Teratogenic Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Throughout the First, Second and Third Trimester of Pregnancy

Abstract

A compound that prevents a fetus from developing normally is called a teratogen. Teratogens are substances that are known to result in birth abnormalities when consumed while pregnant such as some prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceuticals. Excessive blood pressure is famously treated with ACE inhibitors. However, due to a higher risk of fetal kidney impairment, they are not advised for use by pregnant women. Over the course of time incidents of fetotoxic consequences have been reported. Among these, renal dysplasia, oligohydramios, anuria, pulmonary hypoplasia, and even infant mortality are the consequences that are most frequently recorded. According to studies, exposure during the final trimester is when the foetotoxic impacts are most frequent. However, because of the grave nature of these health consequences, ACE-inhibitors are not recommended through pregnancy. This study reviews the academic journals that pointed out the possible fetopathy associated with the use of an ACE inhibitor to treat hypertension during pregnancy. The study of fetotoxic events that happen in all three trimesters of pregnancy as a result of ACE inhibitor exposure is the primary contribution of this work. Key words: ACE inhibitor (Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors), ACE (Angiotensin converting enzyme), ANG I (Angiotensin I), ANG II (Angiotensin II), RAS (Renin angiotensin-system), AT1 receptor (Angiotensin 1 receptor), AT2 receptor (Angiotensin 2 receptor).