Ph.D. Thesis
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Item EFFECT OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON AZOTOBACTER AND CYANOBACTERIAL POPULATION AND RICE CROP IN PIEDMONT SOIL(Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh, 2008) RAHMAN, MD. MANSURA study was undertaken to evaluate the combined effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the indigenous Azotobacter and cyanobacterial population in soil and on the growth and yield of rice for the Boro-fallow-T. aman rice cropping pattern. The study was carried out both at the field and the laboratory of the Department of Soil Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur. In the field experiment, BRRI dhan28 (boro) and Kataribhog (aman) were grown following the rice-rice cropping pattern in the two consecutive years of 2009 and 2010 in Piedmont soil (AEZ#1). The study was initiated in November 2008 and was continued up to January 2011 to complete two crop cycles with boro rice (BRRI dhan28) as the first crop and T. aman rice (Kataribhog) as the second crop in each cycle. The experiment was laid out in the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with eleven treatments having three replications. The 11 treatment combinations consisting of N, P, K, S, Zn, cowdung (CD), poultry manure (PM) and mustard oil cake (MOC) including one control treatment were as follows- T0 : Control, T1 : 100 % RFD on the soil test basis, T2 : 75% RFD+25% CD, T3 : 50% RFD+50% CD, T4 : 75% RFD+25% PM, T5 : 50% RFD+50% PM, T6 : 75% RFD+25% MOC, T7 : 50% RFD+50% MOC, T8 : 75% RFD+25 % (CD, PM, MOC), T9 : 50% RFD+50% (CD, PM, MOC) and T10 : 34% CD + 33% PM + 33% MOC. Data were recorded on yields, yield components and N, P, K and S contents and uptake by the grain and straw of rice. In the laboratory indigenous cyanobacterial and Azotobacter population in soil under study were determined before transplantation, 30 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT) and after harvest of rice crops. Soil organic matter status, total N, available P, S and exchangeable K of soil were also determined at 30 and 60 DAT and after harvest of rice crop to assess the nutrient dynamics due to impose of different treatments. The results of the present investigation indicated that integration of organic and inorganic fertilizers significantly influenced the yield and yield components of rice, indigenous cyanobacterial and Azotobacter population in soil and soil chemical properties. Results showed that the highest grain yields of boro rice of 6.09 and 5.75 and those of straw of 6.86 and 7.65 t ha-1 were recorded in treatment T8 having 75% chemical fertilizer and 25% organic manures during boro seasons of 2009 and 2010, respectively. The lowest grain yields of 3.15 and 2.82 and those of straw yields of 3.88 and 3.37t ha-1 were recorded in T1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. The highest grain yields of T. aman rice of 5.40 and 4.90 and those of straw yields of 10.21 and 11.21t ha-1 were recorded in T8 during T. aman seasons of 2009 and 2010 respectively. The lowest grain yields of T. aman rice of 2.78 and 2.28 and those of straw yields of 4.67 and 5.67t ha-1 were found in T1 during 2009 and 2010, respectively. The yield components viz. plant height, tillers hill-1, panicle length, grains panicle-1 and 1000 grain weight were significantly affected by the treatments and the maximum values were recorded in treatment T8. The highest N, P, K and S contents and uptake by rice were recorded in treatment T8. Cyanobacterial and Azotobacter population was significantly affected by the treatments. Higher cyanobacterial population was recorded in 2010 than those were observed in 2009. On the contrary, cyanobacterial population was higher in boro season than those were recorded in T. aman season of the same year. Similar pattern of Azotobacter popular was recorded during the entire period but the population was higher in boro season than those of T. aman season. Soil organic matter and nutrient status such as total N, available P, S and exchangeable K were slightly increased due to experimentation. From the overall results, it can be concluded that integration of organic and inorganic fertilizers can save 25% chemical fertilizer without any yield decline.Item EFFECTS OF LIME, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM ON CROP YIELDS OF DIFFERENT CROPPING PATTERNS IN ACID SOILS(Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh, 2016-05) ISLAM, MD. SADEQULExperiments were conducted during 2012-2014 at HSTU farm (AEZ-1) and Farmer’s’field (FF) (AEZ-27) under Dinajpur district following two cropping patterns viz. Wheat-Mungbean-T.aman and Wheat-fallow-T.aman to evaluate the effects of lime, P and K on yields of crop as well as soil properties. There were seven treatment combinations viz. L0 (control), L1, L2, L1P, L2P, L1PK and L2PK. The experiments