Thesis 2014

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    In Vitro Pharmacological Investigations of Petroleum Ether Fraction of Ficus Racemosa Leaves Extract
    (East West University, 12/12/2014) Voumik, Suvrota
    The purpose of the study was to evaluate the cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate fraction of Ficus racemosa (Family: Moraceae) leaves extract.The powdered leaves of Ficus racemosa were extracted with methanol and then partitioned with DCM, petroleum ether,ethyl acetate, and aquous consecutively. The petroleum ether fraction was used to evaluate cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The cytoxic activity was measured by brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The antimicrobial activity was assessed by disc diffusion method. Ethyl acetate fraction showed cytotoxic activity with LC50value 23μg/ml in brine shrimp lethality test. In antimicrobial activity investigation the ethyl acetate fraction showed low to moderate antibacterial and antifungal activity against the tested organism compared to the azithromycin (22.9μg/disc) that was used as positive control. The fraction contained 40.01mg AAE/g of total phenolic content and 435mg AAE/g total flavonoid content. The results of study clearly indicate the presence of cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of petroleum ether extract. The obtained results provide a support for the use of this plant in traditional medicine and its further investigation.
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    Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Investigations of Methanolic Extract of Dracaena spicata
    (East West University, 12/12/2014) Monni, Ayesha Siddika
    Indigenous knowledge of herbal medicines for skin diseases like boils, eczema, scabies, septic abscess, itching and skin allergy, burns, chicken pox, warts and leucoderma, fungal and bacterial infections, including healing cuts and wounds has been documented by randomly interviewing Chakma, Marma and Tanchunga tribes of the hill tracts districts of Bangladesh since 1995. The plant Dracaena spicata has been used for the general promotion of health and longevity by Asian tribal(specially Chakma, Marma and Tanchunga). It is used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases cough, syphilis , conjunctivitis, constipation, pills prepared from the leaves are taken with warm water twice daily for the treatment of measles by the Chakma etc. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Dracaena spicata. The antimicrobial activities of methanolic solvent extract of Dracaena spicata plant were tested against the gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains by observing the zone of inhibition. The antimicrobial test was performed by disc diffusion method. The crude methanolic extract of Dracaena spicata plant showed poor antimicrobial activities against the microorganisms at concentrations of 600 μg/disc. However, no activity was found against Bacillus megaterium, Salmonella paratyphi. The antioxidant effect of methanolic extract of Dracaena spicata was determined by calculating reducing power of the content. Reducing power was determined by using ascorbic acid as standard. By determining antioxidant property, the present result suggests that the tested plant extracts have potent antioxidant activity. In conclusion, further investigations are needed to identify the active constituents and the exact mechanism(s) of action responsible for the reported antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Dracaena spicata.
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    A Survey on Socio-Demographic and Health status of Tribal Community of Bangladesh: Santals
    (East West University, 12/13/2014) Abdullah, Nawfel
    Purpose: There is lack of evidence based information particularly in Bangladesh about the status of health and disease condition of different tribal community, especially about Santals. The study was performed so that the critical aspect and condition of health of the Santals along with their socio-demographic status has been revealed. Methods: Study was conducted at the Rajshahi Division, in the Naogaon district in six different village where the Santals lives from their ancestors. Information on their socio-demography, health, disease condition and others related matters has been collected through a pre-planned questionnaire and the collected data were analyzed to reveal the desire status through Excel and SPSS analysis. Result: On the basis of critical analysis, the highest age of the participants were 86 and the lowest were 15, and the mean (±SD) age of the participants were 38.25 (±15.313) years. The percentage of male and female participants were 45.9% and 54.1% respectively. There dependency on their hand made alcohol were notable 39.8%, and smoking were 43.2%, among them percent female alcoholic were 14.5%. Maximum participants were having high blood pressure 73.7% whereas the percent among male and female were 80% and 67.8% accordingly. The prevalence of diabetes were 34.1%, where the percent of male and female were 52.56% and 47.44%. In addition, percentage and frequency of other disease and disorder of Eye, Oral, Respiratory, Gastrointestinal, Genitourinary, Musculoskeletal were 31.4% (72), 22.2% (51), 24.1% (55), 41.8% (96), 31% (71), 62% (142) respectively. About 52.4% (120) were immunized and among them 13.1% were single vaccinated and 39.3% were multiple vaccinated. From 87.8% (201) married participants 35% (70) were having birth control methods, whereas most of them were dependent on pills 55.6%. On the side of female participants only, 9.7% (12) were pregnant, 16% (20) were reported painful period and 3.5% (8) were noted for breast discharge. Conclusion: The outcome of this study will give an authentic view about the Santals current health status and will draw the attention of the authority in order to make the available public health intervention and medical care available for not only them but also for other vulnerable tribal communities.
