Browsing by Author "Mohammad, Niaz"

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100% Online Vs Traditional University Learning of Accounting Subjects
(TIJ Research Publications Pte. Ltd., Singapore, 2014-03) Samaduzzaman, Munshi; Mohammad, Niaz; Salam, Redwan
The one advantage of 100% online learning is the use of interactive activities will be realized through the help of innovative and ground-breaking devices. The one advantage of traditional university learning is the adaptability of social learning will be boosted up through the assistance of one-on-one discussion and brainstorming. The one disadvantage of 100% online learning is the absence of inside university involvement for learners who desire to join and or enter an instructive oriented profession. The one disadvantage of traditional university learning can be nonexistence of innovative and or state of the art accounting materials that will visualize the critical points of accounting instruction.
An Assessment of the Achievements and Challenges towards a Balanced Tax System in Bangladesh: A Decade of Direct vs. Indirect Taxes.
(2017-12-22) Alam, Mohammad Faridul; Mohammad, Niaz
Despite achieving 7.28% GDP growth in 2016-17, the highest ever in history of country’s economy, Bangladesh has ascertained only 10.8 Tax-GDP ratio which is one of the lowest among the SAARC countries. This poor tax performance has triggered the doubt of not achieving the government’s 7th Five-Year Plan Target Tax-GDP ratio of 14.1 by 2020. The study considered secondary data from 2007- 08 to 2016-17, the most recent decade. It has been found that tax revenue consists of around 87% of the government revenue of which 96.5% is collected by NBR. Having less than 1% of its population under income tax net, the tax structure is dominated by the indirect tax burden, although the direct to indirect tax ratio has been improved significantly from 26%:74% to 37%:63% during the decade, resulting towards a balanced tax structure. The study reveals the government’s efforts to reform the tax administration with a view to tackling the tax evasion and avoidance through enhancing the efficiency of tax administration. The appropriate reform measures will enhance the tax compliance, resulting the significant improvement of Tax-GDP Ratio
Credit risk grading and loan performance of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh
(International Institute for Science, Technology and Education, 2015) Mohammad, Niaz; Onni, Azimun Nahar
In modern banking concept one of the most important functions of a bank or financial Institution is “Management of Credit Risks”. Risk is inherent in all aspects of commercial operations. However, for Banks, credit risk is an essential factor that needs to be managed. Due to increase in the number of non-performing loans and competition in the banking market, most of the commercial banks are strongly focus on credit risk assessment. Credit risk arises due to the possibility that the borrower may fail to repay the loan. Following the recent global financial crisis, which originated from poor management of credit risk, it is the most discussed topic in the banking industry of Bangladesh. In order to establish the creditworthiness, credit analysts typically use a combination of financial or accounting data and non-financial variables as well as a number of different models, or analytical tools. Some of the methods involve a subjective approach; others are more systematic in that they use quantitative techniques to evaluate a credit against objective benchmarks. This study develops a credit risk grading model which will contribute significantly in the risk assessment.
Determinants of Integrated Reporting Practice at Organizational level: Discourse Analysis.
(2022-08-26) Mohammad, Niaz; Alam, Mohammad Faridul
Now a days stakeholders’ demand for forward looking corporate reporting that includes both financial and non-financial information in a single frame which creates a path for new form of reporting called integrated reporting (IR). Firms around the world are increasingly embracing IR to enhance the extent and quality of corporate reporting to create value in the business. The purpose of this study is to find the impact of integrated reporting practices in pharmaceutical sectors of Bangladesh listed in Dhaka Stock Exchange from 2018 to 2020 and to explore the determinants of IR disclosure. This study applies the discourse analysis as an approach in exploring the narratives of annual reports. Aristotle’s rhetoric framework, as used by Higgins and Walker (2012), is applied to classify data into three categories: logos (appeal through reasoning), pathos (appeal through emotions) and ethos (appeal through credibility). Findings shows that integrated thinking, connectivity and stakeholder engagement into business strategies and business models are the major determinants of integrated reporting disclosure in pharmaceuticals. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing the significant parameters in disclosing multiple capitals and provides valuable insights to the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) in establishing the IR framework as a global reporting norm in practice.
