Browsing by Author "Kashem, Md. Abul"

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Education Culture of the District of Naogaon Up to 1971: Its Impact on the Society
(University of Rajshahi, 2014) Hossain, Md. Amjad; Kashem, Md. Abul
This thesis entitled, "Education Culture of the District of Naogaon up to 1971: Its Impact On the Society", provides an overview on the education, its condition, the historical background, and development in Naogaon under greater Rajshahi up to 1971, and also its Impact on the people at large of the district of Naogaon with reference to the economic, social, political and religious conditions of th􀀍 people of the district. In referring to the practical condition of Naogaon district, references have been also made to the entire Bengal. With the introduction of English education in India, by the British, the traditional, religious and indigenous education culture declined which resulted a negative impact on the mind of the people losing their conventional education system for years together. Intact the introduction of modern English education by the English, the East India Company Government played the part of a blessing in disguise for the people of India and also that of the district of Naogaon. Therefore, this thesis includes more the positive effect of the impact of the culture of modern English education introduced and spread during the specified Naogaon area and time up to 1971. The research work comprises the following chapters 1. Introduction (Objectives, Justification, Methodology of the Study); This introductory chapter mostly deals with what education and education culture are. It also raises the reasons of selecting Naogaon as a region for such research on education culture. In this chapter the methodologies, the objectives, the usefulness, the scope the limitations and the review of the existing literature related to this topic have been also dealt with. 2. Education Culture at Naogaon Prior to British Rule in India; This second chapter deals with the prevailing education systems, education culture and its characteristics in Naogaon in relation to that of the other regions of its surrounding areas and Bengal in different historical ages. 3. British Education Policy in Bengal (1757-1947) and its impact in Naogaon; In this third chapter, the education policies adopted by the British Government in Bengal since 1757 to 1947 have been dealt with. The impact of the same in Naogaon has been also shown here. 4.Establishment of Educational Institutions in Naogaon Up to 1971; The fourth chapter mostly is about the genesis of the educational institutions and that of education culture either by the government sponsorship or by people's contribution at Naogaon area. 5.Contribution of the Educational Institutions and Educated Personalities of theNaogaon Area in the Spread of Education Culture; This 5th chapter specially comprises of the educated personalities and education movements in the 19th and 20th centuries at Naogaon area through the foundation of several educational institutions. 6.Social Impact of Education Culture in Naogaon up to 1971; In this chapter an assessment has been made to show the impact of education culture in different affairs on Naogaon society upto the later part of 20th century. 7.Conclusion. As a background of the education culture in Naogaon area I have analysed in details the impact of western education on the Hindu, Muslim and other communities of Bengal and Naogaon area. As fore runners of the educational institutional of the Naogaon area, the history of the establishment of several educational institutions such as Boalia English School in 1828 (Now Rajshahi _Collegiate School) P.N. Girls' School in 1888, Rajshahi Madrasah and the Rajshahi College in 1873 has been reviewed in an analytical manner to show its impact on Naogaon area. The establishment of Rajshahi College in 1873 is the epoch-making incident in the history of spreading higher education culture in the region of Rajshahi. With the passage of time however, since 1828, there were established several educational institutes in Naogaon and their impact on the people and society is not far to seek as a culture. Efforts have been made in this research to enquire the facts of the development of the educational institutes in the different thanas and localities under Naogaon district with special emphasis on education culture developed as a consequence. In writing this monogram different secondary and· primary materials such as books, reports, records, the files of different records, letters, correspondences, registers, lectures, journals, papers, periodicals and interviews of several persons and elite of the respective areas of Naogaon have been collected.
Effect of N-Acetylcysteine on Volumetric and Viscometric Properties of Chitosan in Aqueous Acidic Solution
(Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh., 2017-12-31) Kashem, Md. Abul; Yousuf, Prof. Dr. Mohammad Abu
Volumetric and viscometric studies of Chitosan-H20-CH3COOH and NAC (NAcetylcysteine)-Chitosan-[H20-CH3COOH] systems were investigated at 298.15 to 323.15 K at 5 K intervals. In a]l investigated systems concentrations of NAC were 0.10,0.50 & 1.00 mol.L' and concentrations of chitosan were 0.003, 0.006 & 0.012 mol.L* H20-CH3COOH mixed solvent was used for the experiment and H20 to CH3COOH ratios 9:1, 7:3 and 3:2 were maintained. Densities have been found to be increased with increasing concentration of both NAC and chitosan but decreased with increasing temperature. Densities were found to be increased with increasing the ratio of CH3COOH in Chitosan-H20-CH3COOH systems but this trend was not so significant is case of NAC-Chitosan-H20-CH3COOH systems. Density Values of NAC-Chitosan-[H20-CH3COOH] systems were remarkably higher than those Chitosan-H20-CH3COOH systems.The apparent molar volumes, φv of both Chitosan-H20-CH3COOH and NACChitosan-H20-CH3COOH systems were determined from the experimental density values data at 298.15 to 323.15 K at 5 intervals. The φv values were dependent upon concentration of NAC and chitosan in mixed solvents as well as the temperature. φv values have been found to be positive in all investigated systems. The φv values decreased throughout the whole concentration range for NAC and chitosan in their specific solvent systems. These results may be due to the solute—solvent, and solute—solute interaction through dipole-dipole interaction, ion-dipole interaction, hydrogen bond, hydrophilic or hydrophobic interaction among NAC, chitosan and aqueous acetic acid in the solutions. Besides, φv values were found to be increased with increasing temperature at any concentration of NAC and chitosan in solutions and this is may be due to increased thermal agitation at higher temperatures. Apparent molar volume at infinite dilution, φvo; apparent molar expansivity and Sv values were also