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Item Quantification of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody after 2nd and 3rd Dose of Vaccination among Health Care Worker(Chattogram Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Khulshi,Chattogram, 2023-03) Arafat, Israt SahrinIIntroduction: The decision of quick vaccination against covid-19 has possibly minimized the SARS-CoV-2 transmission globally. This effective strategy expedites the development of the immune system among the susceptible. However, frontline healthcare workers (HCWs) are supposed to be more susceptible to infection due to working closely with the patients. It is relatively unknown about the durability of their immune response to covid 19 after receiving a set of covid-19 vaccine doses. Seroprevalence studies that quantify the serum level of e.g. Immunoglobulin G(IgG) and/or Immunoglobulin M (IgM) can be effective in this regard. Therefore, this thesis intended to estimate the prevalence of antibodies and quantify the titer and its durability among vaccinated HCWs. Methods and Materials: Blood samples e.g. heparinized blood specimens (6mL) were collected from 530 healthcare workers from different government and non-government hospitals in Chattagram Metropolitan Area to attain the objectives. The clinical test was performed at the clinical pathology laboratory (CPL) of Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) within three hours of sample collection. Qualitative ELISA test was executed to determine the presence of antibody (IgG) in the serum sample, and its level was quantified following the method SARS-CoV-2 S1-RBD IgG (DiaSino® Laboratories Co., Ltd. Zhengzhou, China, Ref: DS207704). An Immunochromatographic (ICT) test was also executed to compare with ELISA test results. Association of different variables with the prevalence and titer of antibody was statistically evaluated using STATA-11. Results: antibodies were detected in 99.62% of the study population using the qualitative ELISA test, and 61.13% in ICT test. It was revealed that the prevalence of antibodies increased with the increased number of vaccine doses (p=0.05). Similarly, a statistically significant increase in the titer of antibodies with receiving the higher dose of Covid-19 vaccine was observed in a quantitative ELISA test (p<0.001). Enough antibody titer upto 8 months and onwards after receiving the second dose was found in 71.50 % population. Moreover, the findings revealed that prevalence of antibody development is 1.7 times higher in the symptomatic infected population compared to asymptomatic infected population (OR: 1.7; CI:0.971-3.082; p<0.05). However, a significant association between xii | Page antibody titer development with different potential variables e.g. gender, comorbidities and immunosuppressant were not observed. Conclusion: this thesis emphasizes the role of vaccines in antibody production against SARS-CoV-2 and a robust antibody durability after 2nd dose of vaccination. Therefore, the findings of this thesis would help policy makers to develop a new vaccination strategy regarding the booster dose.Item PREVALANCE OF PARASITIC AND ENTERIC INFECTION AMONG ASYMPTOMATIC FOOD HANDLERS OF DIFFERENT HOSPITAL CANTEENS OF CHATTOGRAM CITY(Chattogram Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Khulshi,Chattogram, 2023-04) Islam, SumaiyaGastrointestinal parasitic infection is one of the important public health problems in the world which causes significant mortality and morbidity. These infections are mostly due to food-borne diseases, which are a cause for concern in both industrialized and underdeveloped nations. Helminth and protozoan infections play major roles in the occurrence of the digestive disorders. These infection may spread rapidly from food prepared and processed by food handlers. On this regard descriptive type of cross sectional study was conducted among 125 food handlers of different hospital canteens in Chattogram city. The study was conducted from June 2022 to April 2023. A semi structured and pretested questionnaire used to obtain information on socio demographic characteristics of foodhandler, personal hygiene, food hygiene, condition of canteen, and health condition of foodhandler. The samples were collected in appropriate method and was transported in the same day to the laboratory in a cold box. Analysis had done by using Microsoft Excel and the SPSS version 26 with 95% confidence interval and 5% level of significance. Scoring was performed for personal hygiene related questions and based on the total score personal hygiene was categorized into three ranks- very good, good and poor. Result showed zero prevalence of parasite and enteric infection that indicate