Developing 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse And Recycle) Strategy for Waste Management in the Urban Areas of Bangladesh: Socioeconomic and Climate Adoption Mitigation Option
(International Organization Of Scientific Research (IOSR), 2014-05) Chowdhury, Ahmedul Hye; Mohammad, Niaz; Haque, Rajib Ul; Hossain, Tafazzal
Waste generation and its management are being widely debated across the globe and in recent years, it has become a niche spot. Both the developed and developing countries are trying to find out new ways for climate change mitigation and adoption options respectively. Global climate change is a burning issue and presently Bangladesh is facing grave situations. A large proportion of the waste is not properly managed and dumped in unplanned sites that are creating severe environmental hazards. Gradually, it can be replicated in each urban and rural centre and growth points of Bangladesh can play a vital role in climate change mitigation. Implementation of the 3Rs will have a profound socioeconomic impact, also modern 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) strategy acts as a sustainable and socioeconomic option for climate change mitigation by reducing green house gas (GHG) emission from the municipal solid waste.
Drivers of Intellectual Capital Disclosure among Listed Banks in Bangladesh.
(2017-09-21) Mohammad, Niaz; Hasan, Rashedul; Alam, Mohammad Faridul
This study investigates the impact of corporate governance on intellectual capital (IC) disclosure in the banking industry of Bangladesh. A total number of 30 banks listed in Dhaka Stock Exchange are selected, and data regarding various measures of governance and IC disclosure are extracted from the annual report of 2015. Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) proposed by [1] in 1991 is used to cope with the endogeneity issue evident with the empirical model. The result shows that governance has a significant association with IC disclosure among selected banks in Bangladesh. Board size has a negative impact on performance. Board independence, on the other hand, was not found to have a significant impact on IC disclosure. Only bank size has a positive impact on the extent of IC disclosure. In light of the propositions of agency theory, the study advocates for the smaller board for banks operating in Bangladesh.
Fiscal Measures for Tackling the Economic Fallout in Bangladesh: An Assessment of Stimulus Measures during the COVID-19 Pandemic Era.
(American International University - Bangladesh, 2021-12-01) Alam, Mohammad Faridul; Mohammad, Niaz
The steady average GDP growth of Bangladesh, exceeding 7% for consecutive four years, has been affected significantly during the nightmare of the COVID-19 Pandemic era, a once-in-a-century-crisis. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic has not only caused the loss of people’s life but also been largely disruptive in terms of economic activities. The government has taken several fiscal measures including rolling out several stimulus packages, changes in monetary and macro-prudential changes, direct tax policy changes through national budgets to mitigate the adverse effects induced by the enduring pandemic crisis, thereby providing a protective shield against this challenging period. In view of the scale of disruption caused by the pandemic, an attempt is made to analyze the fiscal measures, including the direct tax policy changes, introduced through the consecutive two annual budgets of 2020 and 2021.
Fiscal Measures for Tackling the Economic Fallout in Bangladesh: An Assessment of Stimulus Measures during the COVID-19 Pandemic Era.
(2021-10-29) Alam, Mohammad Faridul; Mohammad, Niaz
The steady average GDP growth of Bangladesh, exceeding 7% for consecutive four years, has been affected significantly during the nightmare of the COVID-19 Pandemic era, a once-in-a-century-crisis. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic has not only caused the loss of people's life but also been largely disruptive in terms of economic activities. The government has taken several fiscal measures including rolling out several stimulus packages, changes in monetary and macro-prudential changes, direct tax policy changes through national budgets to mitigate the adverse effects induced by the enduring pandemic crisis, thereby providing a protective shield against this challenging period. In view of the scale of disruption caused by the pandemic, an attempt is made to analyze the fiscal measures, including the direct tax policy changes, introduced through the consecutive two annual budgets of 2020 and 2021.
