Browsing by Author "Unnisa, Aziz"

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A rapid and large volume synthesis of mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-substituted imidazole derivatives via ultrasonic radiation-driven technique
(Scopus, 2024-01-12) Shaikh, Mohd Sayeed; Kale, Mayura A.; Zehravi, Mehrukh; Unnisa, Aziz; Haque, M. Akiful; Kumar, Kusuma Praveen; Khan, Sharuk L.; Siddiqui, Syed Sarfaraz Ali Falak A.; Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin
Sonochemistry under controlled conditions has proven effective in medicinal chemistry and drug development. It can substantially shorten reaction timelines from days or hours to minutes. A convenient one-pot synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives catalyzed by PTSA and benzenesulfonic acid in ethanol as solvent, under ultrasonic irradiation and without ultrasound irradiation at 50° C has been achieved successfully. These 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives synthesis were also accomplished using different solvents viz., Methanol, Ethanol, DCM, DMF, Acetonitrile and THF and PTSA as the catalyst. This method yielded the highest % synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives with PTSA as the catalyst in solvent ethanol. These reactions were also optimized for % of PTSA catalyst required to obtain the maximum yield of 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives with and without ultrasound irradiation at 50° C. Synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted Imidazole derivatives reaction follows first-order rate kinetics while that of 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted Imidazole derivatives reaction follows the second-order rate kinetics. Furthermore, sonochemistry has higher yields, lower cost, easier workups, and higher purity than conventional thermal organic synthesis, which has lower yields, tedious workups, longer reaction periods, lower purity, and numerous byproducts.
A Rapid and Large Volume Synthesis of Mono-, Di-, Tri-, and Tetra-Substituted Imidazole Derivatives via Ultrasonic Radiation-Driven Technique
(Taylor & Francis Group, 2024-01-12) Shaikh, Mohd Sayeed; Kale, Mayura A.; Zehravi, Mehrukh; Unnisa, Aziz; Haque, M. Akiful; Kumar, Kusuma Praveen; Khan, Sharuk L.; Ali, Syed Sarfaraz; Siddiqui, Falak A.; Emran, Talha Bin; Elrahim, Elrashed Abd; Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin
Sonochemistry under controlled conditions has proven effective in medicinal chemistry and drug development. It can substantially shorten reaction timelines from days or hours to minutes. A convenient one-pot synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives catalyzed by PTSA and benzenesulfonic acid in ethanol as solvent, under ultrasonic irradiation and without ultrasound irradiation at 50° C has been achieved successfully. These 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives synthesis were also accomplished using different solvents viz., Methanol, Ethanol, DCM, DMF, Acetonitrile and THF and PTSA as the catalyst. This method yielded the highest % synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives with PTSA as the catalyst in solvent ethanol. These reactions were also optimized for % of PTSA catalyst required to obtain the maximum yield of 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives with and without ultrasound irradiation at 50° C. Synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted Imidazole derivatives reaction follows first-order rate kinetics while that of 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted Imidazole derivatives reaction follows the second-order rate kinetics. Furthermore, sonochemistry has higher yields, lower cost, easier workups, and higher purity than conventional thermal organic synthesis, which has lower yields, tedious workups, longer reaction periods, lower purity, and numerous byproducts.
A Renewed Concept on Diabetic Retinopathy: Polyphenols as a Choice of Solution
(Biointerface research, 2021-04-07) Emran, Talha Bin; Haque, M. Akiful; Guntaka, Purnachandra Reddy; Singh, Laliteshwar Pratap; Khan, Mohd. Washid; Unnisa, Aziz; Nafady, Mohammed H.; Kazi, Aasim A.; Doukani, Koula; Nainu, Firzan
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the widespread microvascular consequence of diabetes mellitus and the most common effect of blindness in people with diabetes. Existing drugs are only effective in advanced stages of DR, and long-term efficacy and safety results for these treatments have yet to be clarified in multiple clinical trials. Furthermore, a more trustworthy and effective medication that may be deemed more advantageous in managing DR is unavoidable. Polyphenols, which are plant-derived chemical compounds, may be helpful in the initial stages of DR treatment. Compounds rich in polyphenols have been shown to slow the progression of long-term consequences of diabetes, for example, heart disease, nerve damage, kidney damage, and retinopathy. Polyphenols could be used instead of traditional treatments to halt the disease's progression. It has been proposed that in vitro investigations on the effects of polyphenols on ocular vision physiology and antioxidant protection have a substantial bearing on this assertion. Among the benefits of polyphenols are scavenging the free radicals, lowering the production of advanced glycation end products, inhibiting aldose reductase, anti- inflammatory activity, and affecting ocular blood flow. The present review discussed the significance of polyphenols in preclinical and clinical research of DR-affected cellular and molecular pathways.