asymptomatic food handlers had good health and good hygiene practice. It was also seen that food handler never had food borne illness due to good hygiene practice. Among the food handlers their experience and daily duty hours showed significance relation with the good hygiene practice. Awareness for Covid-19 plays an important role for improvement of hygiene practice. The zero prevalence of intestinal parasites and nil Salmonella, Shigella and Vibrio species in our food handlersindicated good canteens condition and occupation policies. On analyzing variables to identify good hygiene practice among food handler, there was no association with sociodemographic status except gender, as the male were predominant worker become significant (p <0.001). Work experience and eating leftover food showed significance. The hygiene status showed no significant association with the health condition of the food handler like intake of Anthelminthic, sickness in last 1 year, having antibiotic, idea about typhoid fever. The most of the respondents had good (60.8%) personal hygiene whereas, 39.2% had very good personal hygiene. Using this study as a baseline, further evaluation on the prevalence can be done including other hospitals and restaurants ofItem Concomitant conditions and associated diseases in diabetic patients(Chattogram Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Khulshi,Chattogram, 2023-03) Jahan, IsratDiabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder. It imposes a social and economic burden, with increased manifolds globally with high morbidity and mortality in patients of both developed and developing countries. It causes various types of complications (e.g., macro- and micro-vascular) if it remains uncontrolled. The purpose of the study was to determine factors (e.g.: age, gender, duration of diabetes, frequency of checking clinical parameters related to diabetes) and associated diseases or disease conditions (e.g.: diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy) in DM patients visited for medical services at Chattogram Diabetic General Hospital, Chattogram, Bangladesh. This was a cross-sectional study, and a total of 400 patients’ data were considered for the present study. Data was collected by using a pretested questionnaire with the written consent of the participants. The data included general information (e.g.name, address, contact), demographic information (e.g. gender, education status of the patient, marital status), disease characteristics (e.g. frequency of checking clinical parameters such as HbA1c level, lipid profile), and self-management behaviors (e.g. physical exercises, oral drugs, outside food consumption). Results demonstrated that there was an association between age, education, duration of diabetes, frequency of checking blood glucose levels, fasting blood glucose levels, and diabetic-related complications. Diabetic patients who have suffered for more than 15 years [3.21, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.75 - 5.89] were more likely to develop diabetes-associated diseases. The patients whose ages were more than 60 years (95% CI: 1.63 – 57.92) were more prevalent in developing diabetes-related complications. Those patients who had no formal education were (3.85, 95% CI: 1.8 – 8.22) more prone to have diabetes-related complications. The patients who didn’t check their blood glucose levels regularly were more likely (21.5, 95% CI: 3.64 – 127.06) to have DM-related complications. It was also found the patients who didn’t have their blood glucose level under control were more likely to have (3.13, 95% CI: 1.62 – 6.05) times of having diabetes-related complications. This study reported that among DM patients’ multiple complications were predominantly seen in patients taking both insulin and oral drugs such as neuropathy, dental problems, nephropathy, foot problems, cardiovascular disease, skin problems, and other concomitant diseases or disease conditions (e.g. tuberculosis, streptococcal pneumonia, musculoskeletal disorder). The findings of the current study suggested that the regular monitoring and management of blood sugar levels, as well as close communication with healthcare providers, can help to minimize the risk of complications in these patientsItem Effect of junk food consumption on the nutritional status of adolescents(Chattogram Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Khulshi,Chattogram, 2023-03) Mahjabin, AnnamaJunk food consumption affects adolescent brain development in a manner that restricts their capacity for thought, learning, and memory. Additionally, it might make it harder to control impulsive behavior, and it might potentially raise an adolescent's likelihood of anxiety and depression. The