determined. The φvo; values of chitosan-[H20-CH3COOH] systems decreased with increasing temperatures and increased with increasing the ratio of CH3COOH in H20-CH3COOH mixed solutions. At elevated temperatures cages in the investigated systems becomes less important hence the apparent molar volume at infinite dilution, φv3 decreased with increasing temperature. in addition, incorporation of more acetic acid ratio in Chitosan-H20-CH3COOH system hydrophobic-hydrophobic repulsion predominant over hydrogen bonding or dipole-dipoleinteraction. The apparent molar volume at infinite dilution gives an idea about the presence of solute—solvent interactions. The expansivity values are positive at all the investigated temperatures. Positive values indicate that, on heating some NAC and chitosan molecules may be released from the solvation layer of ion. It may also be conferred that the positive φEo;values may be originated from the hydrophobic character and steric effect of the NAC and chitosan in systems. As a whole there is a hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance among the solute and solvent molecules. S parameters contribute an idea about the prevailing solute—solute interactions in the mixtures. The negative and large in magnitude values of Sv in all investigated systems supports the weak solute-solute interaction present. Both Chitosan-H20-CHICOOH and NAC-Cli itosan-H20-CH3COOH systems showed rapid increase of viscosity values with the increase of chitosan and NAC concentrations but viscosities decreased with the increase of temperature. The increase of η values of with concentration of chitosan and NAC can be attributed to the increase in solute—solvent, and solute—solute interactions in solution. The small range of dissolution of chitosan and/or NAC in H2 0-Cl-13C00H might have intriguing aspects which may be the consequence of the great ability of H20 and Cl-13C00H to make hydrogen bond and dipole-dipole, ion-dipole interaction. In all cases with the increase of temperature internal energy of the systems increased as a result solute-solute or solute-solvent interaction may be depleted and viscosity values decreased. The viscosity data were employed to determine A and B-coefficients; change of free energy, ∆G*; change of enthalpy. ∆H* and change of entropy,∆*. From these thermodynamic parameters state of the spontaneity of the investigated systems were known. Besides, negative A and positive B co-efficient suggesting that weak solute solute but strong solute-solvent interaction present. The change of free energy values for viscous flow,∆G* were found to be positive indicate that work has to be done to overcome the energy barrier for the flow process. The positive AH values indicate that work has to be done for all the investigated systems. The ∆S* values are negative for all the systems studied. This means that Chitosan-[H20-GH3COOH] and NACChitosan-[H20-CH3COOH]systems are regular than those of the pure one. Here one point may be remarked that as ∆S < 0 and ∆H> 0, so the processes are never spontaneous but the reverse process is always spontaneous.
Exploring the Graduates' Quality of Life Through Non-Formal Education Programmes in Bangladesh: Focus on Human Resource Development
(University of Rajshahi, 2024) Mukherjee, Pranab; Kashem, Md. Abul; Roy, Tapan Kumar
Non-Formal Education (NFE) programme is a remedial literacy programme which perform to impart the basic knowledge and skills to the under privileged people at outside the formal institution. NGOs have a vital role for working on NFE in Bangladesh. This study has attempted to explore the situation of human resource development and quality of life among graduates from skill-based NFE programmes in Bangladesh. Here, the skills acquisition and employment situation of the graduates have been examined and expressed the financial aspects of the graduates. This study also has identified the graduate's knowledge on physical well-being, individual well-being and social well-being which articulated the feature of quality of life of the graduates. This study has concentrated on convergent parallel mix method research approach under pragmatism paradigm. For this purpose, the quantitative and qualitative data has been gathered for better and deeper understanding of the research problems and to depict a significant conclusion. This study considers four categories of population i.e., the graduates from skill-based NFE programmes ofNGOs, trainer of the programmes, NGO officials and employers of the graduates. A representative number of samples have been drawn through probability sampling for the quantitative analysis and for the qualitative analysis followed by purposive sampling. Questionnaire survey, interview and content analysis have been applied to collect the data in a purposive mode. Both qualitative and quantitative data have been used simultaneously in this study. For data collection tools, questionnaires for surveys and interview schedule for interviewing have been used for primary sources data as well as the checklist for document analysis has been used for secondary sources of data. Three districts have been selected purposively from Rajshahi division: Nagoan, Natore and Rajshahi. The data have been collected from 385 graduates using questionnaire survey and 18 respondents (Trainers, Employers and NGO Officials) through in-depth interviewing. This study is observed that the disadvantaged group of people become moderate skilled from this NFE programme ofNGOs. The current study is found that the large number of graduates are employed with wage employment ( 49 percent) and only one fourth are self-employment (25 percent). The study has also revealed that the self-employment rate of the female graduates (31 percent) is higher than the male graduates (23 percent). From the study it is also remarkable that unemployment rate of female was 29 percent on the contrary male 24 percent. Additionally, this study also observed that separately the employment rate of female is amplified by 23 percent after getting training on the other hand the increased employment rate of male was 10 percent. It implies that the employment rate of women after completing training more than two times that of men. Conversely this study has articulated that more than one-fourth graduates are unemployed (26 percent) who are engaged in NFE programme. To find out the causes of unemployment, the study found that the content of entrepreneurial development is almost absent in the training manual, lack of micro credit facilities, lack of post-training communication to graduates with NGOs' authorities, minimum use of modem equipment during training, short time of internship period. lack of IT knowledge of the graduates etc. The findings of the study may important•• to the policy maker for encouraging the intensification of the programme for increasing the employment rate.