A review based on how smoking may contribute to urinary adenocarcinoma also how garlic helps to prevent it

Abstract

Urinary adenocarcinoma which is a form of bladder cancer remains to be a major global health issue where smoking recognized as a prominent risk factor. Carcinogenic components in cigarette smoke, such as nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and reactive oxygen species, promote this type of cancer by such processes including DNA damage, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation. These mechanisms activate major carcinogenic pathways, such as NF-κB and COX-2/PGE2 which promotes tumor progression. On the other hand, garlic (Allium sativum) shows anticancer effects, primarily due to its bioactive compounds like allicin, DADS, and DATS. These chemicals reduce oxidative stress, inflammatory pathways, and promote apoptosis in cancer cells. Garlic shows effect on signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, and MAPK which lower down the tumor promoting effect caused by smoking. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms associated with smoking-induced bladder cancer and the protective role of garlic. Also, it proposes garlic’s potential as a dietary intervention for cancer prevention.