Browsing by Author "Ullah, Mohammad Aman"

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Dietary practices of men in Bangladesh: Evidence from the National Nutrition Surveillance
(Oxford Academic, 2020-06) Mridha, Malay; Shamim, Abu Ahmed; Hossain, Md. Mokbul; Hasan, Mehedi; Hanif, Abu Abdullah Mohammad; Hossaine, Moyazzam; Ullah, Mohammad Aman; Sarker, Samir Kanti; Rahman, S. M. Mustafizur; Mitra, Dipak Kumar; Haque, Md. Emdadul
Objectives: Bangladesh has a paucity of information about the dietary practices of adult men. In the recently completed round of the national nutrition surveillance (NNS 2018–2019), we explored the dietary practices of adult men and factors associated with insufficient dietary diversity (IDD) and insufficient intake of fruits and vegetables. Methods In the NNS, between October 2018 and 2019, we collected data from from 82 clusters (57 rural, 15 non-slum urban, and 10 slums) selected using multistage cluster sampling. In these clusters we interviewed and took physical measurements of 4904 20–59 years old men (3471 in rural, 832 in urban, and 601 in slum). We used minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD-W) questionnaire to collect dietary data. IDD was defined as consumption of < 5 food groups out of 10 food groups, and insufficient fruits and vegetables intake was defined as consumption of < 5 servings of fruits and vegetables in the past 24 hours. Results The prevalence of IDD was 53% (54% in rural, 42% in non-slum urban, and 56% in slum areas) among the adult men. In the past 24 hours, 73% consumed meat/fish/poultry, 28% consumed eggs, and 22% consumed dairy products. The consumption of dark green leafy vegetables, vitamin A rich fuits and vegetables, other vegetables, other fruits was 34%, 22%, 73%, and 37%, respectively. Among the respondents, 27% had savory snacks, 52% had sweets, and 75% had sugary drinks. The prevalence of insufficient fruits and vegetables intake was 86% (83% in rural, 92% in non-slum urban and 93% in slum areas). IDD was associated with education (partial secondary education: Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.67, P < 0.001; ≥10 years of schooling: AOR 0.48, P < 0.001), and sufficient intake of fruits and vegetables (AOR 0.82, P = 0.022). On the other hand, insufficient fruits and vegetables intake was associated with IDD (AOR 1.23, P = 0.014), hypertension (AOR 0.77, P = 0.020) and adequate physical activity (AOR 0.46, P < 0.001). Conclusions More than half of the men aged 20–59 years consume an inadequately diversified diet in Bangladesh and 86% had insufficient intake of fruits and vegetables. This study identified a number of factors associated with IDD, and insufficient intake of fruits and vegetables. The government of Bangladesh should address them while developing interventions to improve nutrition.