were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 replications. The doses of lime were 0, 1 and 2 t ha-1 for both locations. The P was 20, 13 and 6 kg ha-1 for Wheat-Mungbean-T.aman at HSTU and 25, 22 and 12 kg ha-1 at FF respectively. The rate of K was 80, 32 and 50 kg ha-1 at HSTU and 61, 30 and 42 kg at FF. Other nutrients i.e. 15-100 kg N, 8-15 kg S, 1-2 kg Zn and 1-1.5 kg B were applied as basal irrespective of crops and locations on soil test basis (FRG 2012). Lime was added to the first crop only and its residual effects were evaluated on the succeeding crops over 2-crops cycles. The chemical fertilizers Urea, TSP, MoP, Gypsum, Zinc Sulphate and Boric acid were used as sources of N, P, K, S, Zn and B respectively. The varieties used were BARI Gom-26 for wheat, BU Mung-4 for mungbean and BRRI dhan57 for T.aman. Soil and plant samples were collected and analyzed. Application of lime, P and K significantly increased the growth and yield contributing characters, grain and straw yields of all crops irrespective of patterns at both locations. The direct and residual effects of lime were more prominent on crop yields followed by K and then P. The performance of different treatments was better at HSTU farm than Farmer’s field (FF). The yield of L1PK treatment was the highest; which was followed by L2PK for all crops and locations. In general, the crop yields of FF were relatively low due to higher acidity. The total uptake of P by crops was lower than the applied amount but the uptake of K was much higher than the added amount. The uptake of N, S, Fe, Mn, Zn and B were increased with the increase in yield due to different treatments. Soil pH was increased by 0.4-1.21 units irrespective of location and the higher values were observed with higher rates of lime application. The available P was increased in P treated plot and decreased in P control plot. The status of exchangeable K remained almost unchanged in treated plot but decrease in control plot. The status of available Zn, B, Fe and Mn were decreased over initial status but the status of total N and available S remained almost unchanged due to cropping and fertilization. The highest gross margin and BCR was found due to L1PK treatment for all crops and locations and this was followed by L2PK. Wheat-Mungbeam-T.aman cropping pattern was found more profitable than Wheat-fallow-T.aman cropping pattern. Economic analysis also showed dominance of 1 t ha-1 lime with P and K (L1PK) treatment combinations than others. This study recommends that amendment of soil with lime (dolomite) @ 1 t ha-1 with PK fertilizer inclusion of legume crop in cropping pattern might be an efficient practice for achieving sustainable soil fertility and crop yield in Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain (AEZ-1) and North Eastern Barind Tract (AEZ-27) soils of Bangladesh.Item Cold Stress on Some Selected Boro Rice Seedlings and Amelioration by Biochemical Approaches(Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh, 2022-12) Ali, Md. JafarCold stress is one of the critical environmental conditions that adversely affects crop growth and development resulting limit of yield and productivity. Field and Laboratory experiments were carried out three successive years to investigate the morpho-physiological functions of seedlings of eight rice varieties for cold survival mechanism during low temperature in Northwest Bangladesh and yield potential. The test rice cultivars from BRRI hybrid- BRRI hybrid dhan3 and BRRI hybrid dhan5, and HYV rice were BR 18 (Shahjalal), BRRI dhan28, BRRI dhan29 while indigenous cultivars were Lafaya, Biron dhan and Jagli. The root and shoot length, root and shoot weight, mean germination time, % survival or mortality, seedling vigor were recorded. Antioxidant enzyme activities like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) were investigated at low temperature during study period. The leaf proline, chlorophyll, total carotenoid content was determined at ambient cold temperature and 6 °C in growth chamber during study period. Results indicated that low temperature and rice varieties had significant effect on the parameters studied while the salicylic acid positively improved the seedling growth and vigor. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities were increased in BRRI hybrid dhan5 at cold environment than those of other tested varieties. The BRRI hybrid dhan5 synthesized the highest amount of proline at 6 °C but the lower at ambient low temperature. The lowest amount of proline among the tested varieties was observed in cv. Lafaya at ambient low temperature and at 6 °C Similarly, the highest amount of chlorophyll-a was biosynthesized by BRRI hybrid dhan5 at ambient temperature but 6 °C while Salicylic acid application stimulated the chlorophyll. A significant variability was observed among the varieties regarding survival rate and mortality. The survival potentiality at low temperature environment during study period was observed as BRRI hybrid dhan5>BRRI hybrid dhan3>BRRI dhan28>Lafaya>Biron, respectively. The present finding infers that BRRI hybrid dhan5 showed the better survival potentiality than those of indigenous varieties during cold temperature by increasing anti-oxidant enzyme activities, higher synthesizing proline, and chlorophyll production resulted more biomass partitioning in root and shoot and increased seedling vigor index with low mortality that might inhibit cold injury due to occasional cold wave during Boro seedling raising time in winter and protect the seedling from adverse climate change effect. Salicylic acid application of 75 ppm, a biochemical approach that positively increased the seedling survival and improved the seedling growth during cold stress might be helpful for seedling raising in Northwest Bangladesh.Item ASSESSMENT OF STATUS AND REQUIREMENTS OF NITROGEN AT DIFFERENT GROWTH PHASES OF WHEAT AND MAIZE THROUGH DIGITAL IMAGE ANALYSI(Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh, 2020-03) BAGUM, SHAMIM ARAThe study was conducted to assess the status and requirements of nitrogen at different growth phases of wheat and maize through digital image analysis. The major objectives were to study the effect of nitrogen on morpho-physiological traits; use digital image and software for assessment morpho-physiological traits at different growth stages and establish a relationship between morpho-physiological traits with image parameters. To fulfill the objectives four experiments were conducted in two successive years (2016-17 and 2017-18) at BARI, Gazipur, Bangladesh with wheat and maize crops. Wheat experiment comprised of four wheat varieties (BARI Gom 26, BARI Gom 28, BARI Gom 29 and BARI Gom 30) and four nitrogen levels (0.0 kg N ha-1, 50 kg N ha-1, 100 kg N ha-1, and 150 kg N ha-1) during 2016 17 and three wheat varieties (BARI Gom 26, BARI Gom 28 and BARI Gom 30) and five nitrogen levels (0.0 kg N ha-1, 60 kg N ha-1, 100 kg N ha-1, 120 kg N ha-1 and 140 kg N ha-1) during 2017-18. While, the maize experiment comprised of three maize varieties (hybrid 981, BARI Hybrid Maize 9 and hybrid P3396) and three nitrogen levels (100 kg N ha-1, 200 kg N ha 1and 300 kg N ha-1) in both the years. All the experiments were laid out in split plot design with three replications. Data on plant height (cm), Leaf Area Index (LAI), Canopy cover (CC), Soil-Plant Analyses Development (SPAD) reading of leaf, Leaf nitrate content (LNC), Leaf chlorophyll content (LCC), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Total dry matter (TDM), different yield contributing and yield traits of wheat and maize. CC is an important phenotypic trait which indicates overall plant growth and helpful to predict advanced traits like biomass and yield. Digital image analysis was used as an alternative method to quantify the greenness of foliage as indirect measurements of crop N status and phenotyping. The image was taken from 50 cm above the plant canopy by using modified selfie stick. Two software’s (WCC for wheat and MCC for maize) were developed for digital phenotyping in JAVA and Interface design in JFrame. A five-step algorithm was developed to measure the CC of individual plots by RGB (red, green and blue). The output gave 27 digital traits value after analyzing an image including CC and NDVI. The values of canopy cover were closely correlated with the NDVI and the ratio vegetation index. Among the interaction treatments of wheat, maximum grain yield (3.97 t ha-1) was recorded by the interaction of 150 kg N ha-1 and BARI Gom 30 which was statistically similar to 100 kg N ha-1 and BARI Gom 29, 100 kg N ha-1 and BARI Gom 28 during 2016-17 where the maximum grain yield (3.94 t ha-1) was found with treatment combination 120 kg N ha-1and BARI Gom 26 which was statistically similar to 120 kg N ha-1 and BARI Gom 30, 120 kg N ha-1 and BARI Gom 28 during 2017-18. Among the interaction effect of maize variety and nitrogen level, highest grain yield (14.45 t ha-1) was recorded by the interaction of hybrid P3396 and 300 kg N ha-1 which was statistically identical with BHM 9 and 300 kg N ha-1). The results also indicated that, application of nitrogen fertilizer has positive effects on physiological parameters of wheat and hybrid maize. A strong relationship among the traits NDVI, SPAD, CC and LNC was observed across the wheat and maize varieties. The results also suggest that in case of NDVI, SPAD and CC saturation, NDVI and CC could accurately predict nitrogen requirements for wheat and maize. The results of this study partially supported the hypothesis that digital image traits measured by image processing software’s (WCC and MCC) can identify and differentiate variations in nitrogen use in wheat and maize crops. The outcomes of study have created a new era of using digital image analysis in the