Browsing by Author "Kamruzzaman, Md."

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A Comparative Analysis of Food Habit and Nutrition on Food in Bangladesh Using Machine Learning
(Daffodil International University, 2022-04-18) Ahmed, Md. Tofael; Ferdaous, Jannatul; Kamruzzaman, Md.; Khatun, Mst. Eshita
Day by day, humans change their way of life. Eating habits are one of them. This research mainly focuses on the eating food habits and nutritional status of the people in Bangladesh. For a healthy and beautiful nation, food habits must be appropriate. Just as good eating habits keep our body healthy and energetic, bad eating habits make us sick. For this research, A data set is gathered on eating habits to find and learn about the food tastes of the people. Collected 1200 statistics from human’s everyday meals habits. Split the data into breakfast, lunch, snack, street food, dinner, and sweets. This research target is to provide the best knowledge about nutrition on food habits because it is quite difficult to develop a country without a healthy nation. This research is divided into two steps. (i) finding food habits (ii) synthesizing information and finding nutrition. An annotated reference list is included for ease i s finding another helpful guideline. For this research, seven different types of machine learning algorithms such as Decision Tree, KNN ADA boosting classifier, Logistic Regression, Bagging Classifier, Gaussian Naive Bayes, Extra Trees Classifier have been applied.
A Comparative Analysis of Food Habit and Nutrition on Food in Bangladesh Using Machine Learning
(Daffodil International University, 2022-01-06) Ahmed, Md.Tofael; Ferdaous, Jannatul; Kamruzzaman, Md.
Day by day, our lifestyle has changed. From them, food habit is one of them. Our research mainly focuses on the eating/food habits of the people in our country and finding Nutrition in their eating habits. For a healthy and beautiful nation, our food habits must be correct. Just as good eating habits keep our bodies healthy and beautiful, bad eating habits make us sick. So, after collecting a dataset of food habits we find, we can learn about the food tastes of the people of our country research. We collect 1200 data from different ages of people about their daily food habits. We divided our data into Breakfast, Lunch, Snacks, Street food, Dinner & sweets. We will try our best to provide the best knowledge About Nutrition on food habits because it is impossible to develop Bangladesh without a healthy nation. We divided our research into two steps. (i) Finding food habits; and (ii) synthesizing information and finding Nutrition on them. An annotated reference list is included for ease in finding another helpful guideline. We use seven algorithms. We are using different types of algorithms, Decision Tree, KNN ADA boosting classifier, Logistic Regression, Bagging Classifier, Gaussian Naive Bayes, Extra Trees Classifier.
A Strategic Analysis of Patterns of Growth in Advanced Countries during 1870-2006
(Scopus, 2020) Zayed, Nurul Mohammad; Kamruzzaman, Md.; Chowdhury, Shanjida; Tasneem, Sara; Islam, Md. Sariful
The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of GDP per hour worked, total hours worked and labor force on GDP growth in advanced countries. The broad objective of the paper is to find out the relationship among variables. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate has been selected as dependent variable and GDP per hour worked, total hours worked and labor force is independent variables. We have collected our data for the period of 1870-2006. We used EViews 9 for data analysis. Different statistical tests were performed to fulfill the objectives of the paper. We used Augmented Dickey Fuller Test for testing unit root. For testing cointegration Johansen Test for Co-Integration has been used. We also used Error Correction Model (ECM), QUSUM and QUSUM square test for testing stability of the model. Paper shows that there has relationship between variables. GDP hour worked total hours worked are negatively correlated with GDP growth rate. Labor force is positively correlated with GDP growth rate.