Double burden of malnutrition among elderly people in Bangladesh: Evidence from the National Nutrition Surveillance Study
(Oxford Academic, 2020-06) Hasan, Mehedi; Shamim, Abu Ahmed; Hossain, Md. Mokbul; Hanif, Abu Abdullah Mohammad; Hossaine, Moyazzam; Ullah, Mohammad Aman; Sarker, Samir Kanti; Rahman, S M Mustafizur; Mitra, Dipak Kumar; Haque, Md. Emdadul; Mridha, Malay
Objectives: Double burden of malnutrition (DBM), referred as the coexistence of undernutrition and overnutrition, is an evolving public health concern. There is a paucity of data about DBM among elderly people in Bangladesh. In the recently completed round of the national nutrition surveillance (NNS 2018–2019), we assessed the prevalence and determinants of DBM among elderly people. Methods In the NNS, we collected data from 30,005 persons in 6 population groups from 82 clusters (57 rural, 15 non-slum urban, and 10 slums) selected using multistage cluster sampling. We collected socio-demographic, life-style and anthropometric data from 4817 respondents aged >60 years. Underweight was defined as body mass index (BMI) <18.5 kg/m2 and overweight/obesity as BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2. Results The weighted prevalence of underweight was 26.8%, and was higher among elderly aged ≥70 years (34.4%), male (28.5%), non-diabetic (28.5%), rural residents (27.1%) and with inadequate fruits and vegetables consumption (27.1%). The weighted prevalence of overweight was 27.0%, and was higher among elderly aged 60–69 years (29.8%), female (30.8), diabetic (51.0%), urban residents (48.2%), with poor physical activity (31.3%), and with inadequate fruits and vegetables consumption (27.4%). As education and wealth status increased, the prevalence of underweight decreased and the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased. In multivariable logistic regression, male gender (AOR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.18,1.51), being non-diabetic (AOR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.23,1.82), having no education (AOR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.35,2.22), and having adequate physical activity (AOR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.05,1.35) were associated with underweight. However, urban residency (AOR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.41,2.12), 60–69 years age (AOR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.36,1.85), being female (AOR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.56,2.10), having diabetes (AOR: 2.52, 95% CI:2.07,3.08), being Muslim (AOR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.04,1.53), and having inadequate physical activity (AOR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.18,1.57) were associated with overweight. Conclusions The overall prevalence of undernutrition and overnutrition is very high among elderly population in Bangladesh. The government together with national and international organizations should implement population-based interventions to prevent and control DBM.
Elderly women are disproportionately vulnerable to hypertension in Bangladesh: Evidence from the National Nutrition Surveillance Study
(Oxford Academic, 2020-06) Hanif, Abu Abdullah Mohammad; Shamim, Abu Ahmed; Hossain, Md. Mokbul; Hasan, Mehedi; Hossaine, Moyazzam; Ullah, Mohammad Aman; Sarker, Samir Kanti; Rahman, S M Mustafizur; Mitra, Dipak Kumar; Haque, Md. Emdadul; Mridha, Malay
Objectives: Bangladesh has a dearth of information on the prevalence and factors associated with hypertension among elderlies. We assessed the prevalence, sex differences in prevalence, and factors associated with hypertension in the most recent national nutrition surveillance round (2018–19). Methods We analyzed data of 4817 elderlies (≥60 years) from 82 clusters (57 rural, 15 urban and 10 slum) selected by multistage cluster sampling. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg and/or having a history of hypertension. We analyzed data using Stata 15.0. Results The weighted prevalence of hypertension was 42%, and 56% for elderly males, and females, respectively; and was higher among females for many socio-demographic, behavioural and anthropetric variables including age 70 + years (58% vs. 46%); high waist circumference (69% vs. 65%); diabetes (69% vs. 65%); living in rural (55% vs. 41%), urban (63% vs. 45%) and slum (50% vs. 30%) area; Muslim (56% vs. 42%); insufficient physical activity (60% vs 52%); and inadequate fruits/vegetables intake (56% vs. 43%). Among females, the factors associated with hypertension were age 70 + years (AOR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.15–1.71), waist circumference ≥80 cm (AOR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.82–2.67), diabetes (AOR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.35–2.45), and inadequate physical activity (AOR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.15–1.67). Among males, these factors were age 70 + years (AOR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.09–1.60), waist circumference ≥90 cm (AOR: 2.76, 95% CI: 2.22–3.43), diabetes (AOR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.02–1.82), slum-dwelling (AOR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.52–0.96), > 10 years of education (AOR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.38, 2.44), inadequate physical activity (AOR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.25–1.81), and current smoking (AOR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.89). In both males and females, fruits and vegetables intake was not assicaited with hypertension. Conclusions In Bangladesh, the elderly female population is disproportionately affected by hypertension. They were found having a consistent pattern of higher prevalence of hypertension for many socio-demographic, behavioral, and anthropometric variables. The ministry of health of Bangladesh should consider this disproportionately high prevalence of hypertension among elderly females while designing and implementing health programs.