current study aimed to find out the effect of junk food consumption on the nutritional status of the school and college-going adolescents. A cross sectional study was conducted among 390 adolescent students of Chattogram city. Two schools (Housing and Settlement Public School and CIDER International School) and two colleges (Pahartali College and Cambrian College) were chosen randomly. Adolescents were categorized into middle, and late adolescents. Data were collected from the categorized adolescent students using a pre-tested questionnaire. The data were analyzed by statistical software: STATA 17. Results demonstrated that male adolescent students (57%, 221/390) consumed junk foods more than female adolescent students (43%, 169/390). A total of 8% of participants (n=32) among the study population were found obessed and the level of junk food consumption was very high in these groups in comparison to non-obessed groups. Junk food consumption level was high among the participants of the CIDER International School (15.71%) followed by Housing and Settlement Public School (11.67%), Cambrian College (4%), and Pahartali College (3%). Consumption of Junk Food was significantly associated with gender, participants’ mothers’ education, fathers’ occupation, type of junk food consumed, and places of junk food consumption. The investigation also found that male participants (OR: 2.49, CI: 0.99- 6.24) were highly significant in developing obesity than female participants. Participants whose mothers completed graduation were more significant to develop obesity (OR: 6.4, CI: 1.97-19.96) due to high junk food consumption. Participants who had a high risk of developing obesity due to junk food consumption whose fathers were in service (OR:4.83, CI:1.67-14.03). Fast food consumers in high amounts had a high chance of developing obesity (OR: 9.08, CI:1.05-78.87). It was also revealed that participants used to eat junk food when they were at schools or colleges and also had a high chance of developing obesity (OR: 12.51, CI: 0.5-40.92). Both male and female adolescent students consumed an astonishing amount of junk food, even though they are aware (100%) of the negative effects of junk food. As the consumption of junk food negatively affects the health of adults including adolescents, therefore, the appropriate authorities should take necessary action to curve its consumption.Item The Study of Physicochemical Properties of Edible Oil and Heated Oil and Evaluation of The Changes of Oil Characteristics After Reheating(Chattogram Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Khulshi,Chattogram, 2023-02) Chowdhury, Sushmita RoyThe physicochemical properties of edible oils are crucial elements of the human diet and play a vital role in protecting health and preventing disease. The study focused on the effects of heating and reheating on oil quality, which is of great interest to both the consumers and food industry. In this investigation, we considered analyzing samples of sunflower oil, soybean oil, mustard oil, olive oil and palm oil which are commonly used in food preparation. The samples were heated and reheated at specific temperatures and times, and their physical and chemical properties such as specific gravity, moisture content, saponification value, peroxide value, acid value and iodine value were measured using various analytical techniques. This thesis provides valuable insights into the physicochemical properties of edible oils and changes that occur when oil is reheated. Changes in the physicochemical properties of edible oils heated and reheated condition can lead to a loss of nutritional value and safety concerns, such as increased oxidative stress and inflammation, which have been linked to life threatening diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease. Our findings indicated the importance of using fresh oil whenever possible and avoiding reheating whenever feasible, as this can help maintain the quality and safety of the food. Moreover, the development of new, more stable varieties of edible oil may be necessary to reduce the risks associated with oil degradation and rancidity. We also recommended further extensive research to explore the effects of different types of oils and cooking methods on oil quality, as well as the long-term health effects of consuming degraded or rancid oils.Item Epidemiology and molecular characterization of multi drug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from cow milk(Chattogram Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Khulshi,Chattogram, 2023-03) Mim, Zarin Tasnimxii ABSTRACT In communities and healthcare settings, Escherichia coli is developing antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which is a