Browsing by Author "Sultana, Sabiha"

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A comparison on the present scenario of CLT in both Bangla medium school and english medium school
(BRAC University, 2017-04) Sultana, Sabiha; Haque, Mohammad Mahmudul
The topic of my dissertation is “A comparison on the present scenario o f CLT in Both Bangla Medium School and English Medium School. It tries to inspect about the implementation of CLT in both mediums. In addition, it tries to compare between the two mediums focusing on the features of CLT, teaching materials as well as the use of classroom activities. The data for this study was collected through a questionnaire both the students and the teachers and a observation from the researcher. It contains the result observation of one class from every school. The entire findings of the survey presents that there are some differences on the present scenario of CLT in both mediums. The study will also compare between the perception of CLT and the actual scenario of CLT in the classroom.
A comparison on the present scenario of CLT in both Bangla Medium School and English Medium School
(BRAC University, 2017-04) Sultana, Sabiha; Haque, Mohammad Mahmudul
The topic of my dissertation is “A comparison on the present scenario o f CLT in Both Bangla Medium School and English Medium School. It tries to inspect about the implementation of CLT in both mediums. In addition, it tries to compare between the two mediums focusing on the features of CLT, teaching materials as well as the use of classroom activities. The data for this study was collected through a questionnaire both the students and the teachers and a observation from the researcher. It contains the result observation of one class from every school. The entire findings of the survey presents that there are some differences on the present scenario of CLT in both mediums. The study will also compare between the perception of CLT and the actual scenario of CLT in the classroom
Barriers of Nutrition Services for Pregnant Mothers Attending in the Hospitals Dhaka
(Daffodil International University, 2018-12-22) Sultana, Sabiha
“Barriers of nutrition services for pregnant mother” remains one of the major public health problems in many parts of the world, especially in a developing country like Bangladesh. Several socioeconomic and demographic factors are responsible for this condition. Nutrition is one of the basic human right, with both equity and equality related to eliminating malnutrition and ensuring human development. Though Bangladesh has achieved a significant reduction in under nutrition over the past two decades, still the prevalence of malnutrition in pregnant mother in Bangladesh is one of the highest among the developing countries. National nutrition services (NNS) has been leading the nutrition services through the platforms of public health curative facilities by mainstreaming implementations of nutrition interventions into health (DGHS) and family planning (DGFP). In order to reach the objectives of the study, a cross-sectional method approach was applied, where qualitative data were collected. Quantitative data were collected by face-to-face interview using pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. The other methods of data collection in-depth interviews (IDIs), where conducted among the pregnant women to assess their nutrition services seeking pattern, received nutrition services, and their needs related to nutrition services. In pregnant women government health facilities played a major role (76.9%) in providing nutrition services to the pregnant women. This was confirmed by the pregnant women, who preferred visiting govt. health facilities situated near to their houses. They also received nutrition services at household level more by the Non-government organization (NGO) health services provides than the govt. healthcare providers (25.5% vs. 22.8%). Across the study areas, mostly counselled topic among the pregnant women was IFA intake, consumption of extra meal and nutrition food, whereas exclusive breastfeeding and colostrum were less counselled. Pregnant women of slum areas were least counselled on all the nutritional issues. Highest proportion of pregnant women in attending govt. hospitals received IFA and calcium, respectively. The respondents received most their nutrient supplement /medicines from the govt. health facilities compared to other facilities, which includes IFA, calcium, vitamin A, zinc, ORS, and Albendazole. The purpose of the study is to find the existing nutrition services in Bangladesh and causes why pregnant mother are not able to receive this facilities. If receive then how much. For increasing the awareness of nutrition and the availability of its services, nutrition campaigns, courtyard meetings. There should be provisions for qualified and component healthcare providers, who receive frequent training's to improve their quality of services delivery. Recruitment and allotment of female healthcare providers in various levels of health care delivery system will increase the service seeking and receiving pattern of the recipients.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY PATIENTS AMONG DIFFERENT ECONOMIC LEVEL (UPPER, MIDDLE AND LOWER CLASS) BASED ON THEIR SOCIOECONOMIC, NUTRITIONAL AND HEALTH CONDITION IN KHULNA CITY, BANGLADESH.
