M.Sc. Engg.

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    Generation, Composition and Characteristics of Municipal Solid Wastes in Some Major Cities of Bangladesh
    (Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh, 2005-12) Ahsan, Amimul; Alamgir, Prof. Dr. Muhammed
    Huge amount of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generation and its mismanagement has become one of the major concerned social and environmental issues in urban areas. Characteristics of MSW are important for evaluating infrastructure, technology and equipment needs, management programme and planning, especially with respect to the implementation of disposal as well as resource and energy recovery options, This study identifies the generation rate and total generation amount, composition, physical and chemical characteristics of MSW in four major cities of Bangladesh, namely, Dhaka, Khulna, Raj shahi and Barisal. The MSW generation rates in residential, commercial and institutional areas are determined in each study city. The amount of MSW generations are 5340, 520, 170 and 130 tons/dayfor Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi and Barisal city, respectively and the percapita waste generation rates are varied from 0.325 to 0.485 kg/day for four major cities of Bangladesh. Food and vegetable waste is the predominant component in each sampling sources of residential areas due to the habit of food consumption and other inherent socio-economic aspects of the cities of Bangladesh. In MSW stream, food and vegetable waste range from 68.3 to 81.1 %, while papers and plastics range from 7.2 to 10.7% and 3.1 to 4.3%, respectively. The remaining portions are rubber, cloth, metal, tin, glass, dust and others. The important physical characteristics such as pH, moisture content, volatile solid content, bulk density and particle size are determined. It is observed that pH value varies from 7.70 to 8.69, while moisture and volatile solid content vary from 56 to 70% and 43 to 71 %, respectively. The bulk. density in loose state varies from 566 to 621 kg/m3, while in medium and compact state, the bulk density varies from 764 to 951 kg/m3 and 875 to 1127 kg/m3, respectively. The important chemical characteristics are carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and calorific value are also determined. The concentration of carbon ranges from 6.53 to 24.93%, while nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous vary from 0.56 to 1.62%, 0.38 to 1.37% and 0.31 to 0.41%, respectively. The highest and lowest calorific values are obtained as 20,467 kJ/kg for rubber and 5,907 kJ/kg for food wastes, respectively. In the context of Bangladesh, MSW are suitable for composting since good concentration of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium, while incompatible for incineration due to high moisture and organic contents.
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    Geoenviromental Assessment of Ultimate Disposal Sites of Municipal Solid Waste in Some Major Cities of Bangladesh
    (Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh., 2007-12) Mohiuddin, Kazi Abu Bakar Mohammad; Alamgir, Pro. Dr. Muhammed
    The disposal site, ternied as landfill can pose a long term threat to the human health and environment if not designed properly. This study aims to describe the present status and site potentiality of four ultimate disposal sites (UDS) receiving municipal solid waste (MSW) from the four major cities of Bangladesh, namely, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi and Barisal through field survey, impact analysis, laboratory tests. Physical, Environmental and geotechnical parameters are considered for the assessment of these UDS. The study reveals that there is no controlled/engineered/sanitary landfill in the Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi and Barisal city of Bangladesh, the disposal sites are simply uncontrolled open dump. However, recently, Dhaka city has taken some practical initiatives to convert Matuail open dumping site into controlled landfill. The physical and technical facilities are almost absent in all sites. The leachate samples were collected from the studied sites and the laboratory analyses reveal wide variation of magnitudes as pH (6.2 to 8.2), Chloride (7.5 to 3000 mg/1), Iron (0.4 to 55 mg/1), TDS (260 to 8652 mg/1), BOD5 (40 to 2550 mg/1), COD (110 to 5550 mg/l), Pb (0 to 0.425), Ni (0.001 to 0.46) and Cd (0 to 0.105). The ratio of BOD/COD ranges from 0.01 to 0.46 which shows biodegradability of leachate is very low. Leachate Risk Factors (LRF) was derived for identifying sites that may pose significant risk to the environment. It is depicted that the leachate poses significant risk to the environment and it requires treatment to ensure safety before discharge to the receiving environment. This study also presents an estimation of methane (CH4) emissions from the four actively functioning UDS by using the methodology developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) which provides the baseline information of the contribution of MSW Sector to global worming potential and waste-to-energy facilities. The total CH4emissions from the four studied sites were estimated as 31.18 Gg in the year of 2006. The ratio of CH4 emitted to the amount of waste generated in four cities of Bangladesh varies from 0.008 to 0.015 which is analogous to the other developing countries of the world. The sub-soil investigation was carried out at the close vicinity of landfill sites to identify the soil strata, physical and engineering properties and mineralogical compositions. Boring to a depth of 60 ft revealed that the fine sediment forms to a depth of about 5 ft followed by clay more than 30 ft thick having clay content ranges from 30 to 50% and hydraulic conductivity varies from 1.05x -9 to 11 .50x-9m/s. Clay minerals account for more than two-thirds of the overall mineralogical composition in which non-swelling clay minerals, quartz varies from 20 to 60% and illite/muscovite ranges from 20 to 45%, while small amounts of kaolinite and feldspar also exist. Swelling clay minerals present in varying amounts of 10 to 25% of the composition and the CEC ranges from 13 to 25 meq/100g as estimated. Especially, the sub-soil formation of Dhaka. Khulna and Rajshahi appears to have suitable composition required for the construction of geologic clay liner (GCL). However, the soil samples from Barisal site exhibit low CEC values due to the existence of low amount of swelling clay minerals. The characterization of clay of selected shallow layer from the studied sites is suitable as compacted clay liner (CCL) for the construction of sanitary landfill.
