Browsing by Author "Rabaan, Ali A"

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    Monkeypox Outbreak 2022: What We Know So Far and Its Potential Drug Targets and Management Strategies
    (PubMed Central Press, 2023-01-15) Rabaan, Ali A; Abas, Abdul Hawil; Tallei, Trina Ekawati; Al-Zaher, Mona A; Al-Sheef, Noor M.; Fatimawali; Al-Nass, Esraa Z; Al-Ebrahim, Eba A; Effendi, Yunus; Idroes, Rinaldi; Alhabib, Mather F.; Al-Fheid, Hussain A.; Adam, Ahmad Akroman; Emran, Talha Bin
    Monkeypox is a rare zoonotic disease caused by infection with the monkeypox virus. The disease can result in flu-like symptoms, fever, and a persistent rash. The disease is currently spreading throughout the world and prevention and treatment efforts are being intensified. Although there is no treatment that has been specifically approved for monkeypox virus infection, infected patients may benefit from using certain antiviral medications that are typically prescribed for the treatment of smallpox. The drugs are tecovirimat, brincidofovir, and cidofovir, all of which are currently in short supply due to the spread of the monkeypox virus. Resistance is also a concern, as widespread replication of the monkeypox virus can lead to mutations that produce monkeypox viruses that are resistant to the currently available treatments. This article discusses monkeypox disease, potential drug targets, and management strategies to overcome monkeypox disease. With the discovery of new drugs, it is hoped that the problem of insufficient drugs will be resolved, and it is not anticipated that drug resistance will become a major issue in the near future.
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    Updated Insights into the T Cell-Mediated Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2: A Step towards Efficient and Reliable Vaccines
    (Daffodil International University, 2023-01) Dhawan, Manish; Rabaan, Ali A; Fawarah, Mahmoud M Al; Almuthree, Souad A; Alsubki, Roua A; Alfaraj, Amal H; Mashraqi, Mutaib M; Alshamrani, Saleh A; Abduljabbar, Wesam A; Alwashmi, Ameen S S; Ibrahim, Fatimah Al; Alsaleh, Abdulmonem A; Khamis, Faryal; Alsalman, Jameela; Sharma, Manish; Emran, Talha Bin
    The emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 and their abilities to evade the immune response elicited through presently available vaccination makes it essential to recognize the mechanisms through which SARS-CoV-2 interacts with the human immune response. It is essential not only to comprehend the infection mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 but also for the generation of effective and reliable vaccines against COVID-19. The effectiveness of the vaccine is supported by the adaptive immune response, which mainly consists of B and T cells, which play a critical role in deciding the prognosis of the COVID-19 disease. T cells are essential for reducing the viral load and containing the infection. A plethora of viral proteins can be recognized by T cells and provide a broad range of protection, especially amid the emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2. However, the hyper activation of the effector T cells and reduced number of lymphocytes have been found to be the key characteristics of the severe disease. Notably, excessive T cell activation may cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by producing unwarranted and excessive amounts of cytokines and chemokines. Nevertheless, it is still unknown how T-cell-mediated immune responses function in determining the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, it is unknown how the functional perturbations in the T cells lead to the severe form of the disease and to reduced protection not only against SARS-CoV-2 but many other viral infections. Hence, an updated review has been developed to understand the involvement of T cells in the infection mechanism, which in turn determines the prognosis of the disease. Importantly, we have also focused on the T cells' exhaustion under certain conditions and how these functional perturbations can be modulated for an effective immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, a range of therapeutic strategies has been discussed that can elevate the T cell-mediated immune response either directly or indirectly.