growing public health crisis. A recent high-profile report estimates that, by 2050, the rise in AMR will cause 10 million deaths each year unless a global response is ordered to the problem. Due to its relatively dense population with extremely unhygienic sanitary facilities and food and water sources, Bangladesh is more likely to suffer from infection than other countries around the world. Raw meat, leafy green vegetables, or fish are most frequently linked to bacterial infections. Milk also acts as a vector for transmitting pathogenic microbes. For this reason, this study focused on molecular characterization of multi drug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from cow milk. To conduct this study milk samples were collected from 18 different farms of Chattogram Metropolitan Area. E. coli, enriched culture was streaked on MacConkey agar medium followed by Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar plates and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C in each state. The isolates were then inoculated onto blood agar and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. After that, blood agar colonies were used to conduct CS tests to find out the samples that are resistant to specific antibiotics and then to extract DNA for PCR to identify the resistant genes. Among 450 milk samples, we found 134 positive isolates for E. coli which describes a prevalence of 29.77%. Highest number of E. coli isolates were resistant to Ampicillin (69%), Cephalothin (69%), Cephalexin (69%), Amoxicillin + Clavulinic Acid (69%) and lowest number of E. coli isolates were resistant to Colistin sulfate (0%). The study was designed using a one-health approach to demonstrate the identification, molecular characterization along with the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern evaluation of multidrug-resistant E. coli to determine the status of drug sensitivity and resistance pattern of the E. coli isolates from milk samples in Bangladesh and the outcomes indicate that the AMR is increasing in an alarming rate and can cause health threat. Before it manifests in large-scale medical emergencies, it is necessary to identify risks and appropriate mitigation strategies based on scientific evidence and knowledge.Item EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANT ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM FISH(Chattogram Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Khulshi,Chattogram, 2023-03) Rashid, RijwanaAntimicrobial Resistance (AMR) has become an alarming global concern due to the widespread dissemination of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. These bacteria pose a serious threat as they cause infections that are increasingly challenging to treat with existing antibiotics. The surge in the use of antimicrobial compounds across human, animal, and agricultural sectors, coupled with their subsequent release into the environment, has contributed to the emergence of MDR bacteria as a natural bacterial phenomenon. To investigate the prevalence of MDR Escherichia coli (E. coli) in commercial fish samples in Chattogram, a cross-sectional study was designed. Over a six month period from March to August 2022, field sampling was conducted at ten randomly selected prominent fish markets in the Chattogram District. A total of 450 fish samples, including commercial fish, shrimp, and seafood, were purchased from randomly selected vendors. Various methods were employed to analyze the samples, including bacteriological culture-based techniques and the disc diffusion method following the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Additionally, uniplex, duplex, and multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests were used to determine the occurrence of resistance genes in E. coli isolates. The antibiotic sensitivity profiles of all identified isolates were established against a panel of 20 selected antibiotics belonging to 11 classes. Isolates that exhibited phenotypical resistance against at least 1 agent in 3 or more antimicrobial categories were classified as MDR. The study revealed an overall prevalence of E. coli in fish samples of 41.78% (188/450), with 38.67% prevalence in total study fish samples (174/450). Notably, 92.55% of total fish E. coli isolates (174 out of 188) were identified as multidrug resistant (MDR), exhibiting resistance against antibiotics from multiple categories. The highest resistance was observed against ampicillin, cefalexin, cephalothin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) ranged from 0.15 to 1.00, with an average of 0.50. Of the MDR isolates, 89.36% (168 out of 174) exceeded the maximum MARI value benchmarked at 0.2 or above. The highest MARI value was observed