Browsing by Author "Islam, Md. Nurul"

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A Data Science Technique for Cropping Localization From the Weather Dataset
(Daffodil International University, 2022-01-03) Abedin, Md. Minhajul; Islam, Md. Nurul; Chowdhury, Joy Ray
Bangladesh is an agricultural country, and it is the backbone of our nation. Agriculture employs over half of Bangladesh's people, and crops occupy more than 70% of the country's territory. More than 12 percent of revenue comes from the agriculture sector. But our lands are limited, and our population is growing day by day. That's why we need more food and increase the demand for crops continuously. So, it is a huge challenge to increase crop production. But our farmers face different types of problems during cultivation. They cannot justify which crop should be cultivated. Because of this, they did not get the expected yield. We know that machine learning plays a vital role in agricultural prediction. Crop prediction is a complex process. A massive amount of data is needed, like temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed, dew etc. In this system, we applied different types of machine learning algorithms and checked which algorithm gives us better accuracy. We get Random Forest gives us the best accuracy. So, we applied it to our dataset. We collect weather data from NASA Power Access Viewer. And crop data from different sources. Then we apply training and testing to this dataset. We took 80% data for training and 20% for testing. We get 91% accuracy from the Random Forest algorithm, which will help the farmer to decide which crop should be cultivated. It will increase crop production. It Removes hunger and poverty from our country.
An analysis of HR activities of Swan group
(BRAC University, 8/23/2015) Islam, Md. Nurul; Arifuzzaman, S. M.
Swan is one of the famous companies in Bangladesh. The corporate body of Swan, namely „Swan Group‟, is doing business of foam, mattress, chemicals and properties. Swan was established on 1984 in the foam market with their world class product. The main business of Swan Industries is to provide the best quality product to its valuable customers. Since last 33 years, Swan producing & marketing "SWAN" brand polyurethane Foam with reputation. Swan imports the raw materials for their foam from Germany and USA. Swan also producing peeled (roll) foam with computerized foreign machine which is being used in keds/ sportswear/ hats/ bags etc for export purpose. After gaining success swan also open a new section of product called Swan Mattress. Swan has three different types of mattress, Such as: Swan spring mattress, Swan re-bonded mattress, Swan coir mattress. The market is expanding rapidly but due to the different cause Swan has lost its reputation and carrying less portion of the market. Swan has experienced man power that it is really a good strength. Here I have discussed the HR activities of Swan group in detail and try to bring out the strength and weaknesses that Swan Group has. To help Swan to move out from its old-fashioned way of management, to accommodate the future opportunities and to avert the current crisis and threats, it is extremely essential for Swan to undertake some immediate initiatives such as policy revise modernization, proper planning, experienced and professional manpower.
Anthropometric Study of the Shantal Community in Rajshahi District
(University of Rajshahi, 2006) Karim, Md. Rezaul; Islam, Md. Nurul; Ali, Md. Ayub
The aim of the thesis was to study Anthropometric variables sta􀀊ure, body weight, body mass index (BMI), sitting height and chest circumference, to find their relationships with some of the demographic and Socio-economic variables of Shantal community in Rajshshi District, Bangladesh. The_demographic and socioeconomic variables were collected through a questionnaire (in Appendix-I). Anthropometric measurements were taken by the· author himself. The cluster sampling technique was applied. The sample size were 396 for male and 438 for female. The present study demonstrated that the average stature, body weight, sitting height and chest circumference of young Shantals were increasing comparatively with those of oldest Shantals. Almost every Shantals were very lean and thin and stature, body weight, sitting height, and chest circumference of Shantals were positively and significantly related to each other. The present study indicated that the female onset of menarche of Shantals community reached earlier who were heavier and became late menarche who were both taller and thinner. Also lower BMI of female Shantals were reached age at menarche earlier than those of larger BMI. Also, age at menarche was earlier for those whose family income were higher and was late for those whose family income were lower and the onset of menarche reached earlier than those who have fewer number of sibling. Through the logistic regression, the present study suggest that the stature of literate male Shantals were shorter than the stature of illiterate Shantals and their differences were signHicant (p<0.05). The body weight and occupation were negatively associated but their differences were insignificant. The stature of literate female Shantals were higher than the stature of illiterate female Shantals and the body weight of female labors were lower than the body weight of non-labor female Shantals with significant differences. Sexual differences among stature, body weight and BMI of Shantals were found and the male Shantals were taller in stature and heavier in body weight than female Shantals and female Shantals were lean and thin. Government should take favorable view and necessary co-operations for their better health, social and economic management.
Bioactive Properties of The Toothbrush Plant, Glycosmis Pentaphylla (Retz.) with Special Reference to Stored Product Pests
(University of Rajshahi, 2007) Pramanik, Md. Shahidullah; Islam, Md. Nurul
In the antimicrobial activity test both the antibacterial and antifungal tests offered promising outputs and the results were supported by the results ach'ieved by the previous workers (Rahmani et al., 2004; Greger, 1993) dealt with this plant. In the disc diffusion method the leaf extract gave the inhibition zones 17-, 16-, 16-, 14-, 16-, 20-, 12- and 7 mm for B. megaterium, B. subtilis, S. lutea, S. - {3-haemolyticus, S. typhi, S. sonnei, S. boydii and P. aeruginosa respectively, while in comparison the inhibition zones for the standard were 28-, 33- 30-, 31-, 35-, 33-, 34- and 31 mm respectively. For the stem bark extract the inhibition zones were 14-, 15-, 15-, 11-, 15- , 10- and 10 mm for S. aureus, B. megaterium, S. lutea, S. typhi, S. sonnei, S. boydii and P. aeruginosa respectively, while the same for the standard were 31"'., 28-, 30-, 35-, 33-, 34-, and 31 mm for the same test agents respectively. For the stem wood extract the inhibition zones were 7-, 14-, 12-, 10- and 12 mm respectively for B. megaterium, B. subtilis, S.- {3-haemolyticus, S. boydii and P. aeruginosa, while the inhibition zones for the standard were 28-, 33-, 31-, 34- and 31 mm; and for the root extract the inhibition zones were 9-, 9-, 10-, 8- and 7 mm for S. aureu, B. megaterium, S. sonnei, S. boydii and P. aeruginosa respectively, while the inhibition zones for the standard were 31-, 28, 33-, 34- and 31 mm for the above mentioned test agents respectively. Many previous works support this output. Arborinine, and acridone alkaloid obtained from G. pentaphylla, exhibited significant inhibition of crown gall tumors produced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in a potato disc bioassay (Quader, et al., 1999). In the antifungal activity tests the leaf extract (chloroform) of G. pentaphyl/a offered promising activity, while the inhibition zones were 20 mm for A. fumigatus and Mucor sp. after 24 h of exposure, however both of them remained responsive after 48 h with 12 mm of the inhibition zones; while the inhibition zones for the standard were 32- and 30 mm for the above mentioned test fungi respectively. For the stem bark extract the inhibition zones 19-, 7-, 17- and 12 mm for A. fumigatus, A. flavus, Mucorsp. and C. afbicans after 24 h of exposure, however after 48 h only the A. fumigatus, Mucor sp. and C. albicans remained responsive to the same with 12-, 13- and 9 mm of inhibition zones; while the inhibition zones for the standard were 32, 28-, 30-and 31 mm for the above mentioned test fungi. The stem wood extract offered inhibition zones 7-, 12-, 10-, 17- and 10 mm after 24 h of exposure against F. vasinfectum,.,A, fumigatus, A. flavus, Mucor sp. and C. albicans, among them only the Mucor sp. remained responsive to the same with 13 mm of the inhibition zone after 48 h of exposure; while the inhibition zones for the standard were 29-, 32-, 28-, 30- and 31 mm for the above mentioned test fungi. For the root extract the inhibition zones were 7-, 15- and 12 mm for F. vasinfectum, A. fumigatus and Mucor sp. after 24 h of exposure, however after 48 h the A. fumigatus and Mucor sp. remained responsive to the same with 9 mm of the inhibition zones; while the inhibition zones for the standard were 29-, 32-, 31- and 30 mm for the above mentioned test fungi respectively. The crude extracts showed cytotoxic activity while tested on the brine shrimp nauplii, A. salina. The LC5o values established were 28.579-, 28.659-, 57.213- and 84.111 ppm for leaf, stem bark, stem wood and root (root bark and root wood were not separated) extracts respectively; while the efficacy could be arranged in a descending order Leaf>stem bark> stem wood> root. Findings of Muthukrishnan and his group (Muthukrishnan et al., 1999) resembles with this result, while the addition of 10±4 to 10±5 M the quinazolone of arborine isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of G. pentaphylla leaf extract to water resulted in 83 to 100% mortality of C. quinquefasciatus larvae.--------