(R&D Wing, MIST, 2018-12) Sultana, Sabiha; Alam, Farzana
The main purpose of the study was to compare the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy disease among the upper, middle and lower class family at Khulna city in Bangladesh. Data were collected from randomly selected 120 diabetic nephropathy patients in Khulna city through personal interview during August to November, 2014. Mainly socioeconomic condition, nutritional knowledge, anthropometric and dietary pattern were compared among them. In Bangladesh, people belonging to these three classes are suffering from this disease but those from upper class are more affected (near 51.7%). The prevalence of this diseases is higher in male (63%) than female. Amount of drinking water is restricted (Less than 1 liter per day while a health person can drink 4-5-liter water) for Diabetic nephropathy patient, in this survey it has been found that about 52.5% patients drink water by following prescription. Hypertension, constipation and dyspepsia are very common complication associated with diabetic nephropathy and about 73.3%, 55% and 54.2% patients are suffering from hypertension, dyspepsia and constipation respectively. Most of the people were unconscious about their health and they don’t have enough knowledge about the disease and nutrition. In this study, it has been shown that 64.2% patients have no previous knowledge about this disease. At the initial stage of the disease, they could not even realize that they are suffering from this disease. At the severe stage, they understand that they have this problem. The survey found that 40.0% patients were in stage 5 (kidney failure) of diabetic nephropathy where 35% and 25% patients are in stage 3 and stage 4 of diabetic nephropathy respectively. Therefore, it can be said that by growing the awareness among people about the health, disease and nutrition we can reduce the risk of diabetic nephropathy. Drugs, discipline and dietary guide lines help to control the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy.
Comparative ecology of selected herbs and shrubs in relation to soil moisture and soil types
(University of Dhaka, 2015-03-19) Sultana, Sabiha
Eco-physiology and nature of adaptation of Cassia tora, C. occidentalis and C. sophera the pioneer of dry derelict land were investigated in relation to environmental conditions. Comparative study with these three Cassia spp. was carried out with reference to germination eco-physiology and seedling growth in relation to seed storage, salinity and pH; growth in relation to wet (W) and dry-moist (DM) conditions; sun (100% light) and shade (15% light) treatments and tissue water relation in their ecological significance. The objectives of the present investigation were to know the reasons of abundance of C. tora and low population or causes of the absence of Cassia occidentalis and Cassia sophera in the natural habitat. Seed morphology of these species showed variation in colour, size and shape and also showed similarities and dissimilarities. Freshly harvested, one week , one month and three months old seeds showed very little germination in Cassia tora ; in contrast freshly harvested seeds of Cassia occidentalis and Cassia sophera showed better germination than Cassia tora. However, the scarified seeds of Cassia occidentalis and Cassia sophera showed high percentage of germination. The effect of salinity on germination of three Cassia spp. was investigated to know their degree of tolerance at different concentrations of NaCl solution and showed a strong effect on the percentage of seed germination. Germination percentage was decreased in all the three species with the increase of the NaCl concentrations and showed lowest germination at 0.1M NaCl. Lack of germination of normal seeds of C. occidentalis and C. sophera at 0.2M and 0.5 M NaCl concentrations indicated their sensitivity to salinity. The seedling length of C. tora at 0.05M NaCl was significantly (p=0.05) decreased to 5.71cm and further increase of salinity to 0.1M, the seedling length was decreased to less than one third (2.15 cm) from that of control (6.92cm). Seeds of all the species failed to germinate at 0.5M NaCl solution. Different pH levels did not show any significant (p=0.05) difference in seedling growth except Cassia sophera which at acidic pH significantly (p=0.05) decreased seedling length and dry weight. As far as germination and early establishment are concerned it was established that low germination percentage in C. occidentalis and C. sophera, and sensitivity to salinity are the factors most likely to exclude the growth, and adaptation in the natural habitat. The three species grown in wet (W) and dry-moist (DM) conditions and at two light intensities (sun-100% light and shade 15% light) in potted soil to explain the nature of adaptation. Vegetative growth was vigorous in all water regimes in the early stages of