M.Sc. Engg.

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Subject: search.filters.subject.Solid Waste

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    Generation, Composition and Characteristics of Municipal Solid Wastes in Some Major Cities of Bangladesh
    (Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh, 2005-12) Ahsan, Amimul; Alamgir, Prof. Dr. Muhammed
    Huge amount of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generation and its mismanagement has become one of the major concerned social and environmental issues in urban areas. Characteristics of MSW are important for evaluating infrastructure, technology and equipment needs, management programme and planning, especially with respect to the implementation of disposal as well as resource and energy recovery options, This study identifies the generation rate and total generation amount, composition, physical and chemical characteristics of MSW in four major cities of Bangladesh, namely, Dhaka, Khulna, Raj shahi and Barisal. The MSW generation rates in residential, commercial and institutional areas are determined in each study city. The amount of MSW generations are 5340, 520, 170 and 130 tons/dayfor Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi and Barisal city, respectively and the percapita waste generation rates are varied from 0.325 to 0.485 kg/day for four major cities of Bangladesh. Food and vegetable waste is the predominant component in each sampling sources of residential areas due to the habit of food consumption and other inherent socio-economic aspects of the cities of Bangladesh. In MSW stream, food and vegetable waste range from 68.3 to 81.1 %, while papers and plastics range from 7.2 to 10.7% and 3.1 to 4.3%, respectively. The remaining portions are rubber, cloth, metal, tin, glass, dust and others. The important physical characteristics such as pH, moisture content, volatile solid content, bulk density and particle size are determined. It is observed that pH value varies from 7.70 to 8.69, while moisture and volatile solid content vary from 56 to 70% and 43 to 71 %, respectively. The bulk. density in loose state varies from 566 to 621 kg/m3, while in medium and compact state, the bulk density varies from 764 to 951 kg/m3 and 875 to 1127 kg/m3, respectively. The important chemical characteristics are carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and calorific value are also determined. The concentration of carbon ranges from 6.53 to 24.93%, while nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous vary from 0.56 to 1.62%, 0.38 to 1.37% and 0.31 to 0.41%, respectively. The highest and lowest calorific values are obtained as 20,467 kJ/kg for rubber and 5,907 kJ/kg for food wastes, respectively. In the context of Bangladesh, MSW are suitable for composting since good concentration of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium, while incompatible for incineration due to high moisture and organic contents.
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    Recycling of Solid Waste in Khulna City
    (Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh, 2007-06) Moniruzzarnan, S. M.; Bari, Prof. Dr. Quazi Hamidul
    Solid waste recycling approach is a part of sustainable and effective waste management system for most cities of the world. In the course of achieving proper solid waste management, many efforts in developing countries especially in Bangladesh have been focused on waste collection and disposal. Although institutionally the waste recycling part of waste management has been ignored, many individual dealers and house-to-house waste collectors have undertaken the recycling part of waste management as a source of income from long ago in Bangladesh. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the potential of traditional recycling of solid waste in Khulna, the third largest city in Bangladesh. The study revealed that the private sector is playing an important role in Khulna in recycling of solid waste. This private sector comprises a chain constituted by house-to-house waste collector (Feriwala), waste bin collector (Tokai), recyclable dealers (small, medium and large recyclable dealers) and industries at the top. It is estimated that at present 1312 tokais are working in Khulna city who collect waste from dustbins and disposal sites. On the other hand feriwalas are playing a very important role in the recycling process. They are the buyers of separated recyclable items stored for selling at the primary source (household). This study shows that there is more than 695 feriwalas involved in the chain of recycling network of Khulna. This estimate has been based on the information provided to by the recyclable dealers, feriwalas and brokers. They purchase materials include bottles, broken glasses, tin cans, containers, newspaper, magazines, aluminium utensils, iron items (construction rod, sanitary fittings etc.) in exchange of money, or sweets. The tokais and feriwalas then approach small recyclable dealers (SRD) who accept all types of waste and pay them accordingly. The study shows that there are 277 SRDs in Khulna city. The