Challenges of Teaching and Learning Mathematics at Secondary Level in Bangladesh
(University of Rajshahi, 2015) Kafi, Md. Abdul; Mondal, Md. Nazrul Islam; Islam, Md. Nurul
The present thesis entitled “Challenges of Teaching and Learning Mathematics at Secondary Level in Bangladesh” explores the challenges of teachers and students faced in teaching and learning mathematics at secondary level in Bangladesh. The Government of Bangladesh likes to turn the students into human resource by providing them proper education at the secondary level particularly developing their mathematical skills as many of them give up their education after finishing secondary education. The study focuses on the things included in the textbooks which have made them interactive, feelings of mathematics teachers as well as of students for the textbooks, teachers’ skills and knowledge required for using` the textbooks successfully in the classroom, that teachers are really doing with the teaching materials in textbooks, their problems and difficulties in using the textbooks, the ways of overcoming these difficulties, the training available for improving teachers’ teaching skills, students’ difficulties in using the textbooks and the means of overcoming teachers’ as well students’ difficulties in using the textbooks successfully in the classroom to achieve the objectives mentioned in the preface of the textbooks. Therefore it was very crucial to carry on the research in order to know what is really happening in the classroom of mathematics. The study was designed to investigate some key questions which were derived from its aims along with the question related to the objectives. Main objectives of the study are i) to find out the challenges of urban and rural mathematics teachers are facing in the classroom in teaching mathematics, ii) to find out the problems of urban and rural student are facing in the classroom in learning mathematics and iii) to find out the significant factors that are affecting teaching and learning in urban and rural area. The study was qualitative in nature data were both qualitative and quantitative. All the Head teachers, Mathematics teachers and students of class nine and ten of Rajshahi district in Bangladesh constituted the population of the study. The required data have been collected from 40 secondary schools 20 from urban and 20 from rural of four upazila under the district of Rajshahi through questionnaires and interviews of the respondent’s mathematics teacher and students and total sample size was 520. Study area, schools and teachers are selected purposively and students are selected by using Simple Random Sampling (SRS) method through random number table. As the main focus in the study was on the teaching-learning process in the mathematics classroom, an observation checklist has prepared which contents 30 observation for selected schools in order to get a complete picture of how teachers and students are teach and learn and what really happens in the classroom. Most of the teachers except a very few were found to enter the class without lesson plans, so their classes were not structured and the objectives of the particular lessons were far behind from being realized. On the other hand, where teachers had lesson plans, teaching went on smoothly, every task was done and students were happy. In most classes teachers failed to create healthy atmosphere as they did not use any warmer. A significant change was noticed in correcting students’ mistakes. Students reported that their teachers are gentle, but they like to see their teachers more gentle in correcting mistakes and they don’t like to be punished in the classroom. Most of the teachers entered the classroom with no smile on their faces and students were found fearful in these classes. In a few classes students were very lively and enjoyed their learning as their teachers were very friendly and smiling. The logistic regression coefficients of educational qualification, professional training, time allocation and type of schools on the SSC result 2008 are 20.339, 0.192, 0.177 and 0.916 respectively and these are positive in sign. The odds ratio educational qualification and type of schools have 6.809 and 2.500 times higher impact and time allocation have (1-0.577)x100=42.3% lower impact as compared to the coefficient professional training (reference category) on the SSC result of the year 2008 in the school of urban area. The logistic regression coefficients of educational qualification, professional training, time allocation and type of schools on the SSC result 2009 are 20.107, 0.496, 0.288 and 1.792 respectively and these are positive in sign of urban area. The logistic regression coefficients of professional training, time allocation and type of schools on the SSC result 2010 are 19.476, 39.827 and 1.792 respectively and these are positive in sign and educational qualification is -38.727 negative in sign, of urban area. The regression coefficients of professional training, time allocation and types of schools are 17.765, 33.264, and 2.672 and educational qualification -31.892 respectively on the SSC result 2011 in the school of urban area. The odds ratio corresponding to the variables professional training type of schools and educational qualification are 3.729, 7.000 and 0.213 respectively. It indicates that the variables professional training and type of schools have 3.729 and 7.000 times higher impact and educational qualification has (1-0.213) x100=78.7% lower impact as compared to the coefficient time allocation on the SSC result of the year 2011 in the school of urban area. The regression coefficients of teacher corresponding to educational qualification and professional training are -0.693, -19.909 respectively and these are in negative in sign and time allocation 22.106 in positive sign of rural area. The odds ratio professional training has 2.258 times higher impact and educational qualification has (1-0.500) x 100=50% lower impact as compared to the coefficient time allocation on the SSC result of the year 2011 in the school of rural area on the SSC result 2011 than that of variable time allocation (reference category). The regression coefficients of teacher corresponding to professional training, time allocation and type of schools are 1.552, 0.458 and 2.514 respectively and these are positive in sign and educational qualification -1.218 is negative in sign on the SSC result 2o12of urban area. Finally it is conducted on the basis of the information as well as the opinions expressed by the respondents that the present contents of mathematics are hard which discourages the students to solve math problems. Moreover, students need to undergo extra labor and privet tuition to do well in the exam of mathematics subject. Secondary level is very important in the education system of Bangladesh. Many subjects taught at this level. Mathematics was one of the major subjects that were compulsory for all secondary students but the teacher who were teaching the subject did not have enough knowledge in modern teaching method. It may conclude that the challenges identified in this study are more or less similar in all over Bangladesh. The findings suggested that the concerned authority would take immediate measures to get rid of the challenges of teaching mathematics of the secondary level in Bangladesh.