Beyond drugs: TB patients in Bangladesh need urgent attention for nutrition support during convalescence
(BRAC Research and Evaluation Division (RED), 2013-03) Islam, Qazi Shafayetul; Ahmed, Syed Masud; Islam, Md. Akramul; Kamruzzaman, Md.; Rifat, Mahfuza
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global disease, which is responsible for 1.4 million deaths each year (WHO 2010). Bangladesh is the sixth highest TB-burden country in the world. TB treatment may be complicated when malnutrition also coexists in patients. TB has been found to coexist with malnutrition among patients at the beginning of treatment in both developed and developing countries (Zachariah eta/. 2002, Onwubalili JK 1988, Kennedy et at. 1996, Harries et a/. 1988). Nutrition supplementation can play an important role in improving the disease condition to reduce further morbidity and mortality. Some TB-burden countries have already started food supplementation programme for patients' healthy life (Farmer eta/. 1991, Karyadi et a/. 2002, Paton et a/. 2004, Aye and Wyss 2009). There is no nutrition intervention programme for patients in DOTS (Directly observed treatment, short course) approach to TB treatment under National TB Control Programme (NTP) of Bangladesh, where malnutrition is prevalent. Even, Bangladesh does not have much information about the nutritional situation of TB patients to formulate nutrition intervention. To fill-in this knowledge gap and help in informed design of a nutrition intervention for TB patients, this study measured the nutritional status (using Body Mass Index or BMI) of TB patients before, at two months, and after completion of TB treatment (DOTS) to study the changes during treatment and its relation with various socioeconomic and demographic factors including household food availability and consumption.
Characterization of phytoconstituents and potential bioactivity of Annona reticulata L. leaf extract
(© 2016 Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2016) Shahriar, Mohammad; Khair, Nishat Zareen; Sheikh, Zara; Chowdhury, Sayeeda Fahmee; Kamruzzaman, Md.; Bakhtiar, Md. Shawkatul Islam; Chisty, Sharmin Jahan
Annona reticulata (Annonaceae) is known as atafol in Bangla and custard apple in English is an important medicinal plant. It has been used traditionally in diarrhea, dysentery, cold, as abortifacient, insecticidal drug etc. In this present study, the leaf extracts of Annona reticulata were subjected to evaluation of the thrombolytic activity was assessed by using human erythrocyte and the results were compared with standard streptokinase (SK). The chloroform extract showed 36.82% clot lysis as compared to 93.79% clot lysis produced by standard streptokinase. The leaf extracts of Annona reticulata were subjected to evaluation of the membrane stabilizing activity by using human erythrocyte and the results were compared with standard anti-inflammatory drug, acetyl salicylic acid (ASA). In vitro membrane stabilizing activity for hypotonic solution induced haemolysis, the chloroform extract inhibited 75.15% haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.99% produced by acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) and during heat induced condition different organic soluble materials of Annona reticulata demonstrated methanol, ethanol and chloroform extract showed 68.81%, 72.06% and 78.17% inhibition of RBC hemolysis respectively whereas standard acetylsalicylic acid showed 70.87% inhibition of RBC haemolysis.
Characterization of phytoconstituents and potential bioactivity of Annona reticulata L. leaf extract
(© 2016 Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2016) Shahriar, Mohammad; Khair, Nishat Zareen; Sheikh, Zara; Chowdhury, Sayeeda Fahmee; Kamruzzaman, Md.; Bakhtiar, Md. Shawkatul Islam; Chisty, Sharmin Jahan
Annona reticulata (Annonaceae) is known as atafol in Bangla and custard apple in English is an important medicinal plant. It has been used traditionally in diarrhea, dysentery, cold, as abortifacient, insecticidal drug etc. In this present study, the leaf extracts of Annona reticulata were subjected to evaluation of the thrombolytic activity was assessed by using human erythrocyte and the results were compared with standard streptokinase (SK). The chloroform extract showed 36.82% clot lysis as compared to 93.79% clot lysis produced by standard streptokinase. The leaf extracts of Annona reticulata were subjected to evaluation of the membrane stabilizing activity by using human erythrocyte and the results were compared with standard anti-inflammatory drug, acetyl salicylic acid (ASA). In vitro membrane stabilizing activity for hypotonic solution induced haemolysis, the chloroform extract inhibited 75.15% haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.99% produced by acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) and during heat induced condition different organic soluble materials of Annona reticulata demonstrated methanol, ethanol and chloroform extract showed 68.81%, 72.06% and 78.17% inhibition of RBC hemolysis respectively whereas standard acetylsalicylic acid showed 70.87% inhibition of RBC haemolysis.