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    Evaluation of the Quality Control Parameters of Two Different Brands (Losucon and Dieta) of Glimepiride Tablets Available in Bangladesh
    (East West University, 12/14/2014) Sikder, Samiul Islam
    Evaluation of the quality control parameter is always a better way for the understanding of the quality of local brands. Thus, the purpose of this research work was to determine the physical quality control parameter and the potency of two different brands (Losucon and Dieta) of glimepiride 2mg tablets (Two batches of each) which is used for the treatment of type II diabetes.According to the research study all the tablets showed a percentage weight variation within the range and meet the specification of USP. Thicknesses test of all the tablets of two different brands represents variable results but was also within acceptance range. All the tablets of these two brands had hardness lower than the standard value of 4 kg which can cause breakdown of tablets during use and transport. All the tabletsmeet the specification for disintegration time in accordance to BP. Average percent dissolution of all the batches meet the specification range. But some tablets individually were not dissolved 80% within 30 minutes. Both batches of Losucon meet the specification of potency (103.67% and 108.47%) according to BP and USP where the batches of Dieta had failed. All the test result were confirmed with the calculation of their standard deviation. As the friability study could not be performed due to some technical faults, further research for assuring the quality of drug in the local market should to be conducted.
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    A Survey on Knowledge and Management of Childhood Asthma
    (East West University, 12/11/2014) Aman, Akayed Binte
    Asthma is a chronic disease with both inflammatory and blocked or narrowed airways. It is a common disease in children. We conducted a study to assess the management and knowledge of asthma symptoms, attack and medication, compliance to treatment, emergency department visits and causes of asthma. Data were collected from 210 pediatric patients who had asthma. This study was done in different hospitals of Dhaka city. A questionnaire was given them to test their baseline knowledge and beliefs on asthma, medications and their compliance to treatment. The result showed that among 210 children, most of the children (38%) had asthma in the age range of 6-10 years. Most of the patients (42.85%) had mild intermittent asthma. Moreover, most asthma symptoms occurred in winter season (53.80%) and summer season (32.87%). About 51% patients had difficulty to sleep due to asthma. Approximately 37.14% patients took professional routine check-ups, and 36.19% patients took emergency treatment by doctor in the last 12 month. About 61.43% respondents had knowledge about sign identification given by professional. According to the respondents, the symptoms responsible for causing asthma were allergy (77.62%), air pollution (65.72%), common cold (88.09%) and certain food (72.85%). Only 21.43% patients had exhaust fan in their home and used regularly when cooking, about 45.71% patients had wood burning stove used in home. About 52.86% patients used a prescription inhaler, 71.9% long-acting β2 agonist, 55.7% leukotriene modifier, 36.6% corticosteroids, 31.43% mast cell stabilizer, 41.9% expectorant, 75% antitussives, 33% mucolytics were prescribed. Asthma education strategies need to be modified to engage patients with low asthma knowledge to achieve improved patient outcomes. Further, strategies need to motivate patients to use preventer medication during times when they feel well.
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    Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Equivalence of Two Different Brands (Limaryl and Dactus) of Glimepiride Tablets (2mg) Available in Bangladesh
    (East West University, 12/11/2014) Tuli, Bibi Moriom
    An important aspect of the development of any pharmaceutical product is to maintain the quality standards of the product. This research work is aimed to investigate the pharmaceutical equivalence of two different brands of glimepiride (2mg) tablets available in the Bangladeshi market. In this study tablets of two batches of each brand (Limaryl and Dactus) were collected from local market. Quality control tests were performed for evaluation of hardness, thickness, weight variation, disintegration time, dissolution and potency of the tablets from each brand according to the specification of USP and BP. All the batches showed weight variation within the range of ±10% and thickness test was within acceptance limit in accordance of USP (±5%) . Hardness value of these two brands is within 2 kg, which is lower than standard range specified by USP (4kg). Less hardness may cause breakage of tablets during storage and transportation. Disintegration time of all the batches was within acceptance range of 15 minutes. All the batches had dissolution rate below the range and did not fulfill the specification. According to the BP and USP the acceptance level of percent potency of active drug lies from 100 ± 10% or 90- 110%.These two brands had the percent potency greater than the range. So, more batches of these two brands should be required to carry out the dissolution and potency test according to BP and USP. Friability test could not be carried out due to some mechanical defect in the instrument. So further research study should be convey on these two brands to check whether they meet the specification or not.