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    An Approach for the Selection and Evaluation of Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management in Bangladesh
    (Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh., 2006-11) Chowdhury, Md. Khaled Hassan; Alamgir, Prof. Dr. Muhammed; 2006
    Bangladesh, one of the Least Developed Asian Countries is facing very complicated situations for the management of vast quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated by urban communities. Due to the absence of an integrated system there are many loop holes and constraints in the existing waste management practice, which ultimately fails to improve the overall system. This study provides information about the present situation of MSW and its characteristics, management practices and limitations in the six city corporations of Bangladesh, namely Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Barisal and Syihet. The key issues needs to be addressed for an efficient waste management system and the limitations of the present system are also identified and illustrated here explicitly. For an integrated management of MSW, the study discuss several options such as cost benefit analysis, life cycle analysis and multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) and propose a spreadsheet tool for an integrated management system based on the MCDA. The tool is suggested for the verification of suitability and sustainability of the adopted approach. The proposed approach is based on series of spread sheets of waste system components such as contain & collect, sort & recovery, transfer & treat and dispose & make safe, and aspects of evaluation such as source & streams, cost & return, health & environment and community & structures. The spreadsheet can be used in two ways῾WasteCheck’—where the body of the table is used to highlight the most significant questions and ῾WasteCase’—where the body of the table is used to highlight the most pertinent answers relating to the ῾usiness and sustainability’ justification. The selection and evaluation tools is then adopted theoretically for a case study city, Khulna, the third largest city of Bangladesh, to check its sustainability based on local needs and associated aspects. New terminology WastePoint for on-site disposal facility. WasteNode for waste transfer facility, StrategicSite for ultimate disposal facility is adopted in the study for better understanding and clarity. As the six study cities show a remarkable degree of similarity with respect to financial aspects, technical aspects and human resources development,the selection and evaluation approach can be easily extendable for other city corporations of Bangladesh as well.
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    Practical Approach to Increase the Level of Peoples' Awareness and Collection of Municipal Solid Waste
    (Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh., 2010-04) Akter, Jhumana; Alamgir, Prof. Dr. Muhammed
    Due to inadequate waste management related infrastructures, lack of peoples' awareness, motivation and participation, severe financial constraints, absence of appropriate and sustainable technology and ineffective legislation and law enforcement Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) remains unmanageable in most of the cities of Least Developed Asian Countries including Bangladesh and possesses threat to city dwellers, stakeholders and creates new issues to planners and city management authority. The primary but most important steps in the waste management hierarchy are to store the wastes in a designated place by any means, ensure primary waste collection from the sources and public awareness about improvement of solid waste management. This study focuses on the decisive evaluation of the existing system and level of source storage, primary collection and city dwellers awareness and perception of MSW management at Ward No. 24 of Khulna City Corporation (KCC) of Bangladesh. It occupies an area of 161.05 hectares with a total population of 52,624. Waste generation rate in study area varies from 0.28 to 0.47kg/cap/day, which amounted as 15 to 25ton/day. Moreover, due to lack of motivation, awareness and commitment, a considerable portion of waste, 30-35%, are not properly stored, collected or disposed in designated places for ultimate disposal. By extensive data collection, it has been observed that only 53-54% of total generation of waste is collected and disposed per day by KCC. Rest of the waste remains uncollected thus creates unhealthy environment all around such as bad odor, soiled street and aesthetically problem. Several practical steps have been undertaken in this ward to improve the level of people's awareness and collection systems such as stakeholders' dialogue, mass awareness rally, commitment signature, distribution of awareness leaflet, children art competition, door-to-door campaign, installation of festoon, introduction of newly designed Rickshaw Van. A statistical analysis is also carried out to analyze people's attitude and investigate the actual scenario of the study