Identifying the Risk Factors of Gum Diseases and Association with Hematobiochemical Parameters in Diabetic Patients

Abstract

Periodontal disease is a common chronic inflammatory condition that is closely linked with diabetes mellitus through bidirectional metabolic and inflammatory pathways. In Bangladesh, where diabetes prevalence is rapidly increasing, evidence on the association between periodontal disease and systemic hematobiochemical parameters remains limited. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of periodontal disease and evaluate its association with hematobiochemical, metabolic, and lifestyle risk factors among diabetic patients in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among diabetic patients attending Chittagong Diabetic General Hospital. Demographic, clinical, lifestyle, oral health, and laboratory data were collected using a structured questionnaire and recent investigation reports. Periodontitis status was determined based on self-reported oral symptoms. Hematobiochemical parameters were compared between patients with and without periodontitis using appropriate statistical tests. Spearman’s correlation and multivariable logistic regression were performed to identify associations and independent predictors. Among 285 diabetic patients, 46.3% had periodontitis. Patients with periodontitis showed significantly higher HbA1C, fasting blood glucose, LDL, triglycerides, and white blood cell counts, indicating poorer glycemic control, dyslipidemia, and heightened systemic inflammation. Hemoglobin levels were modestly lower in the periodontitis group. Significant positive correlations were observed between periodontitis and glycemic, lipid, and inflammatory markers. Logistic regression identified poor glycemic control and tobacco use as important risk factors. Periodontitis is highly prevalent among diabetic patients and is significantly associated with metabolic dysregulation and systemic inflammation. These findings highlight the need for integrated medical–dental care and routine periodontal screening in diabetes management in Bangladesh.