Status of particulate matter exposure in Bangladesh and the preliminary association with airborne microbes

Abstract

In the current world, particulate matter in terms of PM 2.5 and PM 10 exhibits serious human exposure and works as an environmental media, attaching other elements like airborne microorganisms. Using Bangladeshi case studies on particulate matter exposure, this study newly ascertained the relationship between the level/behavior of particulate matter and the airborne microorganism. As a result, almost all of the investigated papers for Bangladesh elevated levels of particulate matter in the unit μgm–3 (PM 2.5: outdoor range of 2.33-220; indoor of 14.4-361; PM 10: outdoor of 10.1-1447; indoor 32-472) indoor, compared to local and international standards. The urban settings of Dhaka and the nearest regions, Chittagong, Savar, and Rangpur, presented the highest levels in the country. In rural areas, types of dwellings are identified as the factors accelerating the level and indoor distribution. In Dhaka, bacteria were achieved as the airborne microorganism associated with elevated particulate matter while presenting other pathogens in crowded areas. Internationally, the fungi and antibacterial with meteorology (Saudi Arabia; average PM 2.5 concentrations 60 μgm–3, PM 10 as 159.9 μgm–3; presenting positive correlation of r=0.23 and negative correlation r=-0.2 with microorganisms respectively); allergens, and pathogens during severe smoke events (China), and animal farming (Malaysia, in unit of mgm–3 PM 2.5 range is 55.38-61.02; and PM 10 65.38-87.84)) are obtained with correlated with the particulate matter as the airborne microorganism’s settings.