Climate Modeling, Drought Risk Assessment and Adapfation Strategies in the Western part of Bangladesh
(University of Rajshahi, 2014) Kamruzzaman, Md.; Jahan, Chowdhury Sarwar; Rahman, M. Sayedur
Climate change is the greatest environmental challenge facing the world today and meteorological extremes like drought have been a subject of global concern since long. Present study on climate modeling, drought risk assessment and adaptation strategies have been carried out in the western part of Bangladesh with the aims of assessing the agricultural drought risk to find out the sustainable adaptation measures in the context of global climate change. Daily rainfall data reduced in weekly form of 12 meteorological stations for the period 1960 to 2011 have been used in this study. Climate modeling has been performed by Mann-Kendall (MK) test statistics (trend detection), Sen's slope estimator (rate of change) and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model (future prediction). Drought hazards have been characterized by Markov chain analysis and drought vulnerability explored using socio-economic indicators. Drought risk map has been developed by integrating drought hazard and vulnerability indices by Geographical Information System (GIS). Annual average temperature in the area is about 25.44°C. The lowest mean annual temperature experiences in the north-east and the highest in southwestern part of the area. The spatial pattern of seasonal temperature is similar like annual temperature. Predicted annual mean temperatures by ARIMA model may vary from 24.47 to 25.97, 24.57 to 26.03, 24.69 to 26.03, 24.54 to 26.03 and 24.73 to 26.75°C in the area during the period 2012 to 2016 respectively and they are higher than the long term observed mean temperature. Though temperature is rising, the predicted spatial pattern will remain same in the future. The north-west of the area is more drought prone and less crops prospect area due to the low values of drought index (DI), probability of getting at least 8, 10 and 12 consecutive wet weeks is comparatively low, probability of at least 3 consecutive dry weeks is comparatively high and expected number of wet weeks lies between 7 to 9. The southern part is less drought prone and high crops prospect areas due to the high values of DI, probability of getting at least 8, 10 and 12 consecutive wet weeks is comparatively high, probability ofat least 3 consecutive dry weeks is comparatively low and expected number of wet weeks lies between 10 to 13. Decade and year wise analysis also indicate almost similar results. Annual occurrences and percentage of annual probability indicate that probability of extreme drought occurrence increases in recent decades in Dinajpur, lshwardi and Rajshahi areas, but frequency is decreasing i.e. drought event is becoming more frequent in these areas. In the study area, drought hazard index (OHi) ranges from 15 to 32. Spatial pattern of OHi indicates that northern districts like Panchagarh, Thakurgoan, Dinajpur, Nilphamari, Nawabganj, Naogaon, Rajshahi and Natore suffer from more extreme drought hazards in comparison to rest of the districts. Drought vulnerability index (DVI) indicates that the northern part of the area are exposed to high to very high drought vulnerable as higher percentage of illiterate people, higher dependence on agricultural practices and high percentage of irrigated to cultivable land. The southern part of the study area exposes moderate to low vulnerable as all the values of vulnerability indicators are comparatively low. Drought risk map has been prepared integrating DHI and DVI values and show agricultural drought poses high risk in northern districts and low in southern districts (coastal areas). It is also found that 21.63%, 26.54% and 29.68% of the study area are exposed to very high, high and moderate drought risk respectively. High DHI value due to high variability of rainfall and high DVI due to weak socio-economic conditions has made the northern part turn more drought vulnerable area than other parts. Hazard risk ranking based on frequency and severity of agricultural drought classes indicate even low risk areas also suffer from extreme agricultural drought due to uneven spatiotemporal nature of rainfall during cropping season. To minimize the adverse effect of drought, some adaptation strategies have been suggested based on study findings: socio-economic and physical factors should be included in management policy to make more effective planning. The drought mitigating hydrological adaptation measures should be taken after ranking risks, importance of sector and climate associated events, and effective drought forecasting and warning techniques need to be considered. Therefore, it is urgent to act on adaptation keeping in mind about climate features such as rainfall and temperature variability, possible impacts of climate change and risk ranking to make viable mitigation measures.