Changing Pattern of Fertility in Bangladesh
(University of Rajshahi, 2013) Jobbar, Md. Abdul; Islam, Md. Nurul
In this study, an attempt has been made to assess the factors associated with changing pattern of fertility in Bangladesh using nationally representative data from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BOHS), 2007. Multivariate technique named Logistic regression analysis has been used to find out the effects of the selected demographic and socio-economic factors on fertility pattern. Geometric distribution, Beta Geometric distribution and also multivariate technique named Cox's proportional hazard regression analysis have been used to identify the relationship between fertility, conception wait and fecundability. Fertility is still high in Bangladesh, though it has been declining over time. A major cause of declining fertility has been the steady increase in contraceptive use over the last 32 years; another major cause of declining fertility has been the steady increase the age at marriage. Current contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) is 56% in 2007 BOHS (Mitra et, al., May 2009). The result of Logistic regression analysis shows that several socio-economic and demographic factors significantly affect on fertility. These are age at first marriage, current age of respondent, place of residence, religion, region, respondent's educational level, partner's educational level, work status of women, partner's occupation, contraceptive use, spousal age difference, marital duration, wealth index, body mass index, mass media contact, partner's age etc. From the result of logistic regression analysis, we observed that lower age at marriage giving higher fertility on the other hand higher educated women giving lower fertility. From place of residence we observed that fertility is higher in rural areas. There are several reasons, these include may be the rural women are less educated than urban women; rural women have less media connection etc. Regional difference reveals that fertility is higher in Rajshahi and lower in Sylhet Division. Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka and Khulna division have intermediate levels of fertility. Religion has affect on fertility behavior through Muslims and Non-Muslims. The analysis shows that fertility among Muslims is higher as compared with Non-Muslims in each age group. Work status of women suggests that labor force participation may be consequence of lower fertility than non-working counterpart. Women who are involved with any service are not dependent on men (husbands), both socially and mentally have their own rights and absence of dependence, men cannot forcibly use women to increase their fertility. This has resulted in lower fertility. Fecundability is regarded as one of the important proximate parameters of fertility performance of the married women. Due to the complex nature of fecundability, we have attempted in this study to estimate mean fecundability from the first conception interval, which is not associated with postpartum infecundability. The first conception intervals have been estimated indirectly by utilizing the data. Since the cohort of women is not homogenous in regards to reproductive performance, we have attempted to estimate the mean recognizable effective fecundability by fitting the Pearson Type-I beta geometric model with parameters a and b to the observed distribution of first conception delay in addition to geometric distribution. In our analysis, we have estimated the parameters by the method of moments. The purpose of the present study, to estimate the mean conception delay, mean and corresponding variance of fecundability and levels, trends and differentials of fecundability of the Bangladeshi women. The mean conception delay of the Bangladeshi women has been found 23.88 months after their first marriage and the mean fecundability is 0.042, which is estimated by geometric distribution. The theoretical arithmetic and harmonic mean fecundabilities are found 0.045 and 0.042 respectively by fitting Beta geometric distribution. This study reveals that the women with higher education have lower mean conception delay and higher mean fecundability. We have also seen from this study that age at first marriage has negative relation with conception wait and positive relation with fecundabihity. It is observed that conception wait is decreasing and level of fecundability is increasing with the increasing age at first marriage whatever be the marital duration. Moreover, the fecundability decreases with the increasing marital duration whatever be the ages at first marriage. This indicates that the more the age at first marriage the higher the fecundability level and less the conception wait and vice-versa. Furthermore, the more the marital duration the less the fecundability and higher the conception wait and vice-versa. We get the significant regression coefficient between age at first marriage and conception wait as -1.849, which reflects that with the increase o 1.85 months. The trend analysis shows that conception wait is lower consequently fecundability is higher in the recent past than at some distant point of time. The multivariate analysis through the Cox's proportional Hazard Regression model shows that the respondent age at first marriage, current age of respondent, place of residence, religion, region, respondent's educational level, partner's educational level, work status of women, partner's occupation, contraceptive use, spousal age difference, marital duration, wealth index, body mass index, mass media contact and partner's age are found to have statistically significant association with the marriage to first conception wait. From the result of multivariate analysis we conclude that the associated factors which affect fertility those factors also affect fecundability with the same direction. f age at first marriage by one year, conception wait tends to decrease By 1.85 months. The trend analysis shows that conception wait is lower consequently fecundability is higher in the recent past than at some distant point of time. The multivariate analysis through the Cox's proportional Hazard Regression model shows that the respondent age at first marriage, current age of respondent, place of residence, religion, region, respondent's educational level, partner's educational level, work status of women, partner's occupation, contraceptive use, spousal age difference, marital duration, wealth index, body mass index, mass media contact and partner's age are found to have statistically significant association with the marriage to first conception wait.
Child Mortality and its Impact on Reproductive Pattern in Bangladesh
(University of Rajshahi, 2011) Kamruzzaman, Mohammad; Islam, Md. Nurul
The actual picture of infant and child mortality it’s important not only for demographic assessment of the country's population, but also for the design anti evaluation of health programs. Infant anti child mortality is a sensitive indicator of life socio-economic status, nutritional standard and health condition prevailing in a community. This estimate is used for monitoring anti evaluating population and health programs anti policies. Again reproduction is the most significant demographic characteristic of women, which plays a vital role of population changes anti strategies of a country. Its aspects cannot denied in the fertility behavior of a human population. This study aims to investigate the level and trends of infant anti child mortality followed by differentials with respect to some socio-economic, demographic anti maternal health care service utilization characteristics, the bivariate analysis is used to examine significant association of socio-economic, environmental anti demographic factors as the determinants of infant and child mortality……………………………………………..
