A review on synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of second-line antidiabetic drugs

Abstract

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that is spreading at an exponential rate and burdening healthcare systems everywhere. This review's main focus is on an overview of DM and the current and new pharmacological treatments for treating type 2 diabetes. Even though conventional drugs like insulin, sulfonylureas, and metformin, are still widely used; novel drugs that target different blood glucose-lowering pathways are now available. In this review, the effectiveness and safety profiles of several different second-line anti-diabetic drugs, along with different novel synthetic routes are discussed. It is challenging to select the most efficient synthesis method from a large number of studies, but an in-depth evaluation of effective synthesis methods is provided, along with a variety of optimization strategies. We expect that the review article will aid researchers with invaluable, compiled information in second-line anti-diabetic drugs. Further research on the synthesis of more successful antidiabetic drugs with the potential for fewer side effects and dose-related issues may benefit from this review.