Gender-specific prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among elderly Bangladeshi people: Findings from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey
(BMJ Journals, 6/21/2021) Hanif, Abu Abdullah Mohammad; Shamim, Abu Ahmed; Hossain, Md Mokbul; Hasan, Mehedi; Khan, Md Showkat Ali; Hossaine, Moyazzam; Ullah, Mohammad Aman; Sarker, Samir Kanti; Rahman, S M Mustafizur; Mitra, Dipak K; Mridha, Malay Kanti
Objective: We aimed to estimate the gender-specific prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among elderly people in Bangladesh. Design and method We analysed data from the food security and nutrition surveillance round 2018–2019. The multistage cluster sampling method was used to select the study population. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90mmHg and/or having a history of hypertension. We carried out the descriptive analysis, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression to report the weighted prevalence of hypertension as well as crude and adjusted ORs with 95% CI. A p value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Setting The study was conducted in 82 clusters (57 rural, 15 non-slum urban and 10 slums) in all eight administrative divisions of Bangladesh. Participants A total of 2482 males and 2335 females aged ≥60 years were included in this analysis. Results The weighted prevalence of hypertension was 42% and 56% among males and females, respectively. The prevalence was higher among females across all sociodemographic, behavioural and clinical strata. Factors associated with higher odds of hypertension (adjusted OR (AOR) (95% CI) for males and females, respectively) were age ≥70 years (1.32 (1.09, 1.60) and 1.40 (1.15, 1.71)); insufficient physical activity (1.50 (1.25, 1.81) and 1.38 (1.15, 1.67)); higher waist circumference (2.76 (2.22, 3.43) and 2.20 (1.82, 2.67)); and self-reported diabetes (1.36 (1.02, 1.82) and 1.82 (1.35, 2.45)). Additionally, living in slums decreased (0.71 (0.52, 0.96)) and education >10 years increased odds of hypertension (1.83 (1.38, 2.44)) among males. Conclusion In Bangladesh, half of the elderly persons were hypertensive, with a higher prevalence in females. In both sexes, odds of hypertension was higher among persons with older age (≥70 years), insufficient physical activity, higher waist circumference and self-reported diabetes. The Ministry of Health of Bangladesh should consider these findings while designing and implementing health programmes for elderly population.
Inadequate dietary diversity and Its determinants among adolescent girls and boys: Evidence from the National Nutrition surveillance study in Bangladesh
(Oxford Academic, 5/29/2020) Akter, Fahmida; Hossain, Md Mokbul; Shamim, Abu Ahmed; Hasan, Mehedi; Hanif, Abu Abdullah Mohammad; Hossaine, Moyazzam; Ullah, Mohammad Aman; Sarker, Samir Kanti; Rahman, S M Mustafizur; Mitra, Dipak Kumar; Haque, Md Emdadul; Mridha, Malay
Objectives: Bangladesh is experiencing triple burden of malnutrition among adolescents, which may be associated with inadequate dietary diversity (IDD). In the recently completed round of the national nutrition surveillance (NNS 2018–2019), we explored the prevalence of IDD and its determinants among adolescent girls and boys. Methods A total of 4808 adolescent girls and 4761 adolescent boys were interviewed. We used minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD-W) questionnaire to collect dietary data. IDD was defined as consumption of <5 food groups out of 10 food groups in the past 24 hours. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression were performed to identify risk factors for IDD among adolescent girls and boys. Results The prevalence of IDD was 55.5% and 50.6% among the adolescent girls and boys. Prevalence of IDD decreased with an increase of educational attainment among girls (no education 77.8% and grade 10 completed education 49.2%) and boys (no education 68.2% and grade 10 completed education 44.2%). The prevalence of IDD in slum, urban and rural areas was 66.4%, 55.6%, and 51.9% among girls and 61.4%, 50.5% and 52.6% among boys, respectively. Prevalence of IDD was lowest among the richest wealth quintile (girls: 45.4% and boys: 43.1%). Among adolescent girls education (e.g., for grade 10 completed, AOR: 3.42, P = 0.002), marital status (AOR: 1.24, P = 0.046), processed food consumption (AOR: 1.66, P < 0.001), television viewing time (e. g. for ≤60 min/day, AOR: 1.37, P < 0.001), and sex of household head (AOR: 0.81, P = 0.003) were significantly associated with IDD. Among the adolescent boys age (AOR: 0.82, P = 0.024), education (e.g., for grade 10 completed, AOR: 2.36, P < 0.001), sex of household heads (AOR: 0.80, P = 0.002), livestock ownership (AOR: 1.22, P = 0.012), fruits and vegetable consumption (AOR: 1.38, P = 0.004), processed food intake (AOR: 1.74, P < 0.001), physical activity (AOR: 0.76, P = 0.001), and television viewing time (e. g. for ≤60 min/day, AOR: 1.19, P = 0.021) were significantly associated with IDD. Conclusions About more than half of the adolescent girls and boys consume inadequately diversified diet in Bangladesh. The study identified a number of factors associated with IDD, which should be addressed through comprehensive and sustainable public health interventions.