Comparison between the compliance and effectiveness of procurement process under GoB and donor funded projects in ICT division
(BRAC University, 2025-03) Roy, Ashoke kumar; Islam, Md. Nurul
Effective procurement is key element of successful implementation of both GoB and donor funded projects. A study was taken to compare the compliance and effectiveness of procurement process under GoB and Donor funded projects in ICT Division. It was conducted in 19 projects during January to December 2024 of which 15 were GoB, and 4 were donor funded projects. An open and close ended questionnaire was prepared to collect the data based on the practical situation and scenario. In ICT Division average projects value of 15 GoB funded projects was Tk. 877.12 crore, whereas in 4 donor funded projects it was Tk. 2801.81 crore which is 3.19 times higher than GoB funded projects, average project duration were 6.00 years in GoB and 4.50 years in donor funded projects, average number of package/project of works, services, and goods were 38.04, 20.80, and 25.75, respectively in GoB funded projects whereas in donor funded projects it were 3.00, 25.75, and 15.00, respectively. In GoB funded projects in some case, the tender and REOI advertisements were not published in highest circulated newspaper like Prothom Alo and Daily Star, but in donor funded projects it was always published in highest circulated newspapers. Both GoB and donor funded projects under ICT Division comply the PPA 2006, and PPR 2008 guidelines, in addition to that donor funded projects may comply some additional guidelines like, ISO 90001, ISO 20400, and Systematic Tracking of Exchange in Procurement (STEP) etc., and have to take concurrence in some important stages of procurement from the authority of donor office. Value for money varied in GoB and donor funded projects 75-95%, 90-95%, respectively. In donor funded projects efficiency in procurement was ensured appointing suitable procurement experts and continuous capacity development training, but in 7 GoB funded projects there were no any procurement expert. For free and fair competition, and freedom to innovation some additional measures were taken in procurement in donor funded projects. Supplier risks observed minimum in donor funded projects vii due to strong monitoring, regular training, mentoring, advance payment, running bill payment etc. Absence of procurement expert was a vital issue for some GoB funded projects in ICT Division, but political influence, and inefficient bureaucracy were challenges both for GoB and donor funded projects. The ICT division strived to achieve accountability, transparency, and efficiency in all its procurement activities. The absence of procurement experts, political influence and unskilled manpower are the major constraints of it specially for some GoB funded projects. Ensuring procurement expert, strong monitoring and regular training on procurement for key officials could be a somewhat solution of it.
Covariates of Early Childbearing in Bangladesh
(University of Rajshahi, 2008) Islam, Md. Roshidul; Islam, Md. Nurul; Abedin, Samad
Early childbearing means the early growth that is the growth capacity of teen age’s women. It is apparent that early childbearing vary with varying demographic and socio-economic variables. Very little attention is given as to how to capture the pattern of early childbearing with respect to age, age at marriage, duration of marriage, children ever born as well with varying socio-economic situation like education of women, education of husband and working status of women and so on. Among the studies available, most of the focus on the consequence for developed countries. Since relatively lower attention has been given to one of the major influential factors of fertility decline in Bangladesh, the early childbearing. Early childbearing in human population is the achieved fertility of a woman or a group of women less than 20 years of age. While On-time childbearing involves less, both early and delayed childbearing involve high-risk also involves in having children in quick succession as well as in having children more than three or four. Thus childbearing occurs early or late, in quick succession and at higher parity (more than 3 or 4) involves high-risk and beyond these have some low-risk. Admitting that every pregnancy expulsion involves risk - more or less. The present study is an attempt to analyze the childbearing pattern that are termed as high-risk and low-risk and try to isolate the factors that discriminate and affect significantly the high-risk and low-risk pattern in the context of current age of women. Methodology The study uses 11 variables that include age of women, age at first marriage, duration of marriage, contraceptive use, place of residence, religion, education of women, education of husband, women's work status, occupation of husband and total children ever born. Such data are available from the 2004 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) implemented through a collaborative effect of the National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), Mitra and Associates, and ORC Macro (USA). Multi-stage random sampling was used to obtain the data. Data were obtained from all the administrative geographical divisions of Bangladesh. A total of 11440 ever-married women aged 10-49 were interviewed to collect data concerning fertility levels, contraceptive, infant mortality levels to improve the lives of mothers and children. There are 1703 ever-married women are eligible for our study ( <20 years) out of 11440. Aside from rates and ratio used in the analysis of data, the study uses x2-analysis to test the association between the attributes of risk of childbearing classified as high-risk and low-risk in terms of age indicates socioeconomic and demographic phenomena. The study also employed by two sophisticated statistical techniques namely, discriminant and logistic regression analysis. Findings It is evident that early childbearing performance vanes greatly with differences in religion, education residential status and so on. Majority of women (90.5 percent) are not currently working outside home. A considerable 70.8 percent of women live in rural area. About 28.1 percent of the study population has no formal education. About 65.6 percent women do not use contraceptive methods. It was found that the variables viz., education of women, contraceptive use, women's working status, occupation of husband, duration of marriage, age at first marriage are the most significantly associated. The variables that significantly discriminate the high-risk childbearing from the low-risk childbearing are marital duration, age at marriage, mother's education, place of residence, women's work status, religion and contraceptive use. It was also found that the most significant variables that influence both the high-risk and low-risk childbearing are marital duration, contraceptive use, mother's education, age at marriage, religion, place of residence and women work status.
Credit Approval Process of Uttara Bank Limited
(HAJEE MOHAMMAD DANESH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY, DINAJPUR., 2016-10) Islam, Md. Nurul; Abul Kalam
Determinants of Health Condition and Estimation of Demographic Parameters of Street Children in Dhaka City, Bangladesh
(University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 2021) Shahiduzzaman, Md.; Islam, Md. Rafiqul; Ali, M. Korban; Islam, Md. Nurul
Health and demographic condition of street children are important issues for the development of any country. Several researchers estimated that a substantial percent of total street children in Bangladesh are living in the Capital City, Dhaka, Bangladesh. But no study is available which concentrated to in-depth study of health condition and estimation of demographic parameters for the street children. So the aim of this study is to identify the determinants of health condition and estimation of demographic parameters of street children in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. We have used convenient sampling for selection of samples. The data were collected from 1108 street children in different places of Dhaka City using a comprehensive questionnaire. In this study, x2 statistic was used to test the significance of the association between the dependent and independent variables of the street children. Binary logistic regression model was also employed to identify the effect of the some important independent variables on dependent variable. To have a smooth pattern of age 3 years moving average technique and "4253H twice" smoothing technique were applied in this study. It was found that among total sample data 84.9% were male and only 15.1 % were female. Age structure of street children followed a polynomial function of degree four. Probability of dying (qJ calculated for street Children showed an expected pattern. The migration rate from rural to urban of male street children was higher than that of female street children. Migration rate of street working children was the highest among four types of street children. Migration rate of street children of illiterate fathers was higher than that of street children of literate fathers. Migration rate of street children of illiterate mothers was higher than that of street children of literate mothers.