determination of N-requirement in wheat and maize in near future.Item AN APPROACH OF DEVELOPING PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF DISEASE FREE QUALITY SEED POTATO(Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh, 2019-09) HUDA, MUHAMMAD SHAMSULThe experiments were conducted at the research field and post graduate laboratory of Plant Pathology Department, HSTU, Dinajpur, during November 2014 to march 2018 to improve the technique of low-cost disease free potato seed production protocol. Farm saved seed was compared with certified seed, positive selection seed, seed plot technique’s seed and TLS seeds potato in 1st experiment. The different seed planting time of 15th October, 4th November, 24th November and 14th December and different Haulm pulling time at 68, 75, 82 and 89 DAP were evaluated in 2nd experiment. The different size of mother seed tuber like S1 = 15 to 25 mm, S2 = 25 to 35 mm, S3 = 35 to 45 mm and S4 = 45 to 55 mm diameter with different concentration of gibberellic acid (GA3) like G00 = 00 ppm, G20 = 20 ppm. G40 = 40 ppm, G60 = 60 ppm were used to evaluate in 3rd experiment. The four different categories of seed potato viz. Minituber, Breeder seed, Foundation seed and Certified seed were used to advance generation in 4th experiment. In the 5th experiment 35 to 45 mm and 35 to 45 mm seed tuber with the haulm pulling at 75, 82, 89, 96 and 103 days after planting (DAP) were evaluated to adjusting haulm pulling time for GA3 treated seed tuber. The maximum yield (27.72 ton/ha) was recorded from Positive Selection’s Seeds which was similar with Certified and Seeds of SPT. But, the maximum plants (≥ 8 %, 7.33 % and 4.17 %) were infected by PVY, PLRV and PMV respectively in Farmer’s seed. 100% emergence was recorded from all planting time except 15 October. Maximum late blight (LB) infestation (2.90%) and LB severity i.e. PDI (21.81) was recorded in planting time of 24th November during 1st week of January 2017. At 60 DAP, maximum potato virus Y infected plants (2.08%) were identified from 24th November planting time which was followed by 4th November. At haulm pulling time, the highest percentage (9.38%) of PMV affected plants was counted from 24 November. The maximum infected plants (PRLV 3.13%, PMV 4.69% and PVY 2.6 %) were recorded from late haulm pulling (89 or 82 DAP). The maximum potato yield (29.23 ton/ha) and seed potato yield (23.87 ton/ha) were recorded from 24 November with HP 89 DAP and 4 November with 82 DAP, respectively. The highest (23.05) branch number of sprouts /tuber were recorded from S4G40. The maximum percentage of potato mosaic virus and potato leaf roll virus was found at G60. The maximum and minimum percentage of potato leaf roll virus was found in S1 and S4. The height (42.67 ton/ha) yield was recorded from S4G60 which was similar with S3G40. In 1st, 2nd and 3rd generation, the maximum 0.46 %, 1.39 % and 5.56% plants were naturally infected by potato virus Y in certified seeds. The minimum 0%, 0% and 0.46% plants were naturally infected by potato virus Y in minituber. Similar results were recorded for PLRV. The infestation of Rhizoctonia canker, common scab and deformed tuber of potato were also increased with increasing generation. In 1st generation, the highest healthy tuber yield (36.58 ton/ha) was recorded from breeder seed. In 2nd and 3rd generation, the highest healthy tuber (36.39 ton /ha and 32.85 ton/ha) was found from progeny of minituber. But increasing generation decrease the healthy tuber yield except minituber (7.06% increase in 2nd generation). The maximum infected plants ((PMV 3.70%, PVY 2.78 % and PRLV 4.32 %,) were recorded from late haulm pulling (103 DAP). The maximum seed potato yield (29.28 ton/ha) was recorded from 96 DAP haulm killing which was similar with 89 and 103 DAP haulm killing. The highest benefit-cost ratio was observed in of 35 - 45 mm mother seed (40 ppm GA3 treated) with haulm pulling at 96 DAP (2.83). For seed potato production, best planting time is 1st week of November and haulm pulling at 75 to 82 DAP in conventional system. But by using 40 ppm GA3 in mother seed tuber with haulm pulling at 89 DAP is suitable and profitable for seed potato production. Farm saved seed should be avoided and increasing generation of seed potato decrease the yield of seed potato.Item DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF ADVANCED GENERATIONS TO EVOLVE HIGH YIELDING VARIETIES OF JUTE (Corchorus olitorius L.)(Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh, 2021-11) Biswas, Sanjoy KumarSeveral experiments were conducted on Tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius L) at Jute Agricultural Experimental Station, Jagir, Manikgonj during 2015-2018. A total of 53 diverged genotypes were included to study on 11 characters like plant height (cm), base diameter (mm), green bark thickness (mm), leaf length (cm), leaf width ( mm), leaf angle (0), petiole length (cm), green weight with leaves (g), green weight without leaves (g), fibre weight (g) and stick weight (g) to create segregants from where outstanding advanced lines may evolve for the development new varieties. Significant variations were observed for all characters among the genotypes. Simultaneous consideration of high mean performance and high heritability showed by green bark thickness, green weight without leaves, plant height and base diameter are necessary to the breeders for improving Tossa jute through selection breeding. The fifty three genotypes were grouped into five clusters by D2 statistics which were confirmed through superimposing corresponding PCAs. The cluster III accommodated the highest number of genotypes (18) and cluster I included only three genotypes. Both upper and lower magnitudes of expression for characters like base diameter, plant height, green bark thickness and late flowering were considered to produce diversified segregants. Accordingly 8 parents, O-9897, O-795, JRO-524, Acc-2381, Acc-3423, Acc.-3438 Acc-3533 and Acc-3860 were selected simultaneous consideration of clustering and phenotypic acceptance for full diallel crossing program and 8 x 7=56 experimental hybrids were produced. On the way of evaluation, mean performances, correlation coefficients and path analysis of each character on fibre yield were estimated to assess the nature relation pertained among the characters. In general, genotypic correlation coefficients were higher than concurrent phenotypic correlation coefficients, indicated preponderance effects genetic makeup upon expression of the characters. Out of 8 parents, 4 parents Acc-2381, Acc 3423, Acc-3533 and Acc-3860 produced higher fibre weight but positive and significant GCAs were estimated for O-795, JRO-524 Acc-3533 and Acc-3860. Besides, consideration means and GCAs, two lines Acc-3533 and Acc-3860 also appeared as good combiners in both directions hybridization program. Reciprocal crosses apparently exhibited significant cytoplasmic gene effects to express the selected characters during field evaluation. Seven hybrid combinations from normal and another seven combinations from reciprocal crosses revealed significant and positive SCAs effects for fibre weight/plant. The positive and significant SCAs were resulted due to additive and non-additive interactions of the concerned alleles. The joint consideration of positive and significant GCAs and SCAs the crosses P2 x P6 (O-795 x Acc-3438), P2 x P7 (O-975 x Acc-3533), P3 x P4 (JRO-524 x Acc-2381), P3 x P5 (JRO-524 x Acc-3423), P7 x P8 (Acc-3533 x Acc-3860), P5 x P2 (Acc-3423 x O-975) , P6 x P3 (Acc-3438 x JRO-524), P7 x P5 ( Acc-3533 x Acc-3423, P8 x P2 (Acc-3860 x O-975) and P8 x P4 (Acc-3060 x Acc-2381) were outstanding for improving fibre yield potential in Tossa jute through cross breeding programs. From each of the F2 generation against a cross a total of 300 plants were initially selected and then variability parameters based 10% plants (30 plants) were selected to advance in next generation. The segregating populations derived from P8 x P4 (Acc-3060 x Acc-2381) and P3 x P4 (JRO-524 x Acc-2381) might produce superior segregants in advanced generation, therefore, the breeders may exploit the segregants to operate either pedigree or bulk method to evolve outstanding advanced lines of Tossa jute.Item EFFECT OF IRRIGATION AND FOLIAR SPRAY OF POTASSIUM ON MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGY AND YIELD OF WHEAT(Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh, 2020-05) ISLAM, MD. HEDYATULThe experiment was conducted at the Research Farm and Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology Department, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh during 2015 - 2016 and 2016 - 2017 to study the effect of irrigation levels and yield of wheat and to find out morpho-physiological traits yield of wheat and to find out suitable concentration of potassium for foliar application in alleviating the adverse effect of drought on wheat. Four levels of irrigations (i) I0 - No irrigation (control), (ii) I1 - Irrigation with 3200 m3 ha-1 , (iii) I2 - Irrigation with 3800 m3 ha-1 and (iv) I3 - Irrigation with 4400 m3 ha-1 water and four levels of potassium such as (i) K0 - The recommended dose of potassium i.e. 50 kg K ha-1 in the form of KCl (control) (ii) K1-50% of the recommended dose of potassium i.e. 25 kg K ha-1 in the form of KCl + Foliar spray with 1% K2O using K2SO4 (iii) K2-50% of the recommended dose of potassium i.e. 25 kg K ha-1 in the form of KCl + Foliar spray with 2% K2O using K2SO4 and (iv) K3-50% of the recommended dose of potassium i.e. 25 kg K ha-1 in the form of KCl + Foliar spray with 3% K2O using K2SO4 were imposed as experimental treatments. Two wheat varieties, namely, BARI Gom 27 and BARI Gom 28 were tested for the above mentioned parameters. The experiment was laid out in a