Noncommunicable disease risk factors among adolescent boys and girls in Bangladesh: Evidence from a National survey
(Osong public health and research perspectives, 12/11/2020) Urmy, Nushrat Jahan; Hossain, Md. Mokbul; Shamim, Abu Ahmed; Khan, Md. Showkat Ali; Hanif, Abu Abdullah Mohammad; Hasan, Mehedi; Akter, Fahmida; Mitra, Dipak Kumar; Hossaine, Moyazzam; Ullah, Mohammad Aman; Sarker, Samir Kanti; Rahman, SM Mustafizur; Bulbul, Md. Mofijul Islam; Mridha, Malay Kanti
Objectives: To assess the prevalence of noncommunicable disease (NCD) risk factors and the factors associated with the coexistence of multiple risk factors (≥ 2 risk factors) among adolescent boys and girls in Bangladesh. Methods: Data on selected NCD risk factors collected from face to face interviews of 4,907 boys and 4,865 girls in the national Nutrition Surveillance round 2018-2019, was used. Descriptive analysis and multivariable logistic regression were performed. Results: The prevalence of insufficient fruit and vegetable intake, inadequate physical activity, tobacco use, and being overweight/obese was 90.72%, 29.03%, 4.57%, and 6.04%, respectively among boys; and 94.32%, 50.33%, 0.43%, and 8.03%, respectively among girls. Multiple risk factors were present among 34.87% of boys and 51.74% of girls. Younger age (p < 0.001), non-slum urban (p < 0.001) and slum residence (p < 0.001), higher paternal education (p = 0.001), and depression (p < 0.001) were associated with the coexistence of multiple risk factors in both boys and girls. Additionally, higher maternal education (p < 0.001) and richest wealth quintile (p = 0.023) were associated with the coexistence of multiple risk factors in girls. Conclusion: The government should integrate specific services into the existing health and non-health programs which are aimed at reducing the burden of NCD risk factors.
Ontology-based Information Retrieval System for University
(Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Springer, 2018-09-02) Ullah, Mohammad Aman; Hossain, Syed Akhter
The purpose of this paper is to search for a general framework for ontology development. This paper also implemented ontology on university domain, proposed a general framework for ontology searching and explained searching mechanism through university ontology. Also, it presents different ways of reasoning the ontology. In general, ontology classifies the variables in need for some computations and creates interrelationships between them. It is also an essential part of the semantic web. The introduction of semantic web poses the demands for creating ontology in many domains. This paper emphasized mostly on conceptualizing the university as a whole and was developed using standard tools protégé 4.3. This paper tries to fill the gap between existing works by including all the concepts and their related data and object properties. The reasoning of our created ontology was done through Fact++ and Hermit 1.3.8 reasoner.
