Browsing by Author "Mahmud, Aar Rafi"

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Cytokines and Their Role as Immunotherapeutics and Vaccine Adjuvants: The Emerging Concepts
(IEEE, 2023-09-15) Rahman, Tanjilur; Das, Ayan; Abir, Mehedy Hasan; Nafiz, Iqbal Hossain; Mahmud, Aar Rafi; Sarker, Md. Rifat; Emran, Talha Bin; Hassan, Mohammad Mahmudul
Cytokines are a protein family comprising interleukins, lymphokines, chemokines, monokines and interferons. They are significant constituents of the immune system, and they act in accordance with specific cytokine inhibiting compounds and receptors for the regulation of immune responses. Cytokine studies have resulted in the establishment of newer therapies which are being utilized for the treatment of several malignant diseases. The advancement of these therapies has occurred from two distinct strategies. The first strategy involves administrating the recombinant and purified cytokines, and the second strategy involves administrating the therapeutics which inhibits harmful effects of endogenous and overexpressed cytokines. Colony stimulating factors and interferons are two exemplary therapeutics of cytokines. An important effect of cytokine receptor antagonist is that they can serve as anti-inflammatory agents by altering the treatments of inflammation disorder, therefore inhibiting the effects of tumour necrosis factor. In this article, we have highlighted the research behind the establishment of cytokines as therapeutics and vaccine adjuvants, their role of immunotolerance, and their limitations.
Multidrug Resistance in Cancer
(Daffodil International University, 2022-06-23) Emran, Talha Bin; Shahriar, Asif; Mahmud, Aar Rafi; Rahman, Tanjilur; Abir, Mehedy Hasan; Siddiquee, Mohd. Faijanur - Rob; Ahmed, Hossain; Rahman, Nova; Nainu, Firzan; Wahyudin, Elly; Mitra, Saikat; Dhama, Kuldeep; Habiballah, Mahmoud M.; Haque, Shafiul; Islam, Ariful; Hassan, Mohammad Mahmudul
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Several treatments are available for cancer treatment, but many treatment methods are ineffective against multidrug-resistant cancer. Multidrug resistance (MDR) represents a major obstacle to effective therapeutic interventions against cancer. This review describes the known MDR mechanisms in cancer cells and discusses ongoing laboratory approaches and novel therapeutic strategies that aim to inhibit, circumvent, or reverse MDR development in various cancer types. In this review, we discuss both intrinsic and acquired drug resistance, in addition to highlighting hypoxia- and autophagy-mediated drug resistance mechanisms. Several factors, including individual genetic differences, such as mutations, altered epigenetics, enhanced drug efflux, cell death inhibition, and various other molecular and cellular mechanisms, are responsible for the development of resistance against anticancer agents. Drug resistance can also depend on cellular autophagic and hypoxic status. The expression of drug-resistant genes and the regulatory mechanisms that determine drug resistance are also discussed. Methods to circumvent MDR, including immunoprevention, the use of microparticles and nanomedicine might result in better strategies for fighting cancer.
Role of T Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy: Opportunities and Challenges
(Elsevier, 2023-04-15) Ahmed, Hossain; Mahmud, Aar Rafi; Siddiquee, Mohd. Faijanur Rob; Shahriar, Asif; Biswas, Partha; Shimul, Md. Ebrahim Khalil; Ahmed, Shahlaa Zernaz; Ema, Tanzila Ismail; Rahman, Nova; Khan, Md. Arif; Mizan, Md. Furkanur Rahaman; Emran, Talha Bin
Immunotherapies boosting the immune system's ability to target cancer cells are promising for the treatment of various tumor types, yet clinical responses differ among patients and cancers. Recently, there has been increasing interest in novel cancer immunotherapy practices aimed at triggering T cell-mediated anti-tumor responses. Antigen-directed cytotoxicity mediated by T lymphocytes has become a central focal point in the battle against cancer utilizing the immune system. The molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the actions of T lymphocytes have directed new therapeutic approaches in cancer immunotherapy, including checkpoint blockade, adoptive and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, and cancer vaccinology. This review addresses all the strategies targeting tumor pathogenesis, including metabolic pathways, to evaluate the clinical significance of current and future immunotherapies for patients with cancer, which are further engaged in T cell activation, differentiation, and response against tumors.