split-split plot design with 3 replications. Irrigation and potassium treatments had significant effects on all the above mentioned parameters in both the years. The plants irrigated with 4400 m3 ha-1 water needed the highest days for attaining their different phenological stages. The highest crop growth, morpho physiological traits, water consumption, chlorophyll content, yield contributing characters, potassium content of grain and straw and yield of wheat were exhibited in the crops irrigated with 3800 m3 ha-1 water in both the years. With some exceptions, varieties had no significant effects on all the above mentioned parameters in the study. Among the potassium treatments, the highest crop growth, morpho-physiological traits, yield contributing characters, potassium ontent of grain and straw and yield were recorded in treatment K2 (K2-50% of the recommended rate of K for the variety i.e. 25 kg K ha1 in the form of KCl + Foliar spray with 2% K2O using K2SO4) in both the years. Simple correlation coefficients between the yield contributing characters and grain yield for different irrigation and potassium treatments indicated that grain yield was positively correlated with most of the yield components. Wheat cultivation with 3800 m3 ha-1 water and potassium spray with 2% K2O using K2SO4 along with 50% of basal dose of K gave the highest crop growth, morpho-physiological traits, water consumption, yield contributing characters, grain and straw yield which was statistically similar with irrigations with 4400 m3 ha-1 water and potassium spray with 2% K2O using K2SO4 along with 50% of basal dose in both the years.Item HERBICIDE OPTIONS FOR EFFECTIVE WEED MANAGEMENT IN ZERO-TILL WHEAT, MAIZE AND DIRECT-SEEDED AMAN RICE UNDER WHEAT MUNGBEAN-RICE AND MAIZE-MUNGBEAN-RICE CROPPING SYSTEMS HERBICIDE OPTIONS FOR EFFECTIVE WEED MANAGEMENT IN ZERO-TILL WHEAT, MAIZE AND DIRECT-SEEDED AMAN RICE UNDER WHEAT MUNGBEAN-RICE AND MAIZE-MUNGBEAN-RICE CROPPING SYSTEMS(Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh, 2022-09) ISLAM, ST. TANJINAThe information on the efficacy and economics of different pre-and post-emergence herbicides used alone or sequentially in the conservation agriculture (CA)-based zero-till (ZT) wheat, maize and direct seeded (DSR) rice production system is still sporadic or lacking in Bangladesh. In the context, an observation entitled ‘Herbicide Options for Effective Weed Management in Zero-Till Wheat, Maize and Direct-Seeded Aman Rice under Wheat-Mungbean Rice and Maize-Mungbean-Rice Cropping Systems’ was conducted in consecutive two years of 2017-2018 and 2018 2019. This observation consisted of three experiments; Expt. 1. Efficacy and Economics of Different Post-Emergence Herbicides for Controlling Weeds in Wheat under Zero-Till Condition; Expt. 2. Efficacy and Economics of Different Pre-and Post-Emergence Herbicides for Controlling Weeds in Maize under Zero-Till Condition and Expt. 3. Efficacy and Economics of Different Pre-and Post-Emergence Herbicides for Controlling Weeds in Zero-Till Direct Seeded Aman rice. Treatments of the first experiment were: ready-mix formulation (Sulfosulfuron + Metsulfuron); ready-mix formulation (Mesosulfuron + Idosulfuron); Pinoxaden; ready-mix formulation (Carfentrazone + Isoproturon); Pinoxaden + Metsulfuron; Pinoxaden + Carfentrazone; Halosulfuron; Halosulfuron + Pinoxaden; Weedy check and Weed free. After two years of observation, the results of the study revealed that the highest yield of ZT-wheat (4860 kg ha-1) was recorded in weed-free treatment in the first season, which was statistically similar to Pinoxaden + Metsulfuron in both years (4643.33 and 5683.33 ha-1) and the lowest grain yield (2595 and 3880 kg ha-1) was recorded in weedy check plots. From an economic point of view, the maximum net benefit (121386 Tk ha-1) in the first year was recorded in Pinoxaden + Metsulfuron treatment, but in the second season, the maximum benefit (212578 Tk ha-1) was recorded in Halosulfuron + Pinoxaden applied plot. In 2nd experiment, treatments were two pre-emergence herbicides (Pendimethalin and Atrazine) and a control (without pre-emergence herbicide) and five post-emergence herbicides (i.e., Atrazine; Tembotrione; Halosulfuron; Tembotrione + Atrazine and Halosulfuron + Atrazine) and a control (without post-emergence herbicide). After two years of observation, the findings of the study revealed that sequential use of pre- and post-emergence herbicides significantly influenced the grain yield of ZT-maize by effectively controlling all types of weeds. In the first year, the highest grain yield was recorded in the sequential application of Pendimethalin applied immediately after maize seeding with post-emergence herbicides Tembotrione + Atrazine (13.9 t ha-1) applied at 15 DAS. However, in the second year, the sequential application of Atrazine applied immediately after maize seeding with post-emergence herbicides