Ontology-Based Information Retrieval System for University: Methods and Reasoning
(Springer, 2018-09-02) Ullah, Mohammad Aman; Hossain, Syed Akhter
The purpose of this paper is to search for a general framework for ontology development. This paper also implemented ontology on university domain, proposed a general framework for ontology searching and explained searching mechanism through university ontology. Also, it presents different ways of reasoning the ontology. In general, ontology classifies the variables in need for some computations and creates interrelationships between them. It is also an essential part of the semantic web. The introduction of semantic web poses the demands for creating ontology in many domains. This paper emphasized mostly on conceptualizing the university as a whole and was developed using standard tools protégé 4.3. This paper tries to fill the gap between existing works by including all the concepts and their related data and object properties. The reasoning of our created ontology was done through Fact++ and Hermit 1.3.8 reasoner. Full Text Link: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1501-5_10
Ontology-Based Information Retrieval System for University: Methods and Reasoning
(Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd, 2018-09-02) Ullah, Mohammad Aman; Hossain, Syed Akhter
The purpose of this paper is to search for a general framework for ontology development. This paper also implemented ontology on university domain, proposed a general framework for ontology searching and explained searching mechanism through university ontology. Also, it presents different ways of reasoning the ontology. In general, ontology classifies the variables in need for some computations and creates interrelationships between them. It is also an essential part of the semantic web. The introduction of semantic web poses the demands for creating ontology in many domains. This paper emphasized mostly on conceptualizing the university as a whole and was developed using standard tools protégé 4.3. This paper tries to fill the gap between existing works by including all the concepts and their related data and object properties. The reasoning of our created ontology was done through Fact++ and Hermit 1.3.8 reasoner.
Prevalence and associated factors of depression among adolescent boys and girls in Bangladesh: Findings from a nationwide survey
(BMJ Journals, 1/17/2021) Mridha, Malay Kanti; Hossain, Md Mokbul; Khan, Md Showkat Ali; Hanif, Abu Abdullah Mohammad; Hasan, Mehedi; Mitra, Dipak; Hossaine, Moyazzam; Ullah, Mohammad Aman; Sarker, Samir Kanti; Rahman, S M Mustafizur; Bulbul, Md M Islam; Shamim, Abu Ahmed
Objective: To assess the prevalence of and factors associated with depression among adolescent boys and girls. Design: We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional study. Setting: This study was carried out in 82 randomly selected clusters (57 rural, 15 non-slum urban and 10 slums) from eight divisions of Bangladesh. Participants: We interviewed 4907 adolescent boys and 4949 adolescent girls. Primary and secondary outcome measures The primary outcome measure was ‘any depression’ and the secondary outcome measures were types of depression: no or minimal, mild, moderate, moderately severe and severe. Results: The overall prevalence of no or minimal, mild, moderate, moderately severe and severe depression was 75.5%, 17.9%, 5,4%, 1.1% and 0.1%, respectively. Across most of the sociodemographic, lifestyle and anthropometric strata, the prevalence of any depression was higher among adolescent girls. In both sexes, depression was associated with higher age, higher maternal education, paternal occupation e.g., business, absence of a 6–9-year-old member in the household, food insecurity, household consumption of unfortified oil, household use of non-iodised salt, insufficient physical activity (adjusted odds ratio, AOR: 1.24 for boys, 1.44 for girls) and increased television viewing time e.g., ≥121minute/day (AOR: 1.95 for boys, 1.99 for girls). Only among boys, depression was also associated with higher paternal education e.g., complete secondary and above (AOR: 1.42), absence of another adolescent member in the household (AOR: 1.34), household use of solid biomass fuel (AOR: 1.39), use of any tobacco products (AOR: 2.17), and consumption of processed food (AOR: 1.24). Only among girls, non-slum urban residence, Muslim religion, and household size ≤4 were also associated with depression. Conclusion: The prevalence of depression among adolescent boys and girls is high in Bangladesh. In most sociodemographic, lifestyle and anthropometric strata, the prevalence is higher among girls. In this age group, depression is associated with a number of sociodemographic and lyfestyle factors. The government of Bangladesh should consider these findings while integrating adolescent mental health in the existing and future programmes.
Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Insufficient Physical Activity Among Adolescents: Evidence from the National Nutrition Surveillance Study
(Oxford Academic, 5/29/2020) Hossain, Md Mokbul; Shamim, Abu Ahmed; Hasan, Mehedi; Hanif, Abu Abdullah Mohammad; Hossaine, Moyazzam; Ullah, Mohammad Aman; Sarker, Samir Kanti; Rahman, S M Mustafizur; Mitra, Dipak Kumar; Haque, Md Emdadul; Mridha, Malay
Objectives: The World Health Organization (WHO) set a target of 15% relative reduction of the prevalence of insufficient physical activity (IPA) by 2025 among adolescents and adults globally. In Bangladesh, there is no national estimates of the prevalence of IPA among adolescents. In the recently completed round of the national nutrition surveillance (NNS 2018–2019), we aimed to estimate the prevalence and risk factors associated with IPA among adolescent girls and boys. Methods: NNS was conducted in 57 rural, 15 urban and 10 slum clusters selected using multistage cluster sampling. In these clusters, we collected data from 4732 adolescent girls and 4761 adolescent boys. We used Global Physical Activity Questionnaire to collect physical activity (PA) data. The WHO recommended cut off points for IPA (5–17 years: <300 minutes of moderate to vigorous-intensity PA weekly; 18–19 years: <150 minutes of moderate intensity PA weekly or <75 minutes of vigorous-intensity PA weekly) were used to estimate the prevalence of IPA. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression were performed to identify factors associated with IPA. Results: Prevalence of IPA among girls and boys were 50.6% and 29.4%, respectively and the prevalence was significantly higher among early adolescents (10–14 years) than late adolescents in both boys and girls. The IPA prevalence was the highest among the adolescents living in non-slum urban areas (girls: 77.9% and boys: 64.6%). The IPA prevalence in slum areas was 36.6% for girls and 34.0% for boys; and in rural areas was 50.0% for girls and 28.2% for boys. For both girls and boys, age group, occupation and >6 hours of sitting per day were associated with IPA. Place of residence, consumption of fruits and vegetables, education and paternal occupation were associated with IPA only among the boys. On the other hand, maternal and paternal education and overweight/obesity were associated with IPA only among the girls. Conclusions: One in every two adolescent girls and one in every three adolescent boys do not meet the WHO recommended level of PA in Bangladesh. This study identified several modifiable factors associated with IPA among adolescent boys and girls and these factors should be addressed through comprehensive public health interventions in order to improve adolescent health in Bangladesh.