growth of three Cassia spp. The roots of wet plants were on the top 1-2 cm of the soil surface, stunted and dark brown to black in colour. In contrast, the roots were penetrated deep into the base of the pot in DM treatment. The individual leaves of C. tora, C. occidentalis and C. sophera at different stages of development were found to be progressively larger with taller petiole (approximately 70-135 mm) as soil water was decreased i.e. in DM treatment. There was a progressive increase in leaf size, leaf area with the decrease of soil moisture in all three Cassia spp. At dry moist treatment C. tora started flowering 3 weeks earlier than wet treatment; under DM condition C. tora showed flowering 12 weeks earlier than C. occidentalis and 17 weeks earlier than C. sophera. In wet treatment there is no flower and fruit production at all in C. occidentalis and C. sophera. However, C. tora shows very poor flowers and fruit production under wet condition. Root growth was poor in wet condition. In the dry-moist treatment the largest component of the plant is leaf material in all three Cassia spp. Vegetative growth under sun (100% light) treatment was more vigorous than shade (100% light) condition. At sun (100% light) treatment C. tora showed earlier flowering than C. sophera and C. occidentalis . The relation between leaf water content and stomatal closure, the rate of transpiration and the relative turgidity under two different soil moisture (wet and dry-moist) and two light (sun and shade) treatments were investigated. The plant showed contrasting behavior with respect to transpiration rate, stomatal behavior and the development of water deficits. Highest total transpiration rate was observed in C. occidentalis followed by C. sophera and C. tora. In all the species, there was a relation between the total water and stomatal water loss. The value of RT was very similar between sun and shade conditions in Cassia spp. except C. sophera where the value of sun condition is significantly lower (p=0.05) than shade condition.
Coping strategies related to food insecurity at the household level in Bangladesh
(© 2017 Public Library of Science, 2017-04) Dil Farzana, Fahmida; Rahman, Ahmed Shafiqur; Sultana, Sabiha; Raihan, Mohammad Jyoti; Haque, Md Ahshanul; Waid, Jillian L.; Choudhury, Nuzhat; Ahmed, Tahmeed J.
Introduction: In connection to food insecurity, adaptation of new techniques or alteration of regular behavior is executed that translates to coping strategies. This paper has used data from food security and nutrition surveillance project (FSNSP), which collects information from a nationally representative sample in Bangladesh on coping behaviors associated with household food insecurity. To complement the current understanding of different coping strategies implemented by the Bangladeshi households, the objective of this paper has been set to examine the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the food insecure households which define their propensity towards adaptation of different types of coping strategies. Methodology: FSNSP follows a repeated cross-sectional survey design. Information of 23,374 food insecure households available from February 2011 to November 2013 was selected for the analyses. Coping strategies were categorized as financial, food compromised and both. Multinomial logistic regression was employed to draw inference. Results: Majority of the households were significantly more inclined to adopt both multiple financial and food compromisation coping strategies. Post-aman season, educational status of the household head and household women, occupation of the household's main earner, household income, food insecurity status, asset, size and possession of agricultural land were found to be independently and significantly associated with adaptation of both financial and food compromisation coping strategies relative to only financial coping strategies. The relative risk ratio of adopting food compromisation coping relative to financial coping strategies when compared to mildly food insecure households, was 4.54 times higher for households with moderate food insecurity but 0.3 times lower when the households were severely food insecure. Whereas, households were 8.04 times and 4.98 times more likely to adopt both food compromisation and financial relative to only financial coping strategies if moderately and severely food insecure respectively when compared to being mildly food insecure. Conclusion: Households suffering from moderate and severe food insecurity, are more likely to adopt both financial and food compromisation coping strategies.
Coping strategies related to food insecurity at the household level in Bangladesh
(© 2017 Public Library of Science, 2017-04) Dil Farzana, Fahmida; Rahman, Ahmed Shafiqur; Sultana, Sabiha; Raihan, Mohammad Jyoti; Haque, Md Ahshanul; Waid, Jillian L.; Choudhury, Nuzhat; Ahmed, Tahmeed J.
