Comparative analysis of prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from hospital effluents wastewater and hospital adjacent communities in Dhaka city

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium with spherical shape. They are member of Bacillota family. By nature, this organism is facultatively anaerobe, facultative anaerobe microorganisms don’t require oxygen to grow. But they can also grow in presence of oxygen without any problem. So, basically Staphylococcus aureus have both the ability to grow by respiration and fermentation. This bacterium usually gives positive result in the nitrate reduction test as well as test of catalase. It is responsible for various infections including skin diseases, pyogenic infection, respiratory infection, food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome etc. In recent times, antibiotic resistant strains of microbes have increased at a terrible rate. Some of the strains of Staphylococcus aureus has already been resistant in methicillin that is also called MRSA strain. This clinic/hospital centred MRSA problem is now a worldwide problem. Among the clinical pathogens, mortality rate with antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus is in one of the top positions. Hospital wastewater is a big source of the infectious diseases related with Staphylococcus aureus in hospital and community settings. Beside that, Hospital wastewater is the potential reservoir of ARGs and ARB. Total 90 samples were collected from September 2022 to April 2023. Among them 43 were PCR confirmed Staphylococcus aureus. Cefixime, Amikacin, Erythromycin, Amoxycillin, Vancomycin, Gentamycin, Ceftriaxone all these antibiotics were 100% resistant to the Hospital isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Cefixime was 100% resistant for both hospital and community isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. From this research it is proven that ARGs in the Staphylococcus aureus strains has dangerously increased in both hospital and community settings which is really a alarming matter for us.