Digital Courier System
(Daffodil International University, 2020-07-12) Islam, Md. Nurul; Molla, Md. Tuhin
The main purpose of the project in designed to develop a portal for management of Web and Android based online Courier System. The main theme of this project is digitizing our analog courier system. It overcomes the disadvantages of the traditional analog courier system and main advantage save time on our courier. It provides a parcel send one place to another place in country within 24 hours. It provides a better communication platform on courier system. The user’s details are noted electronically save our server. The online digital courier system set up two main menu Sender and Carry Person user can easily request order with a simple click. Also with products you can tracking the orders maintain customer’s database and improve your product delivery service. This system allows the user to fillip the requirement options from the display menu and confirm the request. Admin panel check request all information is true then approve otherwise disapprove user request. The payment can be made online banking or cash on delivery system. An id and password is provided for each user. It provides a more secured delivery system. This project is developed by using HTML, CSS, PHP, JavaScript, jQuery & BOOTSTRAP technologies and My SQL Database.
Disparity in Primary education of Bangladesh and Its Adverse Impact: A Comparative Study of Rural and Urban Education
(2011) Ferdous, Most. Asma; Islam, Md. Nurul
Bangladesh is a large populated country in a very small area. The natural rescores is insufficient for this population. In our country 85% people live in rural area. That's why more than 85% children live in rural area. The facilities of Primary Eduction in rural area are lower than urban. The rural people are less conscious than the people of urban. Beside this, Bangladesh wants to achieve Millennium Development Goal. To ensure primary education for all children and to remove poverty, it needs to find the lacking of primary education system because it is the foundation of all educations. The aim of the proposed study is to explore the disparity of primary education between rural and urban area and its adverse impact in Bangladesh. We have seen various disparities in primary education from the history of Bengal. These disparities were between higher and lower class, Hindu and Muslim. The Pakistani rulers have made clear disparity in education sector between East and West Pakistan. At that time the education of Bengal also neglected. Bangladesh has tried her best to improve the education but still now there are some disparities in primary education between urban and rural area. We have find that the primary students of urban area are more skilled, punctual and their school attendance also higher than the students of rural area. The beneficiaries of urban primary education are more aware in socio-political and legal issues than that of rural. Not only this, the former students of Urban Primary Education are doing better in economic changes on livelihood than that of Rural Primary Education. The main findings of the study are the disparities of those education by the name; nutrition, schooling and knowledge. The adverse impacts of those disparities are parent's education, awareness and economic condition. The disparity and adverse impact are rolling circularly. To stop this circle, necessary steps will be implemented.
Effect of interactions between some of the Nutrient elements on the growth, chemical composition and yield of wheat, rice and mungbean
(© University of Dhaka, 2025-05-06) Islam, Md. Nurul
EFFECT OF NATURAL INHIBITORS ON TRANSFORMATION OF N-FERTILIZER IN RICE FIELD
(Sher-e-Bangia Agricultural University Research System (SAURES), 2009-12) Islam, Md. Nurul; Chowdhury, Saikat
Effect of Plant Extracts on Laboratory Organisms and Biodegrading Agents Found in the Industrial Effluent
(University of Rajshahi, 2014) Shalim, Rukhshana; Islam, Md. Nurul
To determine whether or not the plant extracts affecting biodegrading agents that normalize industrial effluent sample plants known as bionomalizers i.e. Carica papaya Linn., Moringa oliefera Lam. and Musa sapientum L. were taken into consideration through dose mortality against the stored grain pest Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.), cytotoxicity against the brine shrimp Artemia salina nauplii and antibacterial activity against the 9 bacterial isolates from the tannery effluent and 7 certain other bacteria as laboratory test agents were done. Leaf, stem and roots of C. papaya; fruit, leaf, stem bark, stem wood, root bark and root wood of M. oliefera, and leaf, stem and roots of Mu. sapientum were extracted in petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol. For C. papaya extracts against T. castaneum beetles the dose mortality was done through residual film assay to yield the highest and the lowest mortality for the CH3OH extract of roots (LD50 0.114mg cm-2) and CHCl3 extracts of stem (LD50 2.053mg cm-2) after 48h of exposure, while the CHCl3 extracts of leaf and root didn’t offer any mortality to the beetles. According to the intensity of activity observed through dose mortality test against the adult beetles the potentiality of the Pet.E., CHCl3 and CH3OH extracts could be arranged in a descending order: root (CH3OH) > stem (CH3OH) > leaf (CH3OH) > root (Pet.E.) > leaf (Pet.E.) > stem (Pet.E.) > stem (CHCl3) extract. For M. oliefera the highest and the lowest mortality have been observed for the CH3OH extract of root bark (LD50 0.276mg cm-2) and Pet.E. extract of root wood (LD50 0.629mg cm-2) after 48h of exposure. According to the intensity of activity observed through mortality of the adult beetles the potentiality of the Pet.E. and methanol extracts could be arranged in a descending order: root bark (CH3OH) > stem bark (CH3OH) > root bark (Pet.E.) > fruit (CH3OH) > root wood (CH3OH) > stem bark (Pet.E.) > stem wood (CH3OH) > root wood (Pet.E.) extract. For Mu. sapientum the highest and the lowest mortality have been observed for the CH3OH extract of stem (LD50 0.163mg cm-2) and Pet.E. extract of leaf (LD50 1.195mg cm-2) after 48h of exposure. According to the intensity of activity observed through mortality of the adult beetles the potentiality of the extracts could be arranged in a descending order: stem (CH3OH) > root (CH3OH) > leaf (CH3OH) > stem (Pet.E.) > root (Pet.E.) > leaf (Pet.E.) extract. For C. papaya against the A. salina nauplii the highest and the lowest mortality have been observed for the CHCl3 extract of leaf (LC50 1.326ppm) and CH3OH extracts of leaf (LC50 183.443ppm) after 24h of exposure. According to the intensity of activity observed through dose mortality test against the adult beetles the potentiality of the Pet.E., CHCl3 and CH3OH extracts could be arranged in a descending order: