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Air Quality Assessment of Cement Manufacturing Process: A Case Study in Khulna City
(Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh, 2017-04) Alam, Zerin Binte; Mohiuddin, Dr. Kazi ABM
Air pollution has deleterious impacts on human health and environment. Industrial sector has always led to increase the immense challenge of controlling this atmospheric pollution. Cement industry is one of the potential anthropogenic sources of air pollution and gradual substitution of traditional building patterns by modern high-rise ones has pushed up the use of cement in Bangladesh. It may cause an alteration on the air quality of Bangladesh in near future until any initiatives taken. Therefore, this study has made an attempt to determine the contribution level of a sampled cement manufacturing factory (CMF) on human health. With this consequence, this study has estimated the emission of air pollutant’s by emission factor method, characterized existed materials by different micro analysis such as XRF, particle size analysis SEM-EDS, XRD, and FTIR to correlate them with the health risk exposure. In addition it has also assessed occupational health risks at sampled CMF. The results of XRF analysis showed that the oxides such as CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, SO3, K2O, Na2O, and Fe2O3 are available in raw materials, products and by-products of CMF. SEM micrographs have evidently shown the existence of fine particles (
Air Quality Modeling and Health Risk Assessment of Air Pollutants Generating from Khulna Power Plant
(Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh, 2016-05) Alam, Salma; Mohiuddin, Dr. Kazi ABM
Clean air is seriously affected by the atmospheric emissions generating from industrial sectors. Power plants contribute significantly among these emissions of air pollutants. This study describes the air pollutants emission from Khulna Power Company Limited (KPCL), the distribution of emitted pollutants with time and space, the contribution of power plant emission to the ambient air, and finally the estimation of health risk. This Study reveals that KPCL (225 MW power generation capacity) using Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) that contains C (83.42%), H (10.02%), S (0.7%), O (0.05%) and N (0.1%) by weight and the chemical formula of HFO was derived as C2230H3211S7N2.5O. The energy content of HFO was determined 17.76 MJ/kg and it contains Amino (-NH), Hydroxyl (-OH) and Aliphatic Carbon (-CH), Esters (S-OR) and Sulphate (S=O) bonds. The atmospheric emission from KPCL Power plants was estimated as 197.4 t/yr of SO2, 84 t/yr of NOX, 9 t/yr of CO, 12.46 t/yr of PM10, 9.30 t/yr of PM2.5 and 2.7 kg/yr of Lead compounds. The dominant air pollutants from KPCL were found SO2 (62.04%) and NOx (26.35%). This study also shows that the dispersion of air pollutants from KPCL during September month mostly travelled towards the northern direction in a long distance (>300 km) covering the area of Jessore, Chuadanga, magura, Jhenaidah in Khulna division; Pabna, Shirazgonj, Bogra in Rajshahi division and in some cases dispersed over Dinazpur, Rangpur, Thakurgaon in Rangpur division. During the period of November 2014 to February 2015 the plume travelled long distance of more than 200km covering the area of Mongla, Bagerhat Shundarbans, Potuakhali, Borguna, Gopalgonj, Pirozpur and over Bay of Bengal. Plume also travel over Sundarbans about one- fourth (4 months) period of a year. Back trajectory of long range transport showed that air pollutants from India, Bhutan and Nepal were also contributed to the airshed of Khulna city. Due to the location Himalayan Mountains the massive air pollution of china seems not transported to Khulna airshed. Air Quality Index (AQI) results showed that during the September 2013the AQI for SO2 (15) and NOX (21) indicating the ‘good’ category (1-50) which pose little or no short term health risk. During this month comparing with the available local air quality monitoring station data, it was found that 18.5% of total ambient SO2 and 12.36% of total ambient NOX contributed by KPCL emission respectively. From dispersion modeling of November 2014 to February 2015, it was found that, 2km surrounding area of KPCL is mostly affected by SO2 and NOX. Average concentrations of SO2in that area were 7.04μg/m3 in November 2104, 7.7μg/m3 in December 2014, 6.62μg/m3 in January 2015 and 7.92μg/m3and the average concentrations of NOX were 2.94μg/m3 in November 2014, 3.13μg/m3 in December 2014, 2.81μg/m3 in January 2015 and 3.42μg/m3 in February 2015. Due to the exposure of SO2 and NOX in this area the DALYs for chronic respiratory disease obtained 0.15 and for cardiovascular disease it was obtained 0.35 per 10 Lac which indicates that 10 Lac inhabitants surrounding the KPCL area will lose their life expectancy by 128 days due to cardiovascular disease and 55 days due to chronic respiratory disease.