Carotenoids: Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases Remediation
(MDPI Publications, 2023-03-08) Gandla, Kumaraswamy; Babu, Ancha Kishore; Unnisa, Aziz; Sharma, Indu; Singh, Laliteshwar Pratap; Haque, Mahammad Akiful; Dashputre, Neelam Laxman; Baig, Shahajan; Siddiqui, Falak A.; Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin; Almujally, Abdullah; Tamam, Nissren; Sulieman, Abdelmoneim; Khan, Sharuk L.; Emran, Talha Bin
Numerous factors can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, and multiple sclerosis. Oxidative stress (OS), a fairly common ND symptom, can be caused by more reactive oxygen species being made. In addition, the pathological state of NDs, which includes a high number of protein aggregates, could make chronic inflammation worse by activating microglia. Carotenoids, often known as “CTs”, are pigments that exist naturally and play a vital role in the prevention of several brain illnesses. CTs are organic pigments with major significance in ND prevention. More than 600 CTs have been discovered in nature, and they may be found in a wide variety of creatures. Different forms of CTs are responsible for the red, yellow, and orange pigments seen in many animals and plants. Because of their unique structure, CTs exhibit a wide range of bioactive effects, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The preventive effects of CTs have led researchers to find a strong correlation between CT levels in the body and the avoidance and treatment of several ailments, including NDs. To further understand the connection between OS, neuroinflammation, and NDs, a literature review has been compiled. In addition, we have focused on the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of CTs for the treatment and management of NDs.
Inhibition of Caspase 3 and Caspase 9 Mediated Apoptosis: A Multimodal Therapeutic Target in Traumatic Brain Injury
(Bentham Science Publishers Ltd., 2023-05-22) Unnisa, Aziz; Greig, Nigel H.; Kamal, Mohammad Amjad
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the significant causes of death and morbidity, and it is hence a focus of translational research. Apoptosis plays an essential part in the pathophysiology of TBI, and its inhibition may help overcome TBI's negative consequences and improve functional recovery. Although physiological neuronal death is necessary for appropriate embryologic development and adult cell turnover, it can also drive neurodegeneration. Caspases are principal mediators of cell death due to apoptosis and are critical for the required cleavage of intracellular proteins of cells committed to die. Caspase-3 is the major executioner Caspase of apoptosis and is regulated by a range of cellular components during physiological and pathological conditions. Activation of Caspase-3 causes proteolyzation of DNA repair proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, and the inhibitor of Caspase-activated DNase (ICAD) during programmed cell death, resulting in morphological alterations and DNA damage that define apoptosis. Caspase-9 is an additional crucial part of the intrinsic pathway, activated in response to several stimuli. Caspases can be altered post-translationally or by modulatory elements interacting with the zymogenic or active form of a Caspase, preventing their activation. The necessity of Caspase-9 and -3 in diverse apoptotic situations suggests that mammalian cells have at least four distinct apoptotic pathways. Continued investigation of these processes is anticipated to disclose new Caspase regulatory mechanisms with consequences far beyond apoptotic cell death control. The present review discusses various Caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways and the treatment strategies to inhibit the Caspases potentially.
Mechanism of Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a Multitarget DiseaseModifying Therapy for Parkinson's Disease
(Bentham Science Publishers Ltd., 2023-04-15) Unnisa, Aziz; Dua, Kamal; Kamal, Mohammad Amjad
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, affecting the basal nuclei, causing impairment of motor and cognitive functions. Loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons or their degeneration and the aggregation of Lewy bodies is the hallmark of this disease. The medications used to treat PD relieve the symptoms and maintain quality of life, but currently, there is no cure. There is a need for the development of therapies that can cease or perhaps reverse neurodegeneration effectively. With the rapid advancements in cell replacement therapy techniques, medical professionals are trying to find a cure by which restoration of dopamine neurotransmitters can occur. Researchers have started focusing on cell-based therapies using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) due to their abundance in the body, the ability of proliferation, and immunomodulation. Here we review the MSC-based treatment in Parkinson's disease and the various mechanisms it repairs DAergic neurons in parkinsonian patients.