Compensation Management Practices in BSCIC Industrial Estates: A Study of Rajshahi Division
(University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 2019) Mridha, Md. Mokarremul Hoque Helal; Kamruzzaman, Md.; Abedin, M. Zainul
Abstract Compensation management practice is one of the most important activities of human resource management. An organization can go to the peak position by dint of a proper compensation management policy which can ensure the utmost employee satisfaction and loyalty to the organization. A proper compensation management practice is consisted with the issues regarding basic wages and salaries, fringe benefits, employee retention, employee turnover and gender equality. BSCIC is one of the most important institutions which is working with the development of small, cottage and medium scale enterprises of Bangladesh. BSCIC industrial estates are accelerating the industrialization of Bangladesh with facilitating land, loan, consultation and other infrastructural development. But the compensation for the employees working there in are always being ignored. No study has been performed yet to find out the scenario of compensation for the employees. Therefore, this study is aimed at revealing the present scenario of wages and salaries, existing fringe benefits, position of female workers and their wages and salaries, wage and salary discrimination, employee turnover, employee retention policy and so on prevailing in industrial units in industrial estates of BSCIC. The study is basically performed on quantitative data along with significant amount of qualitative data. So, the mixed approach has been used in the study. The study area covered the industrial units in industrial estates of Rajshahi, Bogura and Naogaon. Both primary and secondary data have been used. Managers/owners/entrepreneurs and workers/employees of the selected industrial units of BSCIC industrial estates, KII and FGD have been considered as the sources of the primary data. The sources of secondary data are the publications of BSCIC's MIS division, articles, reports, daily newspapers, journals, books, govt. gazettes, related policies, rules and regulations, published and unpublished dissertations and various websites.
Comprehensive Study On Knit Garments Merchandising In Apparel Industry
(Daffodil International University, 2011-10) Rahman, Md.Fayzur; Gani, Md.Mafuzul; Kamruzzaman, Md.
Merchandising is that part of marketing that brings together a series of marketing techniques as well as product promotion techniques in shops. Synthetically we can call merchandising the art of selling. This syntagme refers to aspects like the interior and exterior design of a shop, the merchandise Display as well as the practiced selling methods and the services offered.
Detection of cardiac abnormality using discrete wavelet coefficients of ECG
(Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE), 2010-06) Kamruzzaman, Md.; Haque, Dr. Md. Aynal
The electrocardiogram (ECG) is the record of variation of bioelectric potential of human heart beats with respect to time. ECG represents the electrical activity of heart and is a well-established tool for the diagnosis of cardiac condition. In order to obtain accurate information about cardiac condition of a person, correct interpretation of ECG is essential. The objective of this work is to devise an automatic computer based detection technique for five particular types of cardiac abnormalities by processing ECG signal with better accuracy and less computational time. Five particular types of cardiac phenomena that have been considered are: normal beat, left bundle branch block (LBBB), right bundle branch block (RBBB), premature ventricular contraction (PVC) and atrial premature beat (APB). A total set of 19 records have been taken from MIT- BIH arrhythmia database as test data. For all the test records, discrete wavelet transform (DWT) with 40,000 samples up to a decomposition level of 4 is performed in the Matlab 7.4.0 environment. Five different types of mother wavelet functions are used for this analysis. These are: haar, coiflet2, symlet4, daubechies10 and biorthogonal6.8. The maximum value of the approximation coefficients of level 4 is selected as the indicating parameter, which is used to distinguish between different abnormalities. A comparison is made among the performances of different types of mother wavelets to select the best one to differentiate cardiac abnormalities. Among the five wavelets that we have used in our study, daubechies10 (db10), the only one possessing asymmetric property, has provided the most optimum result. So as an outcome of this analysis we can conclude that asymmetric mother wavelet functions are more effective than the symmetric ones for distinguishing different types of ECG beats. Further analysis with more number of symmetric and asymmetric wavelet functions should be carried out to generalize the findings of this study and to detect other types of cardiac abnormalities.
Does FinTech Credit Scale Stimulate Financial Institutions To Increase the Proportion of Agricultural Loans?
(Daffodil International University, 2022-09-02) Mohsin, Akm; Sheikh, MD Rashidul Islam; Tushar, Hasanuzzaman; Iqbal, Mohammed Masum; Hossain, Syed Far Abid; Kamruzzaman, Md.
