Thesis 2012
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Item Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Hypertension(East West University, 1/30/2012) Mahmud, RaselDiabetes mellitus is the rapid development disease that caused by metabolic disorder. There are many several risk factors exists, among them, hypertension and smoking is the most important. To find out the relationship between hypertension with diabetes mellitus the present study was cooducted incorporating 105 patients from the Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM). In this survey type study data were collected using a questionnaire which include question regarding name, address, sex, age, education, marital status, occupation, smoking, betel nut, table salt etc. All data were evaluated and compared with each patient. The results of the study showed that 70% patients were male and 30% patients werefemale. Among the patients 57% people were attacked by hypertension. The distribution of diabetes mellitus in different age range showed that from 40-59 years, people are more prone to suffering from diabetes mellitus. It was also found that 43% of 10tal population was suffering from leg problem associated diseases. The results of the study suggested that diabetes mellitus is more prevalent in hypertensive patients, which ultimately results in a complication and increases morbidity and mortality.Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder where smoking and hypertension is giving synergistic effect on patients. Since smoking and hypertension is modifiable risk factor, a person can remain safe from this disease by changing their lifestyle. Physical activity and nutritious food are essential for every person. Moreover, smoking should be abandoned and blood pressure should be in control.Item In Vivo Study of Analgesic and CNS Activity of the Aqueous Leaf Extract of Kalanchoe Pinnata(East West University, 6/5/2012) Billlah, Md. MustakimA medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its organ, contains substance that can be used for therapeutic purpose or which is a precursor for synthesis of useful drugs.” (Sofowora, 1982, Medicinal Plant and Traditional Medicine in Africa)...This definition of Medicinal Plant has been formulated by WHO (World Health Organization). In Bangladesh, ninety percent of the medicinal plants are wild sourced (Ghani, 1998; SEDF & IC, 2003). Out of approximately 5,000 species of indigenous and naturalized phanerogamic and pteridophytic plants growing in the country, more than a thousand of them, including many food, vegetable, beverage, spice and ornamental plants, contain medicinally useful chemical substances (Mia, 1990). Growing in the forests, jungles, wastelands, and along roadsides, the types of medicinal plants in Bangladesh are varied. A total of 546 medicinal plants that occur in the country have been counted thus far (Yusuf et al., 1994). However, this list is not exhaustive since it is believed that many other medicinal plants also grow there, but have not yet been discovered or identified (Said, 1995; Ghani, 1998).Item Phytochemical and Biological Investigations of Nyctanthes Arbortristis, Tinospora Tomentosa & Musa Sapientum Var. Sylvestris(East West University, 5/31/2012) Acharya, SrijanThe crude methanolic extracts and buffer extracts derived from the Nyctanthes arbortristis, Tinospora tomentosa & Musa sapientum Var. sylvestris were screened in vitro for possible phytochemical, antibacterial and biomedical activities. Under phytochemical analysis, antioxidant test & Chemical screening was done whereas in biomedical analysis haemolytic activity & haemagglutination test was performed. Moderate antioxidant property found in case of banana & night jasmine, whereas for Tinospora tomentosa it was very poor. The crude methanolic extract of banana & night jasmine showed good antibacterial activity against different type of bacterias. The aqueous fractions of Tinospora tomentosa showed high activity against different type of bacterias. High haemagglutination activity was observed against human red blood cells (RBCs) of all positive group bloods by crude methanolic extract of banana & night jasmine and aquous fraction of Tinospora tomentosa. The crude methanolic extract of banana & night jasmine also showed to have prevented haemolysis of RBCs. Hence the plant species can be a source of antibacterial agent(s) and antioxidant agents as well as these plants (methanolic extract of banana & night jasmine) have good property to prevent haemolysis & have high haemagglutination activity.Item Identification of Common Cancers and Risk Factors in Poverty Level People in Bangladesh(East West University, 7/17/2012) Pervin, FarjanaPurpose: The present research was a comprehensive study that was conducted to identify risk factors in poverty level in Bangladesh. Method: This was a survey based study where cancer patients of different genders, locations, occupations were taken as volunteers. A questionnaire was made to observe the patients diagnostic reports, prescriptions etc. Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010. Results: From this study, it was found that adults (60%) were more susceptible to cancer than other. Males (71.25%) are very susceptible to cancer than females. Respiratory cancers (33.3%) and gastro intestinal cancer (33.3%) were most common in male. Betel nut and jorda may cause various kinds cancers, among them respiratory cancers (24.4%) and gastrointestinal cancers (19.5%) were most common. Cisplatin (42.5%) and etoposide (31.25%) were given to most common cancer patents. Conclusion: However, this study has not been able to establish the all types of cancer treatment of all classes of patients and identify different risk factors. These studies clearly indicate the most common types of cancer in poverty level and under poverty level people I Bangladesh.Item Determination of photolytic degradation of Adelax tablet-Flupentixol Dihydrochloride 0.5mg BP and Melitracen Hydrochloride10 mg INN)(East West University, 7/12/2012) Ahmed, IkhtiarIn this experiment we find out the photolytic effect on Flupentixol dihydrochloride and Melitracen hydrochloride combination drug. We conduct several tests to observe the effect and compare the sample after light exposure in various conditions with the control tablets which were not exposed to light. We determine the concentration (mg/ml) or potency from the absorbance of each samples. It was found that the concentration (mg/ml) or potency of Flupentixol dihydrochloride and Melitracen hydrochloride gradually decreased due to the exposure of light.Item Pharmacological Investigation of Dichloromethane Fraction of Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr(East West University, 7/10/2012) Monira, ShammeeGeodorum densiflorum (Family: Orchidacea), locally known as ‘Shankhamul’ in Bangladesh, is an endangered terrestrial orchid, which has long been used traditionally for various medicinal purposes in the Indian subcontinent. In this consequences, the present study was designed to investigate the analgesic and CNS activity properties of two different fraction (n-hexane and Dicloromethane soluble fraction, coded as HF and DCM respectively) of the root parts of Geodorum densiflorum. Analgesic potential of the different fractions of the root parts of G. densiflorum was evaluated using acetic acid induced writhing method. The dichloromethane fraction of the methanolic extract of root part of G. densiflorum showed significant activity with 21.36 % (p<0.05) and 71.84 % (P<0.05) writhing inhibition in mice at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight and 400 mg/kg body weight.The inhibitory response decreased in the order Diclofenac(85.44%) > n-hexane-400(75.73%) > n-hexane-200(25.25%) > DCM-400(21.36%). On the other hand the analgesic activity graph showed that the activity was dose dependent as in all test sample activity were high at 200 mg of dose than 400 mg of dose. In addition, sedative and anxiolytic properties of the two different fractions of G. densiflorum were investigated using rodent behavioural models, such as Hole Cross, Open Field for sedative property and Elevated Plus-Maze (EPM) test and Hole Board for anxiolytic potential, respectively. DCM fractions, at the doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, displayed a dose dependent exploratory behaviour (in Hole Cross). In Open Field Test, DCM fraction at the dose of 200mg/kg showed statistically significant (p<0.001) exploratory behavior. In the Hole Board Test in mice, DCM fraction at doses of 200mg/kg BW and 400mg/kg BW showed anxiolytic activity which is statistically highly significant (p<0.001). In EPM test, DCM fraction with 200mg/kg BWand 400mg/kg BW doses significantly (p < 0.05) showed increased exploration and time spent by the DCM fraction treated mice in EPM open arms in a way greater than that of the reference anxiolytic drug Diazepam. The results of the present study suggest that the root parts of G. densiflorum in general; DCM soluble fractions in particular, possess strong potential. Therefore, these findings may justify the use of this plant in folk medicine for the treatment of the aforementioned disease conditions. However, further studies are warranted to clearly understand the underlying mechanism of the observed activities in animal models.Item Quantitation of Oxytetracycline residue in three common cultured fishes of Bangladesh by analytical High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)(East West University, 6/17/2012) Rasul, AmnaLabeo rohita (Rui), Pangasius pangasius (Pangas) and Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia) are popular in the Bangladesh because of reasonable e market prices and consumer demand. These fishes from five local markets (Dhanmondi, Mohammadpur, Shukrabad, Banani and Gazipur) were purchased randomly. The objective of this experiment was to do quantitation of oxytetracycline (OTC) residue in three common cultured fishes of Bangladesh by analytical High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Oxytet racycline is one of two available FDA-approved antibiotics and regularly used in aquaculture farms of Bangladesh. This antibiotic was chosen for this experiment because it is excreted primarily unchanged through the urine and very minute amount gets deposits in fish muscle. It was necessary to find out whether this minute amount of antibiotic deposition in fish fulfills the requirement i.e. the range of oxytetracycline concentration in fish muscle according to regulatory body (FDA) should be within 55-83mg/Kg. Therefore, through this experiment fish extraction was done and oxytetracycline concentrations were determined by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). In this experiment, presence of residual of oxytetracycline in boiled fish is also included as a parameter to be observed. Two different fishes with confirmed oxytetracycline of two market areas were selected and individually each sample was boiled for 30 minutes. After boiling, the fish extraction process was carried once again and then finally the samples were run in HPLC. From the experiment it was found that concentration of oxytetracycline in Rui fish of Mohammadpur Townhall market, Shukrabad Kachabazar, Banani Kachabazar and Gazipur Kachabazar were 3237 mg/Kg, 1000 mg/Kg, 923.6 mg/Kg and 1287.5 mg/Kg resceptively. Similarly, Pangas fish of Dhanmondi (Meena bazar), Mohammadpur Townhall market, Shukrabad Kachabazar, Banani Kachabazar and Gazipur Kachabazar contained 1500 mg/Kg, 1061.8 mg/Kg, 1125 mg/Kg, 6250 mg/Kg, and 1675 mg/Kg of oxytetracycline respectively. Concentration of oxytetracycline in Tilapia fish of Mohammadpur Townhall