Covid-19 Infection
    (©Daffodil International University, 2021-12-17) Russel, Aminul Haque; Robidas, Lakkhan Chandra
    The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of knowledge (general knowledge on COVID-19 and transmission knowledge on COVID-19) and attitudes towards prevention and control of COVID-19 contamination. In this study, an online survey approach was used, and primary data were collected through structured questionnaire from 410 respondents’ who actively participated in the survey. This study is conducted based on Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Five (5) research hypotheses were constructed in order to fulfill the objective of this study. The proposed research hypotheses were tested by using PLS-SEM techniques. The results showed that entirely all five hypotheses were accepted. Precisely, general knowledge on COVID-19, transmission knowledge on COVID-19 and attitudes towards prevention & control positively contributes to the behavior towards prevention and control of COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, the findings suggest that proper knowledge and optimistic attitudes on COVID-19 may change the behavioral pattern of people to prevent and control the COVID-19 infection. The outcomes of this study are significant to convey future efforts to focus on social preparation to conform the pandemic control measures. One of the significant drawbacks of this study is that the data was collected through online questionnaire survey and during pandemic.