Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis and Management of Monkey pox Virus: A Clinical Review Article

Abstract

The resurgence of monkeypox virus poses a renewed global health threat, characterized by zoonotic spillover and human-to-human transmission. This clinical review explores the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic methods, and management strategies for monkeypox, highlighting critical risk factors that exacerbate its spread. Zoonotic transmission primarily occurs through direct contact with infected animals, while humanto-human transmission is driven by close physical contact, respiratory droplets, and contaminated materials, with heightened risks in densely populated areas and healthcare settings. Clinically, monkeypox presents with fever, lymphadenopathy, and distinctive rashes, making accurate diagnostic differentiation essential, particularly using PCR to confirm infection. Management encompasses patient isolation, symptomatic treatment, and the use of antiviral agents like Tecovirimat for severe cases. Vaccines, including Jynneos and ACAM2000, provide effective protection but face accessibility challenges in lowresource regions. This review emphasizes the importance of robust public health interventions, including preventive education, improved healthcare infrastructure, and equitable vaccine distribution to curb the spread of monkeypox and mitigate its impact on global health. The resurgence of monkeypox virus poses a renewed global health threat, characterized by zoonotic spillover and human-to-human transmission. This clinical review explores the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic methods, and management strategies for monkeypox, highlighting critical risk factors that exacerbate its spread. Zoonotic transmission primarily occurs through direct contact with infected animals, while humanto- human transmission is driven by close physical contact, respiratory droplets, and contaminated materials, with heightened risks in densely populated areas and healthcare settings. Clinically, monkeypox presents with fever, lymphadenopathy, and distinctive rashes, making accurate diagnostic differentiation essential, particularly using PCR to confirm infection. Management encompasses patient isolation, symptomatic treatment, and the use of antiviral agents like Tecovirimat for severe cases. Vaccines, including Jynneos and ACAM2000, provide effective protection but face accessibility challenges in lowresource regions. This review emphasizes the importance of robust public health interventions, including preventive education, improved healthcare infrastructure, and equitable vaccine distribution to curb the spread of monkeypox and mitigate its impact on global health.