in one MDR E. coli isolate from catfish. The MARI values indicated that the isolates originated from environments with a high-risk source of contamination and significant antimicrobial exposure. Molecular characterization via the Polymerase Chain Reaction uncovered various β-lactam encoding genes, ESBLs, pAmpC, and other non-β-lactam encoding genes of the phenotypically resistant isolates. Among isolates antibiotic resistant genotype prevalence is 83.51% (157/188) and no gene was traced in 16.49% isolates (31/188). xvi | P a g e Among antibiotic resistance gene prevalence of non-β-lactam encoding gene tet-A is highest 85.83%, following sul-2 is 70.09%. Merely, blaTEMis most prevailing among all β-lactam encoding gene with a prevalence of 63.53% following the prevalence of co existence of the bla OXA-1 like gene& blaOXA-2 like gene is 52.38 % detected as ESBLs. Though, no amplification of tet-C and blaACC-1was detected. Genotypic resistance patterns revealed the co-existence of resistance genes of β-lactam encoding genes, PampC, ESBLs, non-β-lactam encoding genes in same or altered fish E. coli isolates. Maximum antibiotic resistant patterns observed were unique. Highest seven resistance gene including blaTEM, PampC, blaCTX, blaCMY-2 like gene, blaCMY-2 like gene, tet-D, sul-2 was noticedin one isolate following six resistance genes was detected in six isolates. Genotypic resistance patterns were observed most frequently in shrimp and commercial fish rather than seafoods. The research's conclusions underscore the significance of fish as sources of MDR E. coli and resistance genes. The data generated could inform the development of mitigation strategies based on public health ethics to avert the emergence of MDR E. coli, addressing the global One-Health challenge posed by this alarming issue.Item Factors Affecting Anthrax Vaccine Intake in Meherpur District of Bangladesh(Chattogram Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Khulshi,Chattogram, 2022-12) Sarker, Dr. SudebAnthrax (Bacillus anthracis) is an acute infectious zoonotic disease. Outbreaks are repeatedly happening in animals and humans at anthrax-prone zones of Bangladesh; between 2009 and 2010, 140 animal cases and 273 human cases in 14 anthrax affected villages were investigated by the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) and the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR). Later on, 11 anthrax occurrences reported in Bangladesh in 2011 and a number of 1668 animal cases and 122 human cases were involved. Therefore, considering the public health significance of the circumstance, it is of utmost importance to implement effective preventive measures, particularly to vaccinate the livestock against anthrax. The overall aim of the study was to evaluate the production and distribution channel and practices of anthrax vaccine intake to livestock with the specific objectives to understand the factors affecting the intake of anthrax vaccine in livestock population in Meherpur district. A total of 311 cattle and 300 goat farms were randomly selected for interviewing the farmers. Besides, key informant interview (KII) was done to understand the vaccine distribution channel in Bangladesh. The recorded data were analyzed by STATA-13. The existing vaccine distribution channel was drawn based on the opinion of KII. A substantial association of ‘educational status’ (57.78% HSC & above, 95% CI, P=0.002) of cattle farmers, ‘gender’ (male-22.11%, female-33.66%, 95% CI, P=0.04) and ‘age’(19 to 33: 40%, 34 to 36: 26.92%, 37 to 54: 19.48%, 55 to 78: 34.29%) of the goat farmers were observed with the outcome variable (intake of vaccine). Moreover, knowledge gap, experience of farming, willingness to use anthrax vaccine, source of vaccine etc. might have contributed to the lower intake of anthrax vaccine by the farmers. From the current investigation, it can be concluded that, the vaccine distribution channel needs to be rearranged through proportionate allocation of doses according to livestock population and requirement. Again, the factors found accountable for the lower intake of anthrax vaccine should be addressed by training, advocacy, communication and social mobilization.Item Antimicrobial Uses Pattern, Disease Status and Biosecurity Practices of Sonali Broiler Chicken Farms in Selected Areas of Bangladesh(Chattogram Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Khulshi,Chattogram, 2022-12) Abid, Dr. Md. HarisulA cross-sectional study was conducted in Sonali poultry farms in seven districts (Chattogram, Dhaka, Kushtia, Pirojpur, Chuadanga, Bogura and Barishal) of Bangladesh from May 2022 to August 2022. The objective of this study was to obtain baseline data from a survey on biosecurity practices