area. The percentages of door-to-door, self disposal and open dumping practices were 9.5 to 70.1, 17.0 to 70.0 and 9.0 to 29.6, respectively. With this situation almost 50% of people was quite satisfy with the existing MSW practices where the rest percentages expressed their dissatisfaction. Due to all these taken initiatives, collection efficiencies changes to 20.0 to 80.0, 9.41 to 40.0 and 12.0 to 49.33, respectively in terms of door-to-door, self disposal and open dumping practices. With this collection efficiency percentages of people's satisfaction and dissatisfaction changes to 67% and 33%, respectively. However it is difficult to identify the actual situations which are positively related to different influence factors such as public attitudes; habits and customs of living; economic conditions and standards of living etc., which are changes with time and preference In the context of Bangladesh, the findings are beneficial for any responsible authority or concerned stakeholders who are interested for development of an effective sustainable solution of MSW. To get real achievement in any implemented system, all the necessary components should be accomplished with great care in an integrated and sustainable way.
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    Assessment of Potential Ecological Risks Associated with Heavy Metals in Soil of Waste Disposal Site at Khulna: A Spatial and Temporal Appraisal
    (Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh, 2017-11) Fahmida, Kanij; Islam, Dr. Md. Rafizul
    Most of the ecological and health risk occurs due to the emission of heavy metal from contaminated soil of waste disposal site. The main focus of this study was to assess the ecological risk associated with heavy metals present in soil of waste disposal site. To these endeavors, sixty soil samples were collected from different locations of a selected waste disposal site at Rajbandh, Khulna, Bangladesh. This study period covered both, dry season (March to May, 2016) and rainy season (June to August, 2016). In the laboratory, metal elements of Aluminium (Al), Arsenic (As), Barium (Ba), Calcium (Ca), Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Mercury (Hg), Potassium (K), Manganese (Mn), Sodium (Na), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Antimony (Sb), Scandium (Sc), Strontium (Sr), Titanium (Ti), Vanadium (V) and Zinc (Zn) in soil was measured through standard test methods. In this study, to assess the ecological risks associated with heavy metals various indices such as potential contamination index (Cp), contamination factor (CF), contamination load index (PLI), modified contamination degree (mCD), numerical integrated contamination factor (NICF), enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), ecological risk index (ER) and potential ecological risk index (PERI) were used. In addition, Pearson’s correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using SPSS and XLSTAT. The results of skewness and kurtosis revealed that the heavy metals in soil were normally distributed for both seasons. The soil sample collected from center of disposal site showed comparatively the higher concentration than the other soil samples from larger distances with respect to center of the disposal site for both seasons. Results indicated the level of contamination for soil was severe or very severe based on Cp for Cd and Sb for both seasons as well as Pb and As for dry season. In addition, CF for Cd and Sb showed very high level of contamination in both seasons. Additionally, CF for Pb and As showed moderate to considerable contamination in dry season; where, CF for same elements showed moderate to low contamination in rainy season. The results of EF for Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Hg, Co and Sb contributed the class of extremely severe enriched for dry season. Mainly, EF for Sb and Cd indicated the soil was extremely severe enrichment for dry and rainy season. Besides, ER for Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, As, Hg and Co; and ER for Cd indicated the slightly ecological risk and extremely strong ecological risk, respectively, for dry season. Moreover, PERI for entire soil samples indicated the extremely strong ecological risk. It was observed that the soil sample of the central point of the disposal site showed comparatively the higher potential ecological risk than other soil samples collected from larger distances with respect to center of the disposal site for both seasons. Results of Pearson’s correlation and PCA indicated that most of the heavy metals were found to correlate significantly with each other indicating close association of these parameters in both seasons. The spatial distribution of heavy metals represented the same pattern for both seasons but the intensity of heavy metals decreases in relation to the increasing of lateral distance from the center of disposal site. Finally, it can be concluded that the outcome of this study will help to know the degree of contamination of soil as well as the ecological risk from the contaminated soil of a selected waste disposal site.