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    A Study on Breast Cancer Awareness and Knowledge among Rural Female Population of Bangladesh
    (East West University, 12/12/2014) Nizum, Nurunnahar Akter
    Breast cancer in women is a foremost health problem both in developed and developing countries. Breast cancer is rising at a faster rate in Bangladesh. The study was conducted to find out their knowledge level about breast cancer, prevalence of risk factors and practice of Breast Self Exam among the study population. The study location was three districts (Noakhali, Comilla and Gazipur) of Bangladesh. Data was collected from (n=350) female persons by a self-administered questionnaire. Majority of them were graduates (34.57 %). Breast cancer was known to 73.14% women (n=350) and 52.01% of them mentioned electronic media as the source of information. Majority (62%) of them had correct knowledge about treatment but only few (22%) knew the diagnosis options. Knowledge about sign and symptoms was very poor among the women. Small portion of them mentioned about risk factors. The study revealed that majority of them are in lower risk condition in terms of normal BMI status (60.29%), proper breast feeding practice (99.43%), lower level of family history and others. Respondents having breast cancer history in family had correct knowledge about it. Results showed that 57.14% heard about breast self exam but only 2.70% women was correctly performing breast self-exam and only 6.49% women had correct knowledge about mammography. Most of the respondents had incomplete or wrong information about breast cancer. The present situation can become more devastating if early attention is not given. So, steps should be taken by policy makers and health professionals to educate the general female population about breast cancer
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    Reproducibility Study of the Efficiency of Film Coating on Preventing Photolytic Degradation Tenoren® (Atenolol) Tablet.
    (East West University, 12/11/2014) Rahaman, Mahabubur
    This research work was conducted to describe the coating efficiency on photolytic degradation of Tenoren® (Atenolol). The objective of this study was to determine the reproducibility of the effect of Atonolol in various lighting conditions (control, sunlight, normal room light, 25watt & 40watt bulb). UV spectrophotometer was used for measuring the absorbance. Besides, physical tests were performed for evaluation of color change, weight variation, thickness and hardness of the Tenoren® tablets from same batch. Physical tests were performed according to the specification of USP and the standard deviation of weight variation, hardness and thickness were ±0.00020 g, ±0.36250 kg & ±0.01725 mm respectively .But it was also observed that the concentration of Atenolol was decreased gradually in various light condition (25watt & 40watt electrical bulb, sunlight, normal light) and at 25watt, 40watt, direct sunlight and normal room light exposure the degradation were observed 12.55%, 15.30%, 25.96% & 9.74% respectively. So, it can be said that coating alone was not sufficient to protect the drug from light.
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    Reproducibility Study of Coating Efficiency on Preventing Photolytic Degradation of Betanol® (Atenolol) Tablets
    (East West University, 7/12/2015) Sultana, Irin
    This research work was aimed to evaluate the reproducibility of the data in a study that was previously done in order to determine whether the packaging is effective to prevent the photolytic degradation of (Betanol®). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of various lighting conditions (control, sunlight, normal room light, 25 watt & 40 watt bulb) on (Betanol®). In addition, physical tests were performed to evaluate the change of weight variation, thickness and hardness of the Betanol® tablets of same batch. Physical tests were performed according to the specification of USP and very little fluctuation in result was observed throughout the study & standard deviation. Deviations for weight variation, hardness & thickness were ±0.00135 g, ±0.47284 kg & ±0.01512 cm respectively. But when it was exposed to the above mentioned lighting conditions, the concentration of Atenolol decreased gradually. Samples which were exposed to normal light, 25 watt, 40 watt electrical bulb & direct sunlight showed 20%, 21.56%, 30.70%, 36.84% degradation respectively. So it can be said that the Betanol® containing Atenolol was light sensitive and the potency decreased after exposure to light.
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    Reproducibility Study of the Efficiency of Coating on Preventing Photolytic Degradation of Presonil® (Metoprolol Tartrate) Tablets
    (East West University, 12/11/2014) Parvin, Roksana
    This work was aimed for the determination of photolytic degradation of Presonil® (metoprolol tartrate). It was also done to determine the reproducibility of results of the previous research project on photolytic degradation of metoprolol tartrate in various lighting conditions (control, sunlight, normal room light, 25watt & 40watt bulb). A group of tablets were kept in dark as control to compare the results. Besides, physical tests were performed for evaluation of color change, weight variation, thickness and hardness of Presonil® tablets from same batch according to the specification of USP. A very insignificant fluctuation in result was observed, with standard deviation ±0.0007%, ±0.02% & ±0.013% for weight variation, hardness & thickness test respectively. But in various lighting condition like 25watt bulb, 40watt bulb, direct sunlight and normal room light the concentration of metoprolol tartrate were decreased gradually with percent deviation 10.41%, 11.24%, 6.99% and 13.25% respectively. So it can be suggest that the Presonil® containing metoprolol tartrate is light sensitive and coating alone is not sufficient to protect the drug from light. So that package should be opaque thus light cannot pass through the package.