Fiscal Panorama of Financing Sustainable Development in Bangladesh: The Role of Non-Tax Revenue Sources.
(2022-11-08) Alam, Mohammad Faridul; Mohammad, Niaz
The COVID 19 Pandemic crisis, worsened by the recent Ukraine war, have unleashed an enormous financing pressure on Bangladesh government to achieve the accelerated, inclusive, and resilient growth required for sustainable development. With the onset of fuel price hike, dollar crisis, power shortage, rising inflation rate, and the economic recession, the pre-pandemic steady and remarkable annual GDP growth has already been stumbled. Despite several reform measures, the Tax-GDP ratio in Bangladesh has reached to only 8.7% in FY 2021-22 (one of the lowest among similar economies) that prompted the failure of not achieving the government's 7th Five-Year Plan Target Tax-GDP ratio of 14.1 by 2020. To mitigate the severe financing constraints for sustainable development landscape, non-tax revenue sources can play a pivotal role as an important alternative revenue source for government, if addressed properly. The study used a qualitative approach to provide an insight into the status of Bangladesh non-tax revenue structure, it's opportunities and challenges in financing the SDGs. The contribution of non-tax revenue is almost stagnant for a past several (slightly above 1% of the GDP) with a decreasing trend years. Revenue from most of the non-tax sources are found volatile with inconsistent growth. Some of the commonly reported barriers include lack of monitoring by any specific authority or body, limited reform initiatives, incompetency of government owned corporations, lack of skilled manpower in concerned departments, misuse of resources, lack of appropriate infrastructure, and lack of coordination among concerned government bodies. The findings of this study would help the policymakers to understand the importance of non-tax revenue collection and to design effective and customized reform initiatives as it is yet a neglected and untapped source of government revenue. This would also open avenues for further study on financing alternatives for SDGs.
Governance, corporate reputation and intellectual capital disclosure
(Zant World Press, 2017-09) Hasan, Rashedul; Mohammad, Niaz; Alam, Mohammad Faridul
This study focuses on developing a conceptual framework for examining determinants that influence intellectual capital reporting and relies on a critical review of the literature. Indexed journals are reviewed, and evidence is drawn to develop a model examining possible determinants of intellectual capital reporting. Data for the study was gathered from the annual reports of 40 banks listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange. Findings of the paper established a corporate reputation as a significant positive determinant of IC disclosure. Regulators will be benefited from the model as it can provide guidance in implementing uniform guidelines for IC disclosure. The conceptual framework developed in the paper is first of its kind and thus contributes to the body of IC literature.
Governance, Corporate Reputation and Intellectual Capital Disclosure.
(Zant World Press, 2017-09) Hasan, Rashedul; Mohammad, Niaz; Alam, Mohammad Faridul
This study focuses on developing a conceptual framework for examining determinants that influence intellectual capital reporting and relies on a critical review of the literature. Indexed journals are reviewed, and evidence is drawn to develop a model examining possible determinants of intellectual capital reporting. Data for the study was gathered from the annual reports of 40 banks listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange. Findings of the paper established a corporate reputation as a significant positive determinant of IC disclosure. Regulators will be benefited from the model as it can provide guidance in implementing uniform guidelines for IC disclosure. The conceptual framework developed in the paper is first of its kind and thus contributes to the body of IC literature.
Impact of Intellectual Capital on Profitability - Conventional versus Islamic Banks
(Yalova University, 2017-03) Hasan, Rashedul; Mohammad, Niaz; Alam, Mohammad Faridul
Intellectual capital has been found to have a significant association with profitability in the financial sector of various parts of the world. As a result, this study aims to empirically investigate the relationship between intellectual capital and financial performance of twentyseven private commercial banks for the year 2013 in Bangladesh. Annual reports for the relevant year of the selected banks have been used to gather secondary information for the empirical models based on Pulic’s VAIC model. Stepwise regression was performed for the full sample, conventional and Islamic banks separately. The analysis indicates that both VIAC and its components have a significant association with profitability. Results for conventional and Islamic banks established different components of VIAC as a significant predictor of bank’s profitability. A future study including all financial institutions could provide a better estimate of the impact of intellectual capital on profitability for the finance sector.