Modelling the Interplay Between Neuron-Glia Cell Dysfunction and Glial Therapy in Autism Spectrum Disorde
(Bentham Science Publishers Ltd., 2023-04-15) Unnisa, Aziz; Greig, Nigel H.; Kamal, Mohammad Amjad
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complicated, interpersonally defined, static condition of the underdeveloped brain. Although the aetiology of autism remains unclear, disturbance of neuronglia interactions has lately been proposed as a significant event in the pathophysiology of ASD. In recent years, the contribution of glial cells to autism has been overlooked. In addition to neurons, glial cells play an essential role in mental activities, and a new strategy that emphasises neuron-glia interactions should be applied. Disturbance of neuron-glia connections has lately been proposed as a significant event in the pathophysiology of ASD because aberrant neuronal network formation and dysfunctional neurotransmission are fundamental to the pathology of the condition. In ASD, neuron and glial cell number changes cause brain circuits to malfunction and impact behaviour. A study revealed that reactive glial cells result in the loss of synaptic functioning and induce autism under inflammatory conditions. Recent discoveries also suggest that dysfunction or changes in the ability of microglia to carry out physiological and defensive functions (such as failure in synaptic elimination or aberrant microglial activation) may be crucial for developing brain diseases, especially autism. The cerebellum, white matter, and cortical regions of autistic patients showed significant microglial activation. Reactive glial cells result in the loss of synaptic functioning and induce autism under inflammatory conditions. Replacement of defective glial cells (Cell-replacement treatment), glial progenitor cell-based therapy, and medication therapy (inhibition of microglia activation) are all utilised to treat glial dysfunction. This review discusses the role of glial cells in ASD and the various potential approaches to treating glial cell dysfunction.
Nanotechnology-Based Gene Therapy as a Credible Tool in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
(PubMed Central Press, 2023-03-03) Unnisa, Aziz; Greig, Nigel H; Kamal, Mohammad Amjad
Toxic aggregated amyloid-β accumulation is a key pathogenic event in Alzheimer’s disease. Treatment approaches have focused on the suppression, deferral, or dispersion of amyloid-β fibers and plaques. Gene therapy has evolved as a potential therapeutic option for treating Alzheimer’s disease, owing to its rapid advancement over the recent decade. Small interfering ribonucleic acid has recently garnered considerable attention in gene therapy owing to its ability to down-regulate genes with high sequence specificity and an almost limitless number of therapeutic targets, including those that were once considered undruggable. However, lackluster cellular uptake and the destabilization of small interfering ribonucleic acid in its biological environment restrict its therapeutic application, necessitating the development of a vector that can safeguard the genetic material from early destruction within the bloodstream while effectively delivering therapeutic genes across the bloodbrain barrier. Nanotechnology has emerged as a possible solution, and several delivery systems utilizing nanoparticles have been shown to bypass key challenges regarding small interfering ribonucleic acid delivery. By reducing the enzymatic breakdown of genetic components, nanomaterials as gene carriers have considerably enhanced the efficiency of gene therapy. Liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dendrimers, and micelles are examples of nanocarriers that have been designed, and each has its own set of features. Furthermore, recent advances in the specific delivery of neurotrophic compounds via gene therapy have provided promising results in relation to augmenting cognitive abilities. In this paper, we highlight the use of different nanocarriers in targeted gene delivery and small interfering ribonucleic acid-mediated gene silencing as a potential platform for treating Alzheimer’s disease.
Nanotechnology: A Promising Targeted Drug Delivery System for Brain Tumours and Alzheimer's Disease
(Bentham Science Publishers Ltd., 2022-06-10) Unnisa, Aziz; Greig, Nigel H.; Kamal, Mohammad A.
is the process of modulating shape and size at the nanoscale to design and manufacture structures, devices, and systems. Nanotechnology's prospective breakthroughs are incredible, and some cannot even be comprehended right now. The blood-brain barrier, which is a prominent physiological barrier in the brain, limits the adequate elimination of malignant cells by preventing the concentration of therapeutic drugs at the target tissue. Nanotechnology has sparked interest in recent years as a way to solve these issues and improve drug delivery. Inorganic and organic nanomaterials were found to be beneficial for bioimaging approaches and controlled drug delivery systems. Brain cancer (BC) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are two of the prominent disorders of the brain. Even though the pathophysiology and pathways for both disorders are different, nanotechnology with common features can deliver drugs over the BBB, advancing the treatment of both disorders. This innovative technology could provide a foundation for combining diagnostics, treatments, and delivery of targeted drugs to the tumour site, with further supervising the response, by designing and delivering materials by employing atomic and molecular elements. There is currently limited treatment for Alzheimer's disease, and reversing further progression is difficult. Recently, various nanocarriers have been investigated to improve the bioavailability and efficacy of many AD treatment drugs. Nanotechnology-assisted drugs can penetrate the BBB and reach the target tissue. However, further research is required in this field, to ensure the safety and efficacy of drug-loaded nanoparticles. The application of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumours and Alzheimer's disease is briefly discussed in this review.