Design and Implementation of an Off-Grid Solar Photovoltaic System Integrated with an Inverter for Efficient DC to AC Conversion

Abstract

This project focuses on the Design and Implementation of an Off-Grid SolarPhotovoltaic System Integrated with an Inverter for Efficient DC to AC Conversion. The primary objective is to convert a 12V DC power source into AC output suitable for powering low-power AC loads. The system incorporates an H-bridge inverter circuit using four IRF540 MOSFETs, which are controlled by square wave signals generated by the Arduino. A 12V battery serves as the DC power source, and a step-up transformer is used to convert the low-voltage AC output of the H-bridge into high voltage AC. To demonstrate the functionality of the system, a resistive load and a lamp are used as the output devices. The Arduino is programmed to generate square wave signals with a frequency of 50Hz, ensuring compatibility with standard AC appliances. Dead-time delay is incorporated into the switching logic to prevent short circuits in the H-bridge configuration. The project emphasizes cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and ease of implementation, making it suitable for small-scale applications such as emergency lighting systems, basic household appliances, or rural electrification. The proposed inverter system is tested for efficiency, load handling, and output waveform characteristics. While the square wave output is less ideal than sine wave inverters due to higher harmonic distortion, it provides a practical solution for low-cost and low-power applications. This project serves as a foundation for further advancements in inverter design and demonstrates the potential of Arduino-based systems in power electronics.