Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development

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Pertinent Education and Women Empowerment: A Study on Rajshahi Division in Bangladesh
(University of Rajshahi, 2011) Haque, Md. Rajwanul; Islam, Md. Rafiqul; Mostofa, Md. Golam
Women empowerment is one of the most important issues of modern era. After a major contribution in the development process, female population has low status as compared to men, specifically in the developing world. Gradually, it has become a major topic of socio-economic and demographic research. Considering its importance, an attempt has been made in this study to investigate the various issues of empowerment such as women's preference about rearing and education of male-female children, decision making activities on economic, household and freedom of physical movement. Along with these, information on five indicators like equal right in the society, right for education, wage, maternal health care and participation in politics are used to measure women's empowerment. Different organizational [Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) and/or Government Organizations (GOs)] contribution to develop women's leadership also presented. At the end women's tackling capability against husband's and familial tortures tried to explore in Rajshahi division of Bangladesh There is not so difference in male-female educational enrollment in primary but a slight difference exists in secondary level. There is still a considerable difference exist in male-female enrollment in tertiary level for both rural and urban areas. The perception about the women's importance level concerning child rearing and child education increases with the increasing of their own educational level. Regarding the measurement of women empowerment, women are comparatively less empowered in economic purpose than that of other two dimensions like as freedom of physical movement and household decision making purpose. Women are more informed about maternal health care and female educational priority among the various indicators of women empowerment through different persons and/or organizations. Age of the women have an important impact on receiving information about different types of women empowerment indicators. Women's participation in different organizations is merely visible in rural areas and they are mainly engaged in NGOs and community based organizations. A larger part of the women who are illiterate and even up to secondary level of education perceived that the leaders of different organizations where they engaged have moderate type of capability for leadership. Maximum organizational leaders are selected within the members ignoring the work efficiency in the organization. Consequently, most of the women opined that they do not get any optimum and fruitful benefit from these organizations. Women with bad or even very bad spousal relationship irrespective of all levels of education have better empowerment than those women who have good spousal relationship. Further those women who face torture by husband as well as family members irrespective of all levels of education, they occupied better empowerment than those who faced any torture. This contradictory result may become from the lack of self-sense about the indicators of women empowerment as well as the degree of relationship among the family members and husband. The younger women and those who have lower age at marriage face more torture by their husbands and family members than that of their counterparts. Moreover, the women who lived in female headed household face more torture than that of male headed household. It is evident that due to lack of pertinent education, women are not capable to tackle against any torture by husband and/or family members. The outputs of the study demonstrate the policy implications that can improve the empowerment of reproductive aged women. Education and employment opportunities should be created for them to increase their self-esteemed and also increase their status in society. Finally, it is suggested to provide effective policy to minimize the gap between men and women and to ensure their rights 111 every sphere of life.
Socio-Economic Correlates of Child Labour in Agriculture Sector: Some Selected Rural Areas of Rajshahi, Bangladesh
(University of Rajshahi, 2006) Haque, Md. Rajwanul; Ali, M. Korban; Mondal, M. Nazrul Islam
Child is the father of a man. Child is the wealth of a state. Child is the hope and future of a nation. Child is the pioneer of human civilization. When the child is so important in the life of a nation; he can neither be ignored nor be neglected in the onward march of the world civilization. Child should therefore be properly reared up for the sake of human civilization, for the sake of a nation and its government. Environment should be so created that a child properly grows physically; mentally as well as intellectually to play its due role in tomorrow's society. Child is the continuation of human civilization and bears the testimony of parenthood and generation. It is the foundation of a family, a society, a nation and the world as a whole. It requires careful and effective measures for his proper nourishment by the concerned person and authority. It is to be provided with the basics he requires. But unfortunately, this does not prevail all over the world equally specially in the developing countries. A few fortunate children of these countries are provided with their basics while the rest are denied of their basic needs, physical and mental growth. They are compelled to offer labour for their livelihood before they attain majority. They work with the hammer and the spade instead of working with the book and the pencil. Sometimes circumstantially they go into the clutches of anti-social elements, create law and order problems and finally they become liability of the state instead of becoming an asset (Siddiqua, 2002). In the formal sector, garment factories topped the list to absorb the highest number of child workers. The issue of child labour in Bangladesh become most discussed and debatable in early I 990's when the United States and other foreign buyers refused to import garments from Bangladesh as long as child labour in garment factories in Bangladesh attracts most international attention. Child lnbour in Bangladesh and other developing countries reveal that the vast majority of working children are employed in agriculture and domestic service sectors where children are taking part in service, small-scale manufacturing, and various agricultural occupations; they also perfonn household chores such as fetching water. collecting firewood, cooking and taking care of younger siblings. Although many of these children are working under supervision, full-time work can deter them from attending school, and many home-based activities can be as harmful as work performed outside the home (!LO, 1996).