SRD then approaches medium recyclable dealer (MRD) to sell particular kinds of waste. From the field investigation it is found that there are 140 MRDs in Khulna. The MRD usually deals in more than two kinds of specific wastes and passes these recyclable wastes to the large recyclable dealers (LRD) who essentially specialize in specific wastes. There are about 33 LRDs in Khulna. The recyclable wastes are finally then passed on to the recycling industries (RI). The study revealed that there are 31 recycling industries in khulna. The study revealed that 7.2 % (37.23 tons/day) of the total generated waste or 53.2 % of the recyclable waste or 84.6 % of readily recyclable solid waste is recycled daily and more than 4500 people are working in the private sector activity relating to waste recycling in Khulna. Private sector deals mainly with the non-biodegradable wastes and some slowly biodegradable wastes. Recyclable waste collected by private sector includes paper, glass, plastic, aluminum, iron, tin, bones and tyre. Except bone, paper plastic and lyre all other retrieved materials are transported to industries located in Dhaka, Jessore, Kushtia, and Barisal as raw materials for new products. Three approaches were subsequently proposed to evaluate the possibility of formalizing the unorganized waste trade. It was concluded that it is possible to organize the sector without loss of employment. This proposal seems economically sustainable, as recovered costs of the recycled waste would far exceed expenses.
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    Practical Approach to Increase the Level of Peoples' Awareness and Collection of Municipal Solid Waste
    (Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh., 2010-04) Akter, Jhumana; Alamgir, Prof. Dr. Muhammed
    Due to inadequate waste management related infrastructures, lack of peoples' awareness, motivation and participation, severe financial constraints, absence of appropriate and sustainable technology and ineffective legislation and law enforcement Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) remains unmanageable in most of the cities of Least Developed Asian Countries including Bangladesh and possesses threat to city dwellers, stakeholders and creates new issues to planners and city management authority. The primary but most important steps in the waste management hierarchy are to store the wastes in a designated place by any means, ensure primary waste collection from the sources and public awareness about improvement of solid waste management. This study focuses on the decisive evaluation of the existing system and level of source storage, primary collection and city dwellers awareness and perception of MSW management at Ward No. 24 of Khulna City Corporation (KCC) of Bangladesh. It occupies an area of 161.05 hectares with a total population of 52,624. Waste generation rate in study area varies from 0.28 to 0.47kg/cap/day, which amounted as 15 to 25ton/day. Moreover, due to lack of motivation, awareness and commitment, a considerable portion of waste, 30-35%, are not properly stored, collected or disposed in designated places for ultimate disposal. By extensive data collection, it has been observed that only 53-54% of total generation of waste is collected and disposed per day by KCC. Rest of the waste remains uncollected thus creates unhealthy environment all around such as bad odor, soiled street and aesthetically problem. Several practical steps have been undertaken in this ward to improve the level of people's awareness and collection systems such as stakeholders' dialogue, mass awareness rally, commitment signature, distribution of awareness leaflet, children art competition, door-to-door campaign, installation of festoon, introduction of newly designed Rickshaw Van. A statistical analysis is also carried out to analyze people's attitude and investigate the actual scenario of the study area. The percentages of door-to-door, self disposal and open dumping practices were 9.5 to 70.1, 17.0 to 70.0 and 9.0 to 29.6, respectively. With this situation almost 50% of people was quite satisfy with the existing MSW practices where the rest percentages expressed their dissatisfaction. Due to all these taken initiatives, collection efficiencies changes to 20.0 to 80.0, 9.41 to 40.0 and 12.0 to 49.33, respectively in terms of door-to-door, self disposal and open dumping practices. With this collection efficiency percentages of people's satisfaction and dissatisfaction changes to 67% and 33%, respectively. However it is difficult to identify the actual situations which are positively related to different influence factors such as public attitudes; habits and customs of living; economic conditions and standards of living etc., which are changes with time and preference In the context of Bangladesh, the findings are beneficial for any responsible authority or concerned stakeholders who are interested for development of an effective sustainable solution of MSW. To get real achievement in any implemented system, all the necessary components should be accomplished with great care in an integrated and sustainable way.