Tembotrione (17.2 t ha-1) applied at 15 DAS performed the best, followed by Atrazine as pre-emergence and Tembotrione + Atrazine (16.6 t ha-1) applied as post emergence and the lowest was recorded in the control plot (10.9 t ha-1). From the economic point of view, the maximum net benefit (two years’ averaged) was recorded from Pendimethalin & Atrazine (both applied as pre-emergence) and Atrazine (as post-emergence) (367807 & 362907 Tk. ha-1) applied plots, followed by Pendimethalin & Atrazine (both as pre-emergence) and Tembotrione + Atrazine (as post-emergence) (362582 & 363832 Tk.ha-1), while the minimum net benefit (258907 Tk. ha-1) was recorded in weedy check treatment. In 3rd experiment, treatments were two pre emergence herbicides (i.e., Pendimethalin and Oxadiazon) and a control (without pre-emergence herbicide) and five post-emergence herbicides (i.e., No-post-emergence; Bispyribac Sodium; Bispyribac Sodium + Pyrazosulfuron; Fenaxoprop + Ethoxysulfuron and Fenoxoprop fb Halosulfuron. Results of the two years of the study showed that all types of weeds were effectively controlled by the sequential use of pre-and post-emergence herbicides. Considering plant growth, yield and yield attributing of ZT DSR Aman rice, all parameters were significantly influenced by pre emergence herbicides (Pendimethalin & Oxadiazon) applied immediately after rice seeding followed by post emergence herbicides (sole application of Bispyribac-sodium, and combination of Bispyribac-sodium + Pyrazosulfuron, Fenaxoprop + Ethoxysulfuron and Fenoxoprop fb Halosulfuron) applied as post-emergence. Among these herbicides, the highest grain yield in both years was found in the sequential use of pre-emergence herbicide Pendimathalin followed by the application of post-emergence herbicides ‘Bispyribac Sodium + Pyrazosulfuron’ (5.3 t ha-1 in the first year) and ‘Bispyribac-sodium’ (5.2 t ha-1 in second year). From the economic point of view, the maximum net benefit was recorded in the plot, where Pendimethalin was applied as pre-emergence in combination with Bispyribac-sodium + Pyrazosulfuron (two years’ average 100179 Tk. ha-1) applied as post-emergence, followed by Oxadiazon as pre-emergence in combination with the sole application of Bispyribac-sodium (two years’ average 95873 Tk. ha-1). Based on the two years of yield and the economic benefit of these three observations the combination of herbicides Pinoxaden + Metsulfuron and Halosulfuron + Pinoxaden may be recommended for weed control in ZT wheat. In the case of ZT-maize, the sequential application of Pendimethalin and Atrazine applied as pre-emergence immediately after sowing of maize seeds in combination with sole Atrazine or in combination with Tembotrione + Atrazine as post-emergence may be recommended for weed control in the ZT-maize. While, in ZT DSR Aman rice, the sequential application of Pendimethalin and Oxadiazon as pre-emergence immediately after sowing of rice seeding in combination with Bispyribac + Pyrazosulfuron or Fenaxoprop + Ethoxysulfuron or sole application of Bispyribac Sodium as post-emergence may be recommended for weed control in ZT-DSR Aman rice.Item STUDY ON PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCES AND SEMEN QUALITY OF ASEEL CHICKEN(Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh, 2023-01) PRAMANIK, Md. AHSAN HABIBAseel, Naked Neck, and Red Junglefowl are the most important chicken genetic resources in Bangladesh. However, due to the unconsciousness of the farmers, uncontrolled crossing with other indigenous chickens, lack of proper conservation programs these are close to extinction. To conserve the extinct species the various ways were adopted in developed countries. As the first initiative of in vitro conservation of the poultry genetic resources, the present study was undertaken with four different distinct experiments to know the productive and reproductive performance of Aseel chicken and to study semen quality, sperm motility, biokinetic characteristics, sperm cryo-survivability by pre-freezing addition of honey as the possible cryo-protectant. Semen quality and the effect of honey on semen cryopreservation were evaluated by measuring sperm motility and biokinetic parameters with Computer Semen Analysis (CASA). The Aseel, Naked Neck and Red Junglefowl chickens were reared in open sided house in semi-scavenging condition at the Advanced Avian Research Farm, HSTU, Dinajpur. The Aseel sperm were cryopreserved using different level of honey where Glycerol and DMSO were also used as the positive controls. Considering productive and reproductive characteristics of the Aseel chicken showed almost similar performances of other chicken genetic resources but in some cases Aseel performed better. The semen color obtained from Aseel cocks was creamy white and showed a normal appearance and proved the semen quality was normal. The volume of semen per ejaculation and the pH were