FinTech has raised the risk-taking level of financial institutions. This paper aims to explore FinTech Credit (FTC) scale of non-financial institutions and the risk-taking level of financial institutions into Opiela’s model, constructs objective functions and constraints for representative financial institutions by conducting theoretical analysis and research hypothesis. It also explores the relationship between FTCscale and the proportion of agriculture-related loans. Based on the balanced panel data of 31 provinces and municipalities in China from 2009 to 2017, the individual fixed effects model is used to test the research hypothesis. Then, based on the balanced panel data of 31 provinces and municipalities in China from 2009 to 2017, the research hypothesis was tested using an individual fixed-effects model to explore the relationship between FTCscale and the proportion of agriculture-related loans. The results show that the FTCscale can increase the share of agriculture-related loans in financial institutions. Still, the percentage of agriculture-related loans and e-commerce factors increase at a marginal decreasing rate. Furthermore, the study shows that marketization and real estate development also indirectly affect the proportion of agricultural loans through the mediating part of the FTCscale. Finally, policy recommendations are proposed to develop FTC and the implementation of rural revitalization strategy.
Drought Characterization and Agricultural Adaptation in Northwest Bangladesh
(University of Rajshahi, 2024) Chowdhury, J.M. Adeeb Salman; Kamruzzaman, Md.; Khalek, Md. Abdul
Climate change and frequent drought has been detected as a global problem due to extreme climate variability. In recent years, Bangladesh has already shown an increased frequency of droughts, mainly observed in the northwest region. Drought mainly is a slow onset natural disaster that creates threats to agro-ecological properties. The aims of the study are to comprehend the trends of variation in two meteorological variables (Rainfall and Temperature) during the period 1960–2021 as well as analyzing current drought situation, characterization and future prediction of drought in the northwest region. The meteorological data of five stations have been collected from Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), Dhaka. Finally, 375 sample household are selected for investigating farmer’s perception, drought impacts and adaptation strategies. Four upazilas (sub-districts or parts of district) are taken randomly (Tanore, Shapahar, Chirirbandar, and Nachole) from the northwest drought prone district for primary data collection through questionnaire survey. Different types of linear and non-linear trend detection test are applied for identifying variation in the climatic parameters such as linear trend analysis, non-parametric Mann-Kendall (MK), Kendall’s tau, Sen’s slope estimators, Spearman’s rho (SR) test, Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model and Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model (future prediction). Further, sequential Mann-Kendall test is also executed to detect trend variations and abrupt deviations over time in rainfall stations. During the period 1960-2021, Rajshahi station is detected lowest annual average rainfall (1460 mm) but the annual average in the northwest region is 1768 mm. The rate of change assessed by Sen’s slope estimator is -5.50 mm/year in the Rajshahi station, which is found highest significant decreasing trend. Cropping seasonal rainfall analysis, only the Rabi season (80%) are found most negative trend in all selected stations. In the northwest region, the annual average temperature is 24.96C. Among the five stations, Rajshahi station is detected highest maximum annual average temperature (26.57C) during 1960-2021. The trend analysis test indicates that except Dinajpur station, increasing trends are observed in both the annual and seasonal temperature analysis, apart from that only Bogura and Rangpur stations found positively significant at 5% level of significance. The degree of change has discovered by the Sen’s slope estimates varies from -0.003C/year to 0.017C/year. The Kharif season is showed a significant positive trend in all recorded stations, while the Rabi and pre-Kharif seasons are continued both increasing and decreasing trends. The spatial distribution of seasonal rainfall and temperature are identified by Geographical Information System (GIS). Drought characterization and monitoring using precipitation-based index (SPI), for 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 months at different time scales measure the severity of lack of precipitations of different weather stations of northwest region. Transition probabilities of dry state of SPI values, and probabilistic characterization of different state of selected station using Markov chain analysis. The drought interarrival time and mean drought interarrival are increasing from lower to higher SPI series in all study stations. SPI 12 and SPI 24 are found longer months of drought duration exist high probability that the same state will continues for the next state, like ‘severe drought’ would follow ‘severe drought’ and ‘extreme drought’ would follow ‘extreme drought’ period respectively. Survey based, farmers’ perceptions about climate change are identical to the meteorological trends in the mentioned period except for Dinajpur station. Study showed, drought is mainly affecting increased cost of production, declining ground water levels, crop failures, scarcity of soil water, lower income and food scarcity etc. The multinomial logistic model (MNL) results are found that age, education, income, family size, farming experience, access to climate, farmer-to-farmer extension, social mobility, and loan subsidies directly influenced adaptative decisions. The most significant adaptation strategies adopted by the farmers are irrigation facilities, agronomic management, drought-tolerant rice varieties, adopting new technologies, and alternative enterprises of land use change. Finally to protect farmers from natural disasters, especially drought, sustainable water management plan, credit support from government and NGO’s, less water consuming crops, new crop varieties and re-excavation of traditional ponds must be implemented in the study area.