leaf (CHCl3) > root (CH3OH) > stem (CHCl3) > stem (Pet.E.) > stem (CH3OH) > root (CHCl3) > root (Pet.E.) > leaf (Pet.E.) > leaf (CH3OH) extract. For M. oliefera the highest and the lowest mortality have been observed from the CHCl3 extract of root bark (LC50 4.197ppm) and CH3OH extracts of fruit (LC50 234.246ppm) after 24h of exposure respectively. According to the intensity of activity observed through dose mortality test against the adult beetles the potentiality of the Pet.E., CHCl3 and CH3OH extracts could be arranged in a descending order: root bark (CHCl3) > root bark (CH3OH) > stem wood (CHCl3) > stem wood (CH3OH) > root wood (CHCl3) > stem wood (Pet.E.) > stem bark (CHCl3) > fruit (Pet.E.) > root bark (Pet.E.) > fruit (CHCl3) > root wood (Pet.E.) > fruit (CH3OH) > stem bark (CH3OH) > leaf (Pet.E.) > root wood (CH3OH) > leaf (CH3OH) extract. For Mu. sapientum the highest and the lowest mortality have been observed from the CH3OH extract of leaf bark (LC50 22.991ppm) and Pet.E. extract of leaf (LC50 127.604ppm) after 24h of exposure. According to the intensity of activity observed through dose mortality test against the adult beetles the potentiality of the Pet.E., CHCl3 and CH3OH extracts could be arranged in a descending order: leaf (CH3OH) > leaf (CHCl3) > stem (CHCl3) > root (Pet.E.) > stem (Pet.E.) > root (CHCl3) > root (CH3OH) > stem (CH3OH) > leaf (Pet.E.) extract. Bacterial strains were isolated from tannery effluent. Fifteen colonies were screened from initial level of effluent on nutrient agar media. Out of fifteen colonies, nine isolates were selected for biochemical test and other studies. Selected isolates were: two isolates from sample 1 (isolate 1 and 2), four from sample 2 (isolate 3, 4, 5 and 6) and three from sample 3 (isolate 7, 8 and 9). The isolates were determined as 1. Bacillus cereus, 2. Klebsiella oxytoca, 3. Staphylococcus aureus, 4. Escherichia coli (I), 5. Escherichia coli (II) 6. Citrobacter freundii, 7. Proteus vulgaris, 8. Bacillus subtilis, 9. Salmonella typhimurium. Physico–chemical characteristics of the tannery effluent were also determined along with the characterization of the found bacterial isolates. The Pet.E., CHCl3 and CH3OH extract of C. papaya (leaf, stem and root),M. oliefera (fruit, leaf, stem bark, stem wood, root bark and root wood) and Mu. sapientum (leaf, stem and root) were tested against 7 selected bacteria (2 Gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococccus aureus and 5 Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei) to evaluate their antibacterial potential at a concentration of 200 and 400μg disc-1 along with a standard antibiotic, Ampicillin 10μg disc-1 and 9 isolates (from industrial effluent) to evaluate their antibacterial potential at a concentration of 400μg disc-1 along with a standard antibiotic, Kanamycin30μg disc-1. Among the C. papaya extracts the root extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity. Only the B. subtilis (roots/CHCl3 gave 20mm diam. for 400μg disc-1), K. pneumoniae (stem/CHCl3 gave 09mm in diam. for 400μg disc-1) and St. aureus (leaf/Pet.E. gave 09mm in diam, stem/CHCl3 gave 10mm in diam., roots/Pet.E. and CH3OH gave 15mm and 10mm in diam. respectively, while all the tests were for 400μg disc-1) were responsive among the selected test bacteria. Among the M. oleifera extracts the stem wood extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity. Only the (fruit/Pet.E. and stem bark/CHCl3 both gave 09mm in diam. for 400μg disc- 1), K. pneumoniae (fruit and stem wood/CHCl3 gave 11 and 10mm in diam. both for 400μg disc-1) and St. aureus (fruit/Pet.E. and CHCl3 gave 10mm and 09mm in diam., leaf/ Pet.E. gave 09mm in diam., and stem bark/Pet.E. and CH3OH gave 09 and 10mm in diam. respectively, stem wood/Pet.E. and CH3OH gave 10 and 12mm in diam. respectively, root bark/Pet.E. and CHCl3 gave 11mm and 09mm in diam., and root wood/CHCl3 gave 10mm in diam., while all the tests were for 400μg disc-1) were responsive among the selected test bacteria. Among the Mu. sapientum extracts the root extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity. Only the St. aureus (stem and roots/Pet.E. gave 08mm and 10mm in diam., for 400μg disc-1) were responsive among the selected test bacteria. According to the susceptibility test bacteria could be arranged in a descending order of St. aureus > B. subtilis > K. pneumoniae. The Pet.E., CHCl3 and CH3OH extract of C. papaya (leaf, stem and root),M. oliefera (fruit, leaf, stem bark, stem wood, root bark and root wood) and Mu. sapientum (leaf, stem and root) were tested against 9 isolates viz. 1. Bacillus cereus, 2. Klebsiella oxytoca, 3. Staphylococcus aureus, 4. Escherichia coli (I), 5. Escherichia coli (II), (for the iolates 4 and 5 the strains were different but determination was not done) 6. Citrobacter freundii, 7. Proteus vulgaris, 8. Bacillus subtilis, 9. Salmonella typhimurium. Among the 9 Isolates Isolate 8 B. subtilis was highly responsive to the Pet.E. and CHCl3 extracts of C. papaya stem (15 and 08mm), M. oliefera fruit (14 and 09mm) and root bark (10 and 16mm), and Mu. sapientum root (10 and 10mm) respectively; to the Pet.E. extracts of C. papaya root (11mm), M. oliefera root wood (11mm), Mu. sapientum stem (10mm), and to the CHCl3 extract of M. oliefera stem bark (08mm). Next to the Isolate 8 it was Isolate 2 K. oxytoca responsive to the Pet.E. extract of C. papaya leaf (08mm), M. oliefera fruit (08mm), Mu. sapientum leaf (15mm) and root (10mm); and to the CHCl3 extract of C. papaya leaf (08mm), M. oliefera stem bark (08mm), stem wood (08mm) and root bark (08mm); followed by the Isolate 1 B. cereus which was responsive to the Pet.E. extracts of C. papaya stem (16mm), M. oliefera fruit (10mm) and Mu. sapientum stem (8mm) and root (10mm); this was followed by Isolate 3 St. aureus which was responsive to the Pet.E. extracts of C. papaya stem (10mm), M. oliefera fruit (13mm) and Mu. spaientum root (08mm) and again the CHCl3 extract of M. oliefera stem bark (08mm). This was followed by the Isolate 6 Citrobacter freundii where CHCl3 extract of C. papaya stem (08mm) and Pet.E. extract of Mu. sapientum leaf (10mm) were found responsive. Isolate 4 E. coli (I) and 5 E. coli (II) (but different strains) and 9 Sa. typhimurium show response against Pet.E. extract of C. papaya stem (08mm), M. oliefera fruit (08mm) and CHCl3 extract of M. oliefera stem wood (09mm) respectively. According to the susceptibility test bacteria could be arranged in a descending order of B. subtilis > K. oxytoca > St. aureus = B. cereus > Citrobacter freundii > E. coli (I) = E. coli (II) = Sa. typhimurium. Isolate 7 P. vulgaris was not responsive to any of the 12 extracts of the 3 test plants. For Kanamycin 30g disc-1 the inhibition zones for the Isolate 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 were 50, 35, 35, 40, 36, 42, 42, 55 