Introduction: In connection to food insecurity, adaptation of new techniques or alteration of regular behavior is executed that translates to coping strategies. This paper has used data from food security and nutrition surveillance project (FSNSP), which collects information from a nationally representative sample in Bangladesh on coping behaviors associated with household food insecurity. To complement the current understanding of different coping strategies implemented by the Bangladeshi households, the objective of this paper has been set to examine the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the food insecure households which define their propensity towards adaptation of different types of coping strategies. Methodology: FSNSP follows a repeated cross-sectional survey design. Information of 23,374 food insecure households available from February 2011 to November 2013 was selected for the analyses. Coping strategies were categorized as financial, food compromised and both. Multinomial logistic regression was employed to draw inference. Results: Majority of the households were significantly more inclined to adopt both multiple financial and food compromisation coping strategies. Post-aman season, educational status of the household head and household women, occupation of the household's main earner, household income, food insecurity status, asset, size and possession of agricultural land were found to be independently and significantly associated with adaptation of both financial and food compromisation coping strategies relative to only financial coping strategies. The relative risk ratio of adopting food compromisation coping relative to financial coping strategies when compared to mildly food insecure households, was 4.54 times higher for households with moderate food insecurity but 0.3 times lower when the households were severely food insecure. Whereas, households were 8.04 times and 4.98 times more likely to adopt both food compromisation and financial relative to only financial coping strategies if moderately and severely food insecure respectively when compared to being mildly food insecure. Conclusion: Households suffering from moderate and severe food insecurity, are more likely to adopt both financial and food compromisation coping strategies.
Determinants of age-specific undernutrition in children aged less than 2 years—the Bangladesh context
(© 2017 Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2017-07) Choudhury, Nuzhat; Raihan, Mohammad Jyoti; Sultana, Sabiha; Mahmud, Zeba; Farzana, Fahmida Dil; Haque, Md Ahshanul; Rahman, Ahmed Shafiqur; Waid, Jillian L.; Chowdhury, Atique Mushtaque Raza; Black, Robert E.E.; Ahmed, Tahmeed J.
Globally, undernutrition affects nearly half of all children aged less than 5 years. It is more prominent in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the age-specific risk factors for different categories of undernutrition among Bangladeshi children aged less than 2 years. Data of 10,291 children aged less than 2 years were collected between October 2011 to November 2013 through the Food Security Nutritional Surveillance Project in Bangladesh. Simple logistic regression established bivariate relationships between the categories of undernutrition and the relevant risk factors. Multiple logistic regression constructed the age-specific regression models depicting the independent association and effect size of the risk factors contributing to the various categories of undernutrition among study population. Stunting was prevalent among 30.9% of the study children, whereas 9.7% were wasted and 24.9% were underweight. Being a male child, increase in age, maternal body mass index and education, and household food insecurity were the strongest predictors for all categories of undernutrition in terms of effect size. Our study shows that the different categories of childhood undernutrition have different age-specific risk factors. Maternal body mass index and household food insecurity were the common age-specific risk factors for all categories of undernutrition. We expect our findings to enhance the existing evidence base for the risk factors of undernutrition among children aged less than 2 years.
Determinants of age-specific undernutrition in children aged less than 2 years—the Bangladesh context
(© 2017 Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2017-07) Choudhury, Nuzhat; Raihan, Mohammad Jyoti; Sultana, Sabiha; Mahmud, Zeba; Farzana, Fahmida Dil; Haque, Md Ahshanul; Rahman, Ahmed Shafiqur; Waid, Jillian L.; Chowdhury, Atique Mushtaque Raza; Black, Robert E.E.; Ahmed, Tahmeed J.
Globally, undernutrition affects nearly half of all children aged less than 5 years. It is more prominent in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the age-specific risk factors for different categories of undernutrition among Bangladeshi children aged less than 2 years. Data of 10,291 children aged less than 2 years were collected between October 2011 to November 2013 through the Food Security Nutritional Surveillance Project in Bangladesh. Simple logistic regression established bivariate relationships between the categories of undernutrition and the relevant risk factors. Multiple logistic regression constructed the age-specific regression models depicting the independent association and effect size of the risk factors contributing to the various categories of undernutrition among study population. Stunting was prevalent among 30.9% of the study children, whereas 9.7% were wasted and 24.9% were underweight. Being a male child, increase in age, maternal body mass index and education, and household food insecurity were the strongest predictors for all categories of undernutrition in terms of effect size. Our study shows that the different categories of childhood undernutrition have different age-specific risk factors. Maternal body mass index and household food insecurity were the common age-specific risk factors for all categories of undernutrition. We expect our findings to enhance the existing evidence base for the risk factors of undernutrition among children aged less than 2 years.