market, Shukrabad Kachabazar, Banani Kachabazar and Gazipur Kachabazar were 874 mg/Kg, 1237.6 Mg/Kg, 9123.3 mg/Kg, 1625 mg/Kg respectively. Rui and Tilapia fish of Dhanmondi (Meena bazar) showed no trace of oxytetracycline. Finally results of the experiment revealed that residual of oxytetracycline in all three different fishes of different local market areas-Labeo rohita(Rui), Pangasius pangasius (Pangas) and Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia) were within the range of 874-9123 mg/Kg- which is far too much in amount than the range being fixed by the regulatory body. It indicates whichever fish farms supplying Rui, Pangas and Tilapia in those five areas (Dhanmondi, Mohammadpur, Shukrabad, Banani and Gazipur) are using antibiotics at a very high concentration. Result of boiled fish states- two fish samples (Labeo rohita and Pangasius pangasius) had no trace of oxytetracycline after boiling. There is a possibility that during the boiling or cooking the oxytetracycline gets released from the fish and dissolves in the boiled water or in the fish gravy. Apart from this extreme concentrations level and the chronic presence of oxytetracycline inside the fish, sediments at the bottom of the pond should also be considered seriously because oxytetracycline excretes primarily unchanged through the waste materials of the fish. In spite of the potential risks related to the use of antibiotics and micro-organisms getting resistant to antibiotics, the concentrations found in the studied fishes are significantly higher than the regulatory body.Item Evaluation of In-Vitro Antimicrobial activity of Cissampelos pareira(East West University, 7/11/2012) Begum, KhadijaCissampelos pareira (Menispermaceae family) is widely distributed in tropical regions of Asia, and used in the treatment of many diseases. The traditional use of this plant suggests its possible antibacterial properties. The present investigations evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Cissampelos pareira against selected gram positive, gram negative bacteria and fungal strains. In this study, the crude ethyl acetate, ethanol & water extract of Cissampelos pareira (stem, and leaves) was assed for their antimicrobial activity using disc diffusion method. The activity was performed against common pathogenic bacterial (Bacillus sereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina lutea, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella boydii, Vibrio mimicus, Candida albicans, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae,Vibrio parahemolyticus, & Bacillius megateri). The antimicrobial activity of the extract for the concentration of 400μg/disc and 800μg/disc were observed against the standard antimicrobial agent Cephradine. The activities were understood by observing and measuring the zone of inhibition for each concentration. Maximum activity was revealed by ethyl acetate than ethanol extracts but less active was revealed by water. This plant effective for treatment of different pathogenic diseases. The other parts of the plant like root, seed showed many activities that confirms the significance of the plant for medicinal compounds.Item Determination of photolytic degradation of Melixiol (Flupentixol-Melitracen) Combination Product(East West University, 7/10/2012) Shukrana, MishkutThe aim of this study is to identify the photolytic degradation of the Melixol,Square pharmaceutical, Bangladesh, combination product Flupentixol-Melitracin.Each tablet contains Flupentixol INN 0.5 mg(as di-hydrochloride) and Melitracen INN 10 mg (as hydrochloride). It is well known that light or other electromagnetic radiation can change the properties of some drug compounds. The most obvious way to identifying the responds is to measure the potency degradation of the drug, which I have conducted in my research project. Here the loss of potency is measured by UV-spectrometry. Beside the potency observation physical parameters were also determine to observed change of the physical characteristic like color, thickness, weight variation, hardness etc. of the tablets.At the end of the study , it was proved that Melixol drug is not photo stable and should have some protection in the final dosage form to save it from degradation.Item In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test of Doxin®&Doxysina® (OPSONIN & IBNSINA) Brands of Bangladesh(East West University, 7/11/2012) Quazi, Tanzeem-Ul-HaqueObjective: The study is carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility test of two different brands of Doxycycline available in the market of Bangladesh. Doxin® 100mg and Doxysina® 100mg were selected for the study that were manufactured by Opsonin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Ibnsina Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd respectively. This study also helped us to investigate whether these brands were manufactured according to the standard specification or not by the companies. Method: Two different brands of antibiotic were collected from the local market of Bangladesh. 200μg, 250μg, 300μg, 350μg, 400μg doses were selected for both of the brands and antimicrobial test was carried out according to the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method to determine the zone of inhibition against four different microorganisms (S. pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, H. influenzae and E. coli). Results: From the experiment it was observed that all the capsules of doxycycline of two brands in different concentrations showed significant zone of inhibition and that were approximately similar to that of the standard. Conclusion: The studied two brands of doxycycline were capable to inhibit the growth of susceptible microorganisms. Further investigation need to be carried out to determine the quality parameters of the two brands of doxycycline.