FPTP vs. PR: reassessing Bangladesh’s electoral system for increased representation, stability and accountability

Abstract

This policy memo assesses the performance and viability of Bangladesh's First-Past-the-Post (FPTP) electoral system in light of recent political changes, including the ousting of the Awami League (AL) government in August 2024 and subsequent reform agenda of the interim government under Professor Muhammad Yunus. It evaluates potential transitions to Proportional Representation (PR) or mixed electoral models, particularly within the proposed bicameral legislature from the Electoral Reform Commission of Bangladesh. Drawing on comparative experiences from South Asia, including Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan and India, the memo weighs the trade-off s between representation, accountability and stability. The memo ultimately recommends implementing a bicameral parliament, with a lower house elected through FPTP and an upper house through PR. It further advocates for adopting the Saint-Laguë seat allocation method, instituting a 3% vote threshold for party eligibility in the upper house, and establishing mechanisms to prevent the entry of extremist parties. In addition, this memo proposes reforms to enhance the representation of women and minorities, as well as to strengthen institutional checks and balances, thereby ensuring the sustainability of democratic governance in Bangladesh.