Examining the relationship between socioeconomic status, WASH practices and wasting
(© 2017 Public Library of Science, 2017-03) Raihan, Mohammad Jyoti; Farzana, Fahmida Dil; Sultana, Sabiha; Haque, Md Ahshanul; Rahman, Ahmed Shafiqur; Waid, Jillian L.; McCormick, Benjamin Joseph James; Choudhury, Nuzhat; Ahmed, Tahmeed J.
Childhood wasting is a global problem and is significantly more pronounced in low and middle income countries like Bangladesh. Socio Economic Status (SES) and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) practices may be significantly associated with wasting. Most previous research is consistent about the role of SES, but the significance of WASH in the context of wasting remains ambiguous. The effect of SES and WASH on weight for length (WHZ) is examined using a Structural Equation Model (SEM) to explicitly describe the direct and indirect role of WASH in the context of SES.A nationally representative survey of 10,478 Bangladeshi children under 5 were examined. An expert defined SEM was used to construct latent variables for SES and WASH. The SEM included a direct pathway from SES to WHZ and an indirect pathway from SES to WHZ via WASH along with regression of relevant covariates on the outcome WHZ and the latent variables. Both SES (p<0.01) and WASH (p<0.05) significantly affect WHZ. SES (p<0.01) also significantly affects WASH. Other structural components showed that child's age (p<0.01) affects WHZ and types of residence (p<0.01) affects SES. WASH practices at least partially mediate the association between SES and wasting status. WASH and SES are both significantly associated with WHZ.
Examining the relationship between socioeconomic status, WASH practices and wasting
(© 2017 Public Library of Science, 2017-03) Raihan, Mohammad Jyoti; Farzana, Fahmida Dil; Sultana, Sabiha; Haque, Md Ahshanul; Rahman, Ahmed Shafiqur; Waid, Jillian L.; McCormick, Benjamin Joseph James; Choudhury, Nuzhat; Ahmed, Tahmeed J.
Childhood wasting is a global problem and is significantly more pronounced in low and middle income countries like Bangladesh. Socio Economic Status (SES) and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) practices may be significantly associated with wasting. Most previous research is consistent about the role of SES, but the significance of WASH in the context of wasting remains ambiguous. The effect of SES and WASH on weight for length (WHZ) is examined using a Structural Equation Model (SEM) to explicitly describe the direct and indirect role of WASH in the context of SES.A nationally representative survey of 10,478 Bangladeshi children under 5 were examined. An expert defined SEM was used to construct latent variables for SES and WASH. The SEM included a direct pathway from SES to WHZ and an indirect pathway from SES to WHZ via WASH along with regression of relevant covariates on the outcome WHZ and the latent variables. Both SES (p<0.01) and WASH (p<0.05) significantly affect WHZ. SES (p<0.01) also significantly affects WASH. Other structural components showed that child's age (p<0.01) affects WHZ and types of residence (p<0.01) affects SES. WASH practices at least partially mediate the association between SES and wasting status. WASH and SES are both significantly associated with WHZ.