Impact of Intellectual Capital on Profitability – Conventional versus Islamic Banks.
(Istanbul Business Academy, 2017-04) Hasan, Rashedul; Mohammad, Niaz; Alam, Mohammad Faridul
Tax compliance behavior has been researched at different times in various parts of the world using various theories. This research has focused on the psychological aspects of tax compliance behavior by applying the theory of planned behavior (TPB) proposed by Ajzen. 300 taxpayers were studied using a questionnaire based on Likert scale, and the results were analyzed using structural equation modelling. Results found from SEM approach indicate that subjective norm has a significant influence on tax compliance behavior while intention mediates it and moderated by religion. Attitude and perceived behavioral control were found to have a significant influence on intention. Individual taxpayers are selected from the capital, and thus findings derived from the sample might not be generalizable for all individual taxpayers in Bangladesh. The results of this study might provide some insight to the tax non-compliance problem in Bangladesh and help authorities to design strategies to motivate taxpayers to comply with existing fiscal policies. Tax compliance issues have been explored from various perspectives in Bangladesh. Lack of significant influence on subjective norm toward taxpayer intention indicates that social and peer is yet to make a substantial contribution to improving tax compliance. This study has introduced structural equation modelling technique to explore the moderating influence of religion on individual taxpayers in the context of Bangladesh.
Social Impact and Sustainability of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Banking Sectors: Bangladesh Perspective
(Asian Business Consortium, 2016-04) Mohammad, Niaz; Kamal, Shah
In the recent years Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has witnessed a tremendous increase in awareness and control in the global arena. It is a concept where business organizations apart from their profitability and growth show interest in societal and environmental welfare by taking the responsibility of impact of their activities on stake holders, employees, shareholders, customers, suppliers, and civil society. However, in developing nations the situation of CSR activities of financial institutions is not so flourishing. The aims of this study are to investigate the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities performed by ten commercial banks in Bangladesh and explore the potential social impacts and sustainability in the future. This study also traced to find the relationship among operational performance by contributing CSR activities. CSR activities affect social attention to the customers and related stakeholders. It shows the relation between after tax net operating income and CSR expenditures by banks using SPSS software.
Sustainability and Integrated Reporting Practices: A New Approach of Corporate Reporting
(FBS, Rajshahi University, 2020-01) Mohammad, Niaz; Alam, Mohammad Faridul
This paper relies on a critical review of the literature on integrated reporting practices and sustainability reporting. Indexed journals are reviewed, and evidence is drawn to develop a model examining possible determinants of integrated reporting in annual reports. For this, total 10(ten) banks are taken into consideration from 2012 to 2016. Analyzing financial statements of those banks through their annual reports provides some insightful disclosure about three bottom lines (social, environmental and economic) and finding of the study suggests that very few banks have taken initiatives to disclose such information in their annual reports in the form of sustainability and integrated reporting. The study considers the guidelines issued by the Institute Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh (ICAB) in the form of ‘integrated Reporting Checklist’, which is in congruence with the integrated reporting framework protopype issued by the International Reporting Council (IIRC).
Sustainability of Integrated Reporting Practices in the Banking Sector of Bangladesh.
(2018-03-08) Mohammad, Niaz; Alam, Mohammad Faridul
This paper relies on a critical review of the literature on integrated reporting practices and sustainability reporting. Indexed journals are reviewed, and evidence is drawn to develop a model examining possible determinants of integrated reporting in annual reports. For this, total 10(ten) banks are taken into consideration from 2012 to 2016. Analyzing financial statements of those banks through their annual reports provides some insightful disclosure about three bottom lines (social, environmental and economic) and finding of the study suggests that very few banks have taken initiatives to disclose such information in their annual reports in the form of sustainability and integrated reporting. The study considers the guidelines issued by the Institute Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh (ICAB) in the form of ‘integrated Reporting Checklist’, which is in congruence with the integrated reporting framework protopype issued by the International Reporting Council (IIRC).