and antimicrobial use. The questions were focused on four areas of interest: socioeconomic conditions of farmers and their families, flock composition and housing, diseases and antibiotic using frequency. Variables were recorded for assessing the association with the outcome variable. Finally, data exported to STATA-SE 13 (Stata Corp., Texas, USA) for conducting epidemiological analysis. Descriptive and summary statistics were computed on different aspects of questionnaire data. Univariate fisher’s exact test was applied to identify the potential set of factors (p≤0.2) which was then used for constructing multivariate logistic regression analysis. Backward stepwise logistic regression analysis was applied to fit the model. Results revealed that amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, sulphur drug were the three most used antimicrobials in Sonali poultry farms in Bangladesh. Whereas fluroquinine, tylosin, and metronidazole were less commonly used. Among 210 respondents only 23% had knowledge about antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Most of the farm owners (77%) were unaware of the AMR issue. In various prescriber categories, private veterinary doctors held the largest representation. The poultry dealers (39.52%) also placed as a significant group of prescribing antimicrobials in poultry sector in Bangladesh. On the other hand, the position of government doctors (8.57%) was lowest compared to others. Coccidiosis was the main disease of poultry sector in the study areas. In addition, Infectious bursal disease (IBD), Mycoplasmosis, and Newcastle disease (ND) were the frequently found diseases in poultry farms. On the other hand, Fowl cholera and Salmonellosis were less commonly affected in sonali broiler chickens in the study area. The farmers who gave three vaccines (ND, IBD, Marek’s) reported lower mortality (OR= 0.24) than those who used two vaccines (ND, IBD). To limit the inappropriate use of antimicrobials and control the spread of diseases need proper steps in farm management, personal hygiene and creating awareness among the farmers community about the overuse of antibiotics.Item A longitudinal Survey on Quantification of Antimicrobial Use in Some Selected Commercial Poultry and Dairy Farms of Bangladesh(Chattogram Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Khulshi,Chattogram, 2022-12) Eliyas, Dr. MohammadMaking available of antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial consumption (AMC) data is very important for antimicrobial resistance containment. One of the activities in this regard is the AMU surveillance in food animals. The study quantifies antimicrobials used in Bangladeshi chicken and dairy farms, establishes rationale for their use, and categorizes them into WHO-CIA and WHO-AWaRe classes. This piece of work has thus been undertaken with the major objectives of quantification, categorization and rationalization of antimicrobials, used in the selected commercial chicken and dairy farms of Bangladesh. A longitudinal study was conducted to collect the antimicrobial usage data in commercial poultry and dairy farms involving summer/wet season. For the study, a total of 36 farms were selected purposively from Gazipur and Chattogram (18 from each district) that included 6 dairy, 6 layer chicken and 6 broiler chicken farms from each of the districts. Farmers from the selected farms were supplied with one trash can, zipper bags and data collection forms with a training on how to use those tools. Each farm was visited by the data collectors at least once in a week for data collection. There were correspondingly 285, 9690, and 13529 cattle, broiler chicken, and layer chicken involved in the study in Chattogram and 428, 9365, and 20312 in Gazipur. For data collection, one production cycle was considered in case broiler chicken whereas, in case of layer chicken and dairy cattle the study was conducted involving three summer months. None of the participating farms used antimicrobials as a feed premix or growth booster aside from preventive applications. The survey discovered 20 antimicrobial drugs used on broiler, 17 on layer, and 14 on dairy farms, respectively, weighing 3.3 kg, 9.67 kg and 1.072 kg. The total combined broiler AMU was 173.29 mg/PCU, layer was 285.80mg/PCU or 103.22 DDDA/1000 Chicken-Days and dairy was 32.93 DDDA/1000 Cow-Days. The study reveals that neomycin, amoxicillin, and oxytetracycline were the top three antimicrobial medications used in broiler, layer, and cattle farms respectively. The majority of these drugs fall within WHO-CIA classes for human medicine. A reserve antimicrobial, Colistin, was also used in both broilers and layers but no reserve antimicrobials were used in selected dairy fa