Development of Low Volume Substrate Based Particulate Matter Sampler
(Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh, 2019-01) Alam, Md. Shah; Mohiuddin, Prof. Dr. Kazi ABM
Air pollution has arisen as a major concern in the present era due to its adverse impact on human health and surrounding environment. Among the six criteria pollutants, the atmospheric particulate matters have been considered as a challenge to ensure air quality in Bangladesh because the Air Quality Index (AQI) value for particulate matter (PM) is mostly ranges from caution to extremely unhealthy. However, air quality sampling and monitoring program in Bangladesh is very insignificant due to expensive PM sampler dealing with nano to micro scale parameters. This study focuses on the development of a low cost PM sampler which is low volume, multi-nozzle and substrate based. The design parameters such as nozzle number, nozzle diameter and nozzle to plate distance were determined from the dimensionless factor named stokes number ( ) introducing the Reynolds number (Re). The optimal nozzle configuration array was selected to avoid the effect of cross flow parameter upon the collection characteristics. The PM sampler operates at a flow rate of 5 L/min and consists of two different sets of circular nozzles designed for cut-off PM10 (Diameter of particle less than 10μm) and PM2.5 (Diameter of particle less than 2.5μm). The designed PM sampler was fabricated from the Fab-Lab of Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET) using the silver metallic PLA filament which is light weight and corrosion resistant. Microscopic analysis of the substrate was performed to investigate cut-off performance. Gravimetric analysis was conducted to evaluate the field performance of the developed PM with a sensor based (light-scattering) reference sampler within the KUET campus. The loss of particle on this study was determined by counting the particle inside the sampler’s wall as well as the stagnant corner point of the inside of the PM sampler. A stage wise sharp cut-off was found for PM10 and PM2.5 of developed PM sampler. The average mass concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 was found as 108μg/m3 and 49μg/m3, respectively. The average mass concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 was found very close to the reference sampler. The average particle loss for the impactor nozzle and sampler body was found 12.0% which shows good agreement with previous studies. The obtained cross-flow parameter for the stage PM10 (0.20) and PM2.5 (0.29) were also satisfying the critical value (< 1.2). Overall, the PM sampler was developed as light-weight, easy to use, portable, low maintenance required, and low cost which can be implemented for PM monitoring in Bangladesh.
Micro-Characterization of Indoor Particulate Matter in Selected Areas of Jashore University of Science and Technology
(Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesht, 2019-07) Patwary, Md. Helal Uddin; Mohiuddin, Prof. Dr. Kazi ABM
Indoor air pollution has drawn considerable attention in recent years. Indoor air quality is very important for human health especially for vulnerable group of people (the asthmatic, the children and the elderly). The indoor environment can be subdivided into different micro-environments such as residents, transport, offices, educational institutions etc. and each may have a different source of indoor pollution. Indoor particulate matter has harmful impact on human health and environment. The finer the size of particles the higher the harmful impact. In this research work an attempt has been made for characterization of indoor particulate matter at three buildings named10-storied residential Tower, Administrative and Academic building of Jashore University of Science and Technology (JUST) campus. In the dust sample, presence of heavy metals (Ti,Fe,Cu,Zn,As,Pb,Zr) and criteria air pollutant(Pb)was found. The concentration of PM10 (μg/m3) and PM2.5 (μg/m3) measured by Tactical Air Sampler (TAS) was found highest value (PM10, 170μg/m3 and PM2.5,103μg/m3) in Academic building among the three buildings. The reason is that this building is situated near road side and construction work is going on adjacent the building. Again concentration of PM2.5 is found higher inside than outside the building in all cases. Concentration of PM10 (130μg/m3) is found higher inside than outside (76μg/m3) in Administrative Building. Concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 in all cases exceeds WHO guideline limit (WHO guideline for PM10 in 24 hour- 50μg/m3 and 1 year is 20μg/m3; For PM2.5 in 24 hour- 25μg/m3 and 1 year is 10μg/m3 ) and in academic building exceeds Bangladesh standard both in outdoor and indoor(Bangladesh standard for PM10 in 24 hour- 150μg/m3 and 1 year is 50μg/m3). Concentration of PM10 in administrative building both in outdoor and indoor and 10-storied residential tower building in outdoor is within Bangladesh 24 hour standard but exceeds Bangladesh 1 year standard. In academic building exceeds Bangladesh standard both in outdoor and indoor (Bangladesh standard for PM2.5 in 24 hour- 65μg/m3 and 1 year is 15μg/m3). Concentration of PM2.5 in administrative building exceeds Bangladesh standard in indoor but in outdoor within 24 hour standard but exceeds 1 year standard. Concentration in 10-storied residential tower in outdoor within the 24 hour standard but exceeds 1 year standard. In XRF analysis presence of Pb (667±0.19,ppm) and Ca (61340±919,ppm) was found highest in academic building PM. Inter elemental correlation was calculated. Strong correlation (R2 >0.90) was found Pb with Zr; Sr with Ca, Ti, Zn and As; Rb with K and Cu; As with Ca, Fe and Zn; Zn with Ti and Fe; Cu with K; Fe with Ca and Ti. Strongly correlated elements originated from same source such as re-suspended road dust, trace element of earth crust, cement, paint and other construction materials. Adequate control, management, housekeeping can minimize the exposure of indoor dust to occupants.