Tax Compliance in Bangladesh – A Structural Equation Modelling Approach.
(Asian Business Consortium, 2017-09) Hasan, Rashedul; Mohammad, Niaz; Alam, Mohammad Faridul
Tax compliance behavior has been researched at different times in various parts of the world using various theories. This research has focused on the psychological aspects of tax compliance behavior by applying the theory of planned behavior (TPB) proposed by Ajzen. 300 taxpayers were studied using a questionnaire based on Likert scale, and the results were analyzed using structural equation modelling. Results found from SEM approach indicate that subjective norm has a significant influence on tax compliance behavior while intention mediates it and moderated by religion. Attitude and perceived behavioral control were found to have a significant influence on intention. Individual taxpayers are selected from the capital, and thus findings derived from the sample might not be generalizable for all individual taxpayers in Bangladesh. The results of this study might provide some insight to the tax non-compliance problem in Bangladesh and help authorities to design strategies to motivate taxpayers to comply with existing fiscal policies. Tax compliance issues have been explored from various perspectives in Bangladesh. Lack of significant influence on subjective norm toward taxpayer intention indicates that social and peer is yet to make a substantial contribution to improving tax compliance. This study has introduced structural equation modelling technique to explore the moderating influence of religion on individual taxpayers in the context of Bangladesh.
Tax Performance in Bangladesh: A Study in the Context of Post Vat Era.
(2017-04-28) Alam, Mohammad Faridul; Mohammad, Niaz; Hasan, Rashedul
As a developing country, Bangladesh has one of the world’s lowest tax to GDP ratios since long (by their account it has stood 10.5 percent in the most recent year 2015-16), which is one of the lowest among its neighboring countries and similar economies. Although the country has been suffering from an average budget deficit of 4.22 percent of GDP for the most recent five years, around 84% of its government revenue comes from tax. National Board of Revenue (NBR), as the apex body collects almost 96% of the tax revenue where the contribution of direct and indirect tax is around 38% and 62% respectively. Since its inception in 1991, VAT has been dominating in the total tax structure contributing around 35% of the total tax revenue followed by income tax (33%). This paper aims at analyzing the tax performance of Bangladesh in the context of Post VAT era.
Two Decades of Resource Mobilization Through Non-Tax Revenue: Bangladesh Panorama.
(2021-12-04) Alam, Mohammad Faridul; Mohammad, Niaz
Despite having the tremendous and steady annual GDP growth exceeding 7 percent for the consecutive four years (FY 2015-16 to FY 2018-19) during the pre-COVID Pandemic era, resource mobilization in Bangladesh economy has been experiencing low and almost stagnant revenue- GDP ratio of around 12 percent for past several years. In the government’s revenue pie, the contribution of non-tax revenue is very insignificant (slightly above 1%) with a decreasing trend in terms of non-tax revenue GDP ratio over the years in the last two decades. The lion’s share of non-tax revenue comes from interest income, administrative fees, receipts from services, non-tax receipts, and non-commercial sales. The study has observed most of the non-tax revenue instruments as volatile with uneven growth fluctuations. The considerable potential for raising non-tax revenues is hampered due to several reasons, namely, absence of central monitoring, lack of sufficient feasible reform measures, inefficient performance of state-owned enterprises, lack of responsible human resources in concerned departments, lack of control mechanism to tackle illicit fund misuse, scarcity of suitable infrastructure, and lack of coordination among several government bodies. Despite the volatility and recent declines, relevant reform initiatives may widen the potential of non-tax revenue to contribute more to the government treasury. Such enhancement may help the government not only in tackling the economic damage due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in the short run but also to achieve the 17 SDGs under the 2030 UN agenda for Sustainable Development in the long run.