and 40mm respectively. The differences of the clear zones given by Ampicillin 10μg disc-1(tested against the 7 bacteria) and Kanamycin 30g disc-1 (tested against the 9 isolates) were nearly the same in majority of the test cases. The bacterial isolates found in the industrial effluent, i.e. B. subtilis, St. aureus, one of the E coli strains, another species of Klebsiella, K. oxytoca, another species of Salmonella, Sa. typhimurium were among the list of available 7 test bacteria of the Institute of Environmental Science (IES), R.U. and the response in that separate experiments nearly resembles the results got against the 9 isolates carried out afterwards. However, E coli among the 7 didn’t show any response at all. The activity of the Pet.E., CHCl3 and CH3OH extract of C. papaya (leaf, stem and root), M. oliefera (fruit, leaf, stem bark, stem wood, root bark and root wood) and Mu. sapientum (leaf, stem and root) were mild in activity in general, and P. vulgaris, Sa. typhimurium, both E. coli and Citrobacter freundii didn’t give any considerable clear zone. Thus, it could be mentioned that C. papaya, M. oliefera and Mu. sapientum plant materials are not so much effective against the biodegrading bacteria and obviously they are helpful in biodegradation of industrial effluents causing very insignificant harm to biodegrading bacteria.
Effectiveness of Farm Programs of Bangladesh Betar: An Empirical Study
(University of Rajshahi, 2015) Hasan, Md. Mahedi; Islam, Md. Nurul; Hoque, Md. Aminul; Mondal, Md. Nazrul Islam
Bangladesh Betar has been developing and broadcasting different types of farm programs for decades for the development of the agriculture and the farming communities of Bangladesh. These farm programs are in dire need of academic research for in-depth evaluation to know the extent to which the programs are successful in achieving the goals. An effort has been made in this study to reveal the effectiveness of the farm programs of Bangladesh Betar. This research is predominantly qualitative in nature where Khulna and Rajshahi districts have been selected as the study areas. Document analysis, key informant interview (KII) and survey methods have been used as methodology for this study. Relevant official documents from Bangladesh Betar, agricultural departments and other government offices have been collected for document analysis. For KII twenty eight key informants from Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, and Bangladesh Betar have been selected based on some specified criteria. For questionnaire survey, 465 respondents from Rajshahi and Khulna districts have been selected through random sampling technique. Descriptive analysis (Frequency distributions, proportional test analysis) has been done for analyzing the data and binary logistic regression model has been used to measure the intensity of the explanatory variables on explained variables. Experts‟ view is that there is a crying need of farm programs for the development of agriculture. The study has revealed that 71.40% of the experts think that there must be farm programs broadcast from Bangladesh Betar. Almost all (96.8%) the farmers need farm programs. Among them 20% want farm programs from Bangladesh Betar and another 21.72% want farm programs both from Radio (Bangladesh Betar) and Television. The farm programs designed and broadcast from Bangladesh Betar deserve the qualities of a good program to have beneficial effect on farming and the farmers. The present broadcasting schedules do not match the choice of most of the farmers and the broadcasting frequencies of farm programs are not enough. There is discrimination among the sectors in case of allocation of broadcasting hours. According to the experts the programs should be such that the farmers can participate in the programs. Bangladesh Betar itself fails to reach 93.33% of the farmers. Only 6.67% of the farmers listen to the farm programs of Bangladesh Betar. Radio is not culturally fit. Most of the farmers object to the obsolescence of radio (Bangladesh Betar). But almost all the farmers have faith in the information broadcast from Bangladesh Betar. Bangladesh Betar has failed to motivate the farmers to listen to its farm programs. A large number of farmers do not have belief and confidence in the expertise of the government experts especially the agriculture officers and the fisheries officers. Even a vast majority of the farmers think that they know better than the experts. They do not have the urge to know any new technology. Even most of them do not know that they are not aware of the modern farming technologies and their importance. Lack of consciousness of the modern technologies and their benefits is an impediment to listening to the farm programs. Academic education and trainings on agriculture increase the consciousness of the farmers of the new technologies of farming and the benefits of using the technologies which leads them to listening to farm programs. Very weak and constricted FM (Frequency Modulation) transmission of farm programs is an obstacle to listening to the farm programs. The farm programs of Bangladesh Betar are very much effective in educating the farmers about the modern technologies of farming. The study has revealed that most of the farmers who listen to the farm programs do not listen to the programs regularly. Yet, there is a clear difference between the listener and non-listener of the farm programs of Bangladesh Betar. At almost every level of farm knowledge the listeners of the farm programs are at better position than the non-listeners of the farm programs. It is also proved that farm programs can be a better complement to other mechanisms for educating the farmers about the farm technologies. The findings divulge that in every sector the farmers who listen to the farm programs of Bangladesh Betar are aware of the modern technologies for farming more than the farmers who do not listen to the farm programs. The research findings reveal that in every sector the farmers who listen to the farm programs of Bangladesh Betar are motivated to adopt the new technologies more than the farmers who do not listen to the farm programs. Even the mindset of the farmer who listens to the farm programs has shaped up better than that of the farmer who does not listen to the farm programs. The farm programs of Bangladesh Betar are effective for the diffusion of farm technologies and as media of instruction these farm programs deserve the ability to educate and motivate the farmers in adopting farm technologies though Bangladesh Betar itself fails to reach its target listeners. Initiatives are to be taken as stimulants to make the farmers listen to the farm programs of Bangladesh Betar. The programs have to be transmitted in such a way that the farmers can receive and listen to the programs through culturally fit technologies.