Prevalence of Non-communicable disease risk factors among adolescent girls and boys in Bangladesh: Evidence from the National Nutrition Surveillance Study
(Oxford Academic, 2020-06) Urmy, Nushrat Jahan; Shamim, Abu Ahmed; Hossain, Md. Mokbul; Hasan, Mehedi; Hanif, Abu Abdullah Mohammad; Hossaine, Moyazzam; Ullah, Mohammad Aman; Sarker, Samir Kanti; Rahman, S M Mustafizur; Mitra, Dipak Kumar; Haque, Md. Emdadul; Mridha, Malay
Objectives: Non-communicable diseases (NCD) and their risk factors have become a major public health problem worldwide. Understanding NCD risk factors among adolescents is important as many risk behaviors start in this period. In the recently completed round of national nutrition surveillance (NNS 2018–2019), we assessed the prevalence of NCD risk factors among adolescents and the factors associated with the co-presence of multiple risk factors. Methods This study was conducted in 82 randomly selected clusters (57 rural, 15 non-slums urban and 10 slums) from Bangladesh. We interviewed 4761 adolescent boys and 4808 adolescent girls for selected NCD risk factors using the World Health Organization (WHO) STEPS questionnaire. We also measured the height and weight of adolescents. Results The prevalence of insufficient fruits and vegetables intake, inadequate physical activity, any tobacco use, overweight and obesity in adolescent boys and girls was 90.8% and 93.6%, 33.4% and 51.9%, 4.5% and 0.9%, and 7.7% and 11.3%, respectively. The prevalence of one, two and three NCD risk factors among adolescent boys and girls was 55.5% and 42.5%, 35.1% and 48.8%, and 3.5% and 5.9%, respectively. Co-presence of two or more risk factors was higher among adolescent girls and early adolescent girls. For adolescent boys, area of residence (non-slum urban: AOR 2.8, P < 0.001; slum: AOR 1.6, P < 0.001), father's occupation (farmer: AOR 0.70, P = 0.005), and household wealth status (middle quintile, AOR 0.8, P = 0.022) were associated with: co-presence of multiple risk factors. In case of adolescent girls, age (15–19 y: AOR 0.8, P = 0.002), area of residence (non-slum urban: AOR 2.2, P < 0.001; slum: AOR 1.4, P < 0.001), occupation (non-student: AOR 0.6, P < 0.001), maternal education (e.g., partial secondary: AOR: 1.6, P < 0.001), father's occupation (e.g., farmer: AOR 0.6, P < 0.001) were associated with co-presence of multiple risk factors. Conclusions We found a high prevalence of NCD risk factors among adolescent boys and girls in Bangladesh. The co-presence of multiple risk factors was higher among girls than the boys and among early adolescent girls than the late-adolescent girls. The government and others should address these risk factors while implementing programs for improving the health of adolescents in Bangladesh.
Printed Circuit Board Defect Detection Using Convolutional Neural Networks
(Department of Electrical and Elecrtonics Engineering(EEE), Islamic University of Technology(IUT), Board Bazar, Gazipur-1704, Bangladesh, 2024-06-26) Rashid, Ahmed Jawad; Isfara, Adiba; Ullah, Mohammad Aman
The increasing complexity and miniaturization of modern electronic devices necessitate highly reliable and defect-free Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs). Effective defect detection in PCBs is crucial to maintaining the quality and reliability of these devices. However, current PCB defect detection datasets exhibit significant limitations that hinder the development of robust and accurate models. Existing datasets are limited in scope, do not accurately mimic real-world defects, and fail to represent the diversity and complexity of industrial PCBs. For instance, PKU dataset is restricted to only a small amount of PCB boards and include defects introduced post-manufacturing using Photo Editing Applications, which do not closely mirror real-world manufacturing imperfections. Additionally, these datasets label each PCB board with only one fault class, despite real-life scenarios where multiple faults can occur simultaneously. These compounded limitations make the datasets less suitable for generalizing to the diverse and complex situations encountered in real-world PCB inspections. To address these challenges, this research aims to develop a comprehensive and realistic dataset created through chemical etching procedures, reflecting the true nature of manufacturing imperfections. Additionally, we trained advanced Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models, including YOLOv8, HRNet, Cascade R-CNN, ATSS, RetinaNet, and Faster R-CNN, to detect six common PCB defects: missing pad, open circuit, short circuit, spur, spurious copper, and mouse bite. Our findings indicate that YOLOv8 demonstrated superior accuracy and speed, achieving a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 0.888 at 50% intersection over union (mAP50) and a detection speed of 16.3 frames per second (FPS). HRNet, while achieving the highest mAP50 of 0.905, was less suitable for real-time applications due to its lower frame rate of 9.2 FPS. ATSS and Cascade R-CNN offered balanced performance with mAP50s of 0.88 and detection speeds of 14.51 FPS. In contrast, RetinaNet and Faster R-CNN were less effective due to lower accuracy and slower processing times. This study underscores the inadequacies of existing PCB datasets and the necessity for more accurate and efficient defect detection models.