Effect of applying conventional cutting fluid and liquid nitrogen on grindability of different steels
(Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, BUET, 2004-09) Kamruzzaman, Md.; Dhar, Dr. Nikhil Ranjan
Strained environment is a global problem. In melal industries the USB of coolarlt has become more problematic In terms of both employee health and enVIronmental pollution. It is said thaI the use of coolant forms approximately 8-16 % of the total production cost. The traditional methods that use coolants are now obviously becoming obsolete. Hence, it is clear that uSing a dry Gutting system has great implications for resource preservation and waste reduction. For this purpose, a new Gooling system is designed for dry cutting. This research work presents an eco-friendly cooling Innovation and the benefit gained by using this method. In order to compare the performance of usmg thiS system, grinding experiments were carried out on dry and flood cutting environment In different infeed condition The present work investigates the role of cryogenic cooling by liquid nitrogen jet on chip formation, grinding zone temperature arid surface roughness in grinding steels. The experimental results indicate Significant reduction irl cutting temperature on application of cryogen, whiCh enables favorable chip formatioll It was also Iloted that cryogenic grinding prOVide relatively more surface roughness for less plastic deformatioll and rubbing, shearing and fracturing modes of chip formation and retention of the grit's sharpness. Therefore, it appears that cryogenic cooling, if properly employed, Ilot only provides ellvironment frielldllness but can also Improve the grlndability characteristics.
Effects of high pressure coolant on machinability of steels
(Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, BUET, 2009-12) Kamruzzaman, Md.; Dhar, Dr. Nikhil Ranjan
I-ligh production machining aLhigil culling speed and iCed rate generates lurge heat and high culling lemperature. which shortens the tool life and deteriorate, tile job qllality. Thi" problem becomes more aelile wh~n thcjob; nrc difficllh to macbin~ and arc to be lIsed under Jynamic loadillg. The conventional culling fluids nrc not that effcctive in ,uch high production machining parlicularly in continuous cultlng of mutcrials Iikc stcels. Further lhe convcntional culling fluids ure nol ~nvironll1entally friendly. The di,po~al of lhc culling tluid; oli.cn lead; LOlocal water pollution and soil contaminution. Recycling and rcu,e of convcntional cutting l1uids also lcad to otbcr problem,. M~cbining of sof\. ,t,cky ~lld dllctil~ l1l~lC";"I,yidd, long conllllUOUScbips and rapid tool wear due 10 inctrLcLcnl action of lh~ CUllingl1uisure coolant ;ystem increa,ed tool life by 30% to 75% whcn turning C-60 steel by SNMG in;CI't and 80% to 140% when machining by SNMM insert, Tile suri'ace qU"lity of the machined ,urfa~e imprQvcd po"ibly duc to 1e1o,crdumage of the C11(!ingtool no,e. In ordcr to implemcnt the high-pressure cQo[ant machining technology, an analyticalmodd for cutting temperature has been developed. It is fmmd that ac~orJing to the ,elccted cutting condilions in the model-bascd comparisons, the prcdicted cutting tcmperalllrc under high pressure coolant conditions is rcduccd as higb as about 18% eomp~red with tho"~ in dJ)' culling.
Effects of thermal aging on plastic ball grid array microprocessor life under power and mechanical cycling
(Department of Mechanical Engineering (ME), BUET, 2019-09-04) Kamruzzaman, Md.; Mohammad Abdul Motalab, Dr.
Traditional finite element based predictions for solder joint reliability of electronic packages use the accelerated thermal cycling life testing method and are based on solder constitutive equations (e.g. Anand viscoplastic model) and failure models (e.g. energy dissipation per cycle model). The Accelerated thermal testing method has the drawback that it considers uniform temperature distribution in the entire package during operationwhich is not the actual case. Also, the constitutive equations and