Exploring the issues of implementing teaching materials and techniques in english language teaching at junior secondary level
(University of Dhaka, 2015-05-31) Sultana, Sabiha
The use of various teaching materials assists communicative language teaching in the classroom. Such usage accelerates interaction in the classroom. Thus it promotes the use of target language in a language classroom. However, there are a number of issues related to the implementation of teaching materials in English Language Teaching. Keeping in mind the implementation of mainly ICT based materials; this study aims to explore the types of materials as well as innovative techniques used in the English classrooms. It also examines the problems that teachers and students face while using these materials and techniques. Moreover, this study aims to reveal the benefits of implementing supplementary teaching materials. The study is qualitative in nature. All the students and English teachers from schools of Junior Secondary Level (Grade VI-VIII) in Kapasia upazila of Gazipur district was the target total population of the study. Ten English teachers from ten English in Action (EiA) supported schools, five groups consisting of ten students each and two EiA educators constituted the desired sample size. Thus purposive sampling was done for this study. The researcher took up multi-method approaches such as interviewing teachers, students and educators and classroom observation. Data were collected between 1 July to 15 October, 2012 (during the pilot phase of EiA). A structured observation schedule was prepared to observe the English teaching-learning situation in the classroom. Twenty open ended questions were set in the semi-structured interview schedule for teachers. An agenda-based focus group discussion schedule was coined for students. Two EiA educators, who closely observed EiA implementation at the grassroots level, were interviewed separately. The qualitative data were synthesized into a unique form and thematic analysis was followed. The findings from the classroom observation schedule suggested that English teachers use a variety of supplementary teaching materials other than textbooks. They use both audio and visual materials maintaining the relevancy with textbook lessons. Technology (e.g. iPods, Block rocker, Logitech) is mainly supplied by EiA but teachers also use their own materials (e.g. poster, picture, object). The teachers whose classes were observed covered various ELT aspects through communicative activities. Besides, they tried to speak in English all the time and tried to make the students do the same. There were icebreaking sessions, setting the scene for topic explanation, practising dialogues, elicitation, directed writing, group/pair works, role playing, language games, checking students’ understanding of a lesson, gesturing to communicate, monitoring the classroom activities and giving feedbacks. The finding regarding the positives of using supplementary materials identified by students are- materials are needed for better and easier understanding, it makes lessons attractive, students remain on the right track of thinking, they can write correctly, materials induce long-lasting memory and motivate students, materials are specially helpful for the weaker students, students can get their pronunciation correct by listening materials and materials help the learning of complex spelling. From the findings, it is revealed that there are many reasons as to why effective implementation of teaching materials and interactive techniques is difficult. These are- unavailability of materials, very large classrooms and number of students, lack of time for getting prepared for the class, classroom management, problem in operating technological materials due to power shortage and external noises during listening practice. Similarly, sound of activities has to be kept down so that other classes do not get disturbed. Again, teacher selection, maintaining standard of training, problems of conducting teachers’ training and absence of peer teacher for sharing ideas obstruct the implementation of innovation. Apart from that, conflict with the assessment system, lack of government’s support for listening and speaking practice, policy restrictions and material development by external experts play as hindrances. Then again, English teachers blame low level of proficiency of students in English, lack of students’ motivation in speaking in and listening to English and students’ only interests in rote learning and exam oriented study.
Performance management system of Citibank N.A Bangladesh
(BRAC University, 2019-04) Sultana, Sabiha; Ahmed, Salehuddin
Citibank N.A is present on the ground more than 200 years and serving more than160 countries and territories. Citi is relentless in driving winning performance for its clients and franchise anytime, anywhere. That’s why Citi never sleeps. Employees share success and are committed to making a difference in the lives of people, organizations and communities around the world. Citibank N.A Bangladesh has a formal and structured performance management in their organization which makes the professionalism of the organization. They do the performance measurement at the end of the year via its own database input. Citi has 4 parts of performance management which includes: Goal setting, Development planning, Mid-year conversation and Year-end review. Every employee has maximum 7 goals. To determine the goals employees consult with their line manager. The manager uses previous year assessment data of the employee. The goals are weight based. . Citi’s development plan is designed to identify and track action plans to enhance employees’ short term and long term job performance, as well as career objectives. Citi also give emphasis on the values that the employees process during the job. To measure the values they use numeric rating. At the middle of the year, the managers make mid-level review and at the end of the year, they do the final performance evaluation. All employees who join before 30th June have to face the whole performance management. They follow the behavior approach to measure performance. The final evaluation rating is given on Citi’s website and approved by the individual, line manager, matrix managers and HR head. Overall, the performance management system is fair, structured and good one to increase the capabilities of the organization.
“Screening of phytoconstituents from Acanthus ilicifolious L. for antidepressant activity through in silico molecular docking and ADMET approach
(Daffodil International University, 2024-04-21) Sultana, Sabiha
Studying and developing new medications takes a lot of time, money, and labor. It's also a risky process. It is necessary to follow a methodical approach to find powerful new medications. Because computational methods may integrate physical and molecular processes, they are becoming more and more common in the drug development process. This could lead to lower costs and higher success rates. The application of medicinal plants for the treatment of Depression is widespread, as herbal medications are generally considered to be devoid of hazardous side effects. Furthermore, the constraints of anti-depressant medications necessitate the search for novel pharmaceuticals to address the therapy of Depression. Consequently, there is ongoing research to find more efficient and safer herbal anti-depressant compounds, as well as to produce novel antidepressant medications that have better clinical characteristics.