Environmental Friendly Vector Control Potentials of Plant Secondary Metabolites
(University of Rajshahi, 2015) Parvin, Nayeema; Islam, Md. Nurul
Whole plants (wp) of Evolvulus nummularius, Mentha piperita, Mimosa pudica, Parthenium hysterophorus, Phyllanthus niruri, Polygonum hydropiper, Pouzolzia zeylanica, Synedrella nodiflora, aerial part (ap) and roots (r) of Lantana camara, and aerial part and rhizome (rh) of Zingiber zerumbet were extracted in petroleum ether (PetE), chloroform (CHCl3) and methanol (CH3OH), and were screened against four vectors i.e. eggplant aphid, Aphis gossypii; larvae of the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus; red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum and brine shrimp, Artemia salina nauplii under laboratory conditions to yield their efficacy through dose-mortality assay and repellent activity against A. gossypii and T. castaneum; lethality against A. salina; larvicidal activity against C. quinquefasciatus larvae with much success. Antimicrobial activity tests were carried out in this connection for further justification of efficacy of the extractives. Isolation, purification and characterization of plant component(s) were also done to establish step-forward positive control measure(s) against four selected vectors from the pest control and pharmaceutical points of view. The mortality of A. gossypii were found in the descending order started with the E. nummularius (wp/PetE) giving LD50 0.034 mg/cm2 and ended with L. camara (ap/PetE) giving LD50 0.080mg/cm2. The larvicidal activity against C. quinquefasciatus larvae the descending order of intensity was started with Ph. niruri (wp/CHCl3) provided with the LC50 3.220ppm and ended with Mi. pudica (wp/PetE) giving LC50 88.187ppm). Methanol extract of Mi. pudica (wp), Pz. zeylanica (wp) and Z. zerumbet (ap) did not show any larvicidal effect. Brine shrimp lethality against A. salina nauplii the efficacy was in the descending order of Po. hydropiper (wp/CHCl3) provided with the LC50 1.590ppm and ended with Ph. niruri (wp/CHCl3) giving LC50 24.331ppm. The mortality of T. castaneum adults through dose-mortality assay were found in the descending order of M. piperita (wp/CH3OH) provided with the LD50 0.238mg/cm2 and ended with L. camara (r/PetE) giving LD50 2.672mg/cm2. While, no activity was traced for whole plant of Mi. pudica; and the methanol extract of Pz. zeylanica (wp); methanol and CHCl3 extracts of L. camara (r) and CHCl3 extract of S. nodiflora (wp) didn’t show any mortality against the adult beetles of T. castaneum. Against the eggplant aphids CH3OH extracts of E. nummularius (wp), L. camara (ap), Mi. pudica (wp) and Pz. zeylanica (wp) offered repellent activity, while the PetE and CHCl3 extracts of the same didn’t show repellency; however PetE, CHCl3 and CH3OH the extracts of Ph. niruri (wp), S. nodiflora (wp) and Z. zerumbet (ap); PetE extracts of M. piperita (wp), P. hysterophorus (wp) and Z. zerumbet (rh); CHCl3 extracts of L. camara (r) and Po. hydropiper (wp) and CH3OH extracts of P. hysterophorus (wp) and Po. hydropiper (wp) offered no repellent activity at all. For the repellency against T. castaneum adults CH3OH extracts of Po. hydropiper (wp) offered the most promising activity, however except L. camara (ap/CHCl3 and CH3OH); L. camara (r/PetE); M. piperita (wp/PetE); Mi. pudica (wp/PetE and CH3OH); P. hysterophorus (wp/CH3OH); Ph. niruri (wp/CHCl3 and CH3OH); Pz. zeylanica (wp/CHCl3) showed repellent activity of different degree; and aerial and rhizome part of Z. zerumbet extracts of all the three solvents showed no repellent activity. Activity tests of the extracts against eight selected pathogenic bacteria at concentrations of 200μg disc-1 and 400μg disc-1 compared with the standard antibiotic, Ampicilin 10μg disc-1 provided a promising outcome. The chloroform extract was found most effective in comparison to PetE and CH3OH extracts. Finding potential activity the PetE extract of E. nummularius (wp) and CH3OH extract of Po. hydropiper (wp) were attempted for chromatographic fractionation to isolate bioactive compound(s) and as a result two compounds named ENP and POM were isolated, and only the ENP was determined as palmitic acid. All the selected arthropod test agents are vectors [Aphid (Ng and Perry, 2004), Mosquito larvae (Michigan Mosquito Control Organization, 2013; Wilcox and Ellis, 2006: Janet, 2010), Red flour beetle (Channaiah et al., 2009); Brine shrimp (Sudhakaran et al., 2006: Hameed et al., 2002)] and the data achieved from the bioassays clearly showed the presence of insecticidal properties and vector control potentials in the test plants. Thus, comprehensive phytochemical analyses of the test plants for their insecticidal, insect repellent, cytotoxic and larvicidal leads, as well as the pharmacological studies of the active ingredients are very much to be solicited for their possible use in the future vector control and pharmaceutical endeavors.
Factors Affecting Infant and Child Mortality in Bangladesh: A Multivariate Analysis
(University of Rajshahi, 2008) Islam, Md. Mogibul; Islam, Md. Nurul
The reduction of infant and child mo11ality in the developing countries is one or the most substantial achievements of human kind. However, in spite of various effective intervention programs, the infant and child mortality are considerably high in Bangladesh. Therefore, in this study, an attempt has been made to assess the levels, patterns and determinants of mortality in Bangladesh utilizing nationally representative data from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2004. The purpose of this study is also to identify user-related factors, which influence the infant and child mortality in Bangladesh. Differential pattern in infant and child mortality in Bangladesh is examined using bi variate analysis, logistic regression analysis and also factor analysis in multivariate approach. The study results show that several socioeconomic, demographic and household variables affect infant and child mortality. These are: place of residence, division, mother's education, father's education, father's occupation, age of mother at birth of child, sex of child, preceding birth interval, availability of electricity, sources or drinking water, toilet facilities, exposure to mass media i.e., radio, TV and floor/wall/roof materials. Multivariate analysis results indicate that type of place of residence, sex of child, mother's education, father's occupation and division are important factors that have significant influence on infant and child mortality. Ti1e most significant predictors of neonatal, post-neonatal and infant mortality are mother's education and father's occupation. Father and mother's education both are persistent socioeconomic predictors of mortality. Construction materials of wall of houses are found significant for neonatal mortality. Floor materials are found significant for infant mortality. Furthermore, differential analysis shows that, male children experienced substantially higher mortali1y than female children did at neonatal, infantile and child periods but in post-neonatal period the relationship is opposite.