Browsing by Author "Rashid, Rijwana"

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EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANT ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM FISH
(Chattogram Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Khulshi,Chattogram, 2023-03) Rashid, Rijwana
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) has become an alarming global concern due to the widespread dissemination of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. These bacteria pose a serious threat as they cause infections that are increasingly challenging to treat with existing antibiotics. The surge in the use of antimicrobial compounds across human, animal, and agricultural sectors, coupled with their subsequent release into the environment, has contributed to the emergence of MDR bacteria as a natural bacterial phenomenon. To investigate the prevalence of MDR Escherichia coli (E. coli) in commercial fish samples in Chattogram, a cross-sectional study was designed. Over a six month period from March to August 2022, field sampling was conducted at ten randomly selected prominent fish markets in the Chattogram District. A total of 450 fish samples, including commercial fish, shrimp, and seafood, were purchased from randomly selected vendors. Various methods were employed to analyze the samples, including bacteriological culture-based techniques and the disc diffusion method following the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Additionally, uniplex, duplex, and multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests were used to determine the occurrence of resistance genes in E. coli isolates. The antibiotic sensitivity profiles of all identified isolates were established against a panel of 20 selected antibiotics belonging to 11 classes. Isolates that exhibited phenotypical resistance against at least 1 agent in 3 or more antimicrobial categories were classified as MDR. The study revealed an overall prevalence of E. coli in fish samples of 41.78% (188/450), with 38.67% prevalence in total study fish samples (174/450). Notably, 92.55% of total fish E. coli isolates (174 out of 188) were identified as multidrug resistant (MDR), exhibiting resistance against antibiotics from multiple categories. The highest resistance was observed against ampicillin, cefalexin, cephalothin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) ranged from 0.15 to 1.00, with an average of 0.50. Of the MDR isolates, 89.36% (168 out of 174) exceeded the maximum MARI value benchmarked at 0.2 or above. The highest MARI value was observed in one MDR E. coli isolate from catfish. The MARI values indicated that the isolates originated from environments with a high-risk source of contamination and significant antimicrobial exposure. Molecular characterization via the Polymerase Chain Reaction uncovered various β-lactam encoding genes, ESBLs, pAmpC, and other non-β-lactam encoding genes of the phenotypically resistant isolates. Among isolates antibiotic resistant genotype prevalence is 83.51% (157/188) and no gene was traced in 16.49% isolates (31/188). xvi | P a g e Among antibiotic resistance gene prevalence of non-β-lactam encoding gene tet-A is highest 85.83%, following sul-2 is 70.09%. Merely, blaTEMis most prevailing among all β-lactam encoding gene with a prevalence of 63.53% following the prevalence of co existence of the bla OXA-1 like gene& blaOXA-2 like gene is 52.38 % detected as ESBLs. Though, no amplification of tet-C and blaACC-1was detected. Genotypic resistance patterns revealed the co-existence of resistance genes of β-lactam encoding genes, PampC, ESBLs, non-β-lactam encoding genes in same or altered fish E. coli isolates. Maximum antibiotic resistant patterns observed were unique. Highest seven resistance gene including blaTEM, PampC, blaCTX, blaCMY-2 like gene, blaCMY-2 like gene, tet-D, sul-2 was noticedin one isolate following six resistance genes was detected in six isolates. Genotypic resistance patterns were observed most frequently in shrimp and commercial fish rather than seafoods. The research's conclusions underscore the significance of fish as sources of MDR E. coli and resistance genes. The data generated could inform the development of mitigation strategies based on public health ethics to avert the emergence of MDR E. coli, addressing the global One-Health challenge posed by this alarming issue.
Nutritional Evaluation of Non-Conventional Feed available in Chattogram
(Chattogram Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, 2020-09) Rashid, Rijwana
Being an agricultural country, livestock is an important part in the economy of Bangladesh but there is a huge gap between demand and supply of animal feed. The concentrate production or availability is far below than the animal requires, and the deficit is 79.8% compared to its demand. Similarly, DCP production deficiency is 71.2%, and only 22.5% of the demand is available. In this scenario the requirement should be met from nonconventional feeds. For the purpose of this review, the chemical composition and nutritional value of NCFR include agro-industrial by products, some common tropical browse plants, concentrate, roughages and leaf meals, fruit and vegetable wastes potentially available in Chattogram were included. Most of these wastes have high acceptability and palatability and also can be as replacement or as a supplement in the nutrition of livestock. There is a need to monitor pesticide and its residues, toxins, heavy metals and anti-nutritional factors before using these vegetable products in animal diets. In conclusion, the results obtained of this review suggest that all the by-products can contribute to ruminant diets without adverse effects on feed intake, growth rate and apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients. These resources are yet untapped, and their efficient use will enlarge the feed resource base, enhance feed availability, and bring the wasted food back to the human food chain. Judicious incorporation of these non-conventional feeds in the rations of livestock will help to minimise the feed deficiency and help to achieve maximum production, reduce the cost of production which will ultimately result in growth of livestock population in Chattogram. Key
Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus in Milk and Milk Products [A Mini Review] A
(Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Science University, 2020-09) Rashid, Rijwana
Milk is a highly nutritious food that serves as an excellent growth medium for a wide range of food borne pathogens among which Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most important pathogens over the past several decades found all over the world. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a ubiquitous gram-positive coccus which is a non-motile, non-spore forming, oxidase-negative, hemolytic, catalase-positive, and coagulase-positive and facultative anaerobic bacteria. In dairy cattle, S. aureus is frequently associated with subclinical mastitis and may contaminate milk and other dairy products. The major reservoirs of S. aureus are infected udders, teat canals, and teat lesions, but these bacteria also have been found on teat skin, muzzles, and nostrils. The most-reported predisposing factors for S. aureus transmission in milk and milk products were bovine mastitis (Subclinical & Clinical mastitis): infected animals as asymptomatic carrier; infected heifers; dairy farm workers: “Direct” milkers’ hand-to-milk contact , “Indirect” milkers’ fomite to milk transfer ; farm environment: unhygienic milking, mismanagement of milking equipment; contact with contaminated manageable risk factors; contamination in bulk milk tank, improper heat treatment /inefficient pasteurization of raw milk; poor making plants and value chain hygiene: unhygienic handling, dirty water used for cleaning utensils, absence of sanitary inspection; post-pasteurization contamination (recontamination during or after processing); location of selling points ; lack of education on the aspects of milk and dairy product hygiene and handling practices among the people who are concerned with transportation and sales etc. For writing this review documents including Original research papers from Journals; Review articles; MSc and PhD theses; FAO documents; Project reports etc. were screened and reviewed critically. To reduce the transmission of S. aureus in milk and milk products factors discussed here should be checked to maintain food hygiene and health.