almost similar to others’ semen. Sperm motility was also observed normal in relation to motility and progressive motility along with other biokinetic characteristics. Considering the motility and percentage of the progressively motile sperm, the semen samples might be stored for up to 2 hours in good condition for insemination. Pre-freezing addition of 3% honey showed the satisfactory results in maintaining cryo-survivability. The productive and reproductive characteristics did not vary in case of natural and artificial insemination with fresh and diluted semen. Moreover, the result showed that the addition of 3% honey in Ringer’s solution performed as a cryoprotective agent which may help to cryopreserve Aseel roosters’ semen as the native chicken genetic resource and revealed that honey might has the cryoprotective properties. Therefore, the study concluded that the pre-freezing addition of honey improved the cryo-survivability of Aseel’s sperm and suggested for in vitro conservation of chicken genetic resources available in Bangladesh.Item MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF WILD RELATIVES OF RICE CONFERRING TOLERANCE TO SALINITY AND DROUGHT(Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh, 2022-06) HAQUE, MD. AZAMULVarietal breakthrough in rice contributed very significantly to the increased rice production in Bangladesh over the years despite of many challenges including abiotic stresses like salinity and drought. However, the recent trend shows a yield ceiling of the varietal improvement of rice, especially under stress condition. The use of untapped resources of wild species of rice against biotic and abiotic stresses is still largely unexplored under Bangladesh context. This study evaluated 40 accessions of wild species of rice through assessing their morpho physiological behaviors and allelic diversity conferring tolerance to salinity and drought stresses. The whole work consisted of four pot experiments and one laboratory experiment conducted during 2018-2020. In the 1st pot experiment 40 accessions under 10 wild species of rice namely Oryza rufipogon, O. alta, O. nivara, O. latifolia, Poterecia coarctata, O. glaberrima, O. longistaminata, O. officinalis, O. punctata and O. barthii were tested to assess their morpho-physiology and yield performance under normal environment where all the accessions showed variable morpho-physiological and yield performances. Based on their morpho-physiological parameters the accessions were distributed into five clusters where cluster IV included the maximum number of accessions (17) followed by clusters III (11), cluster II (5), cluster V (4) and cluster I (3). The principal component analysis (PCA) clearly and concisely explains the genetic diversity of wild rice genotypes. Based on the cluster grouping ten accessions from the ten wild species were further evaluated in the 2ndexperiment under normal condition and their morpho-physiological features were identified. The results summarized that the wild rice genotypes exerted fluctuating result for different morpho physiological traits. The maximum grain yield hill-1 (101.90 g) was distinctly produced by wild rice genotype O. nivara and the minimum grain yield hill-1 (9.00 g) was produced by wild rice genotype O. latifolia. In the 3rd pot experiment the performance of these ten wild species of rice along with two checks FR13A (check variety as drought tolerant) and BRRI dhan29 (check variety as drought sensitive) were evaluated under drought condition of 40-45 % field capacity. Among the tested genotypes O. punctata and O. barthii showed more susceptibility under drought stress. On the other hand, O. latifolia, O. nivara, Poterecia coaractata, O. officinalis and FR13A showed more tolerance capability against drought stress. The 4th experiment was comprised of two factors: 12 rice genotypes (10 wild rice genotypes along with two checks Pokkali as salinity tolerant and BRRI Dhan 29 as salinity sensitive) and 3 salinity levels viz. 0 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaCl and 100 mM NaCl. Potericia coaractata and O. latifolia showed the most tolerance among all the wild rice genotypes used. The allelic diversity analysis of the 10 wild species of rice concluds that the polymorphism information content (PIC) value of each primer pair ranged from 0.16 (O. rufipogon) to 0.37 (O. alta, O. latifolia, O. offficinalis, Portericia coactata and O. nivara) with an average of 0.31. The results reveal that O. alta, O. latifolia, O. offficinalis, Portericia coactata and O. nivara would be the best salt tolerant wild rice genotypes among 12 wild rice genotypes used in the study. The identified traits of the wild species of rice for salinity and drought tolerance would be a valuable resource for their introgression into the modern rice cultivars for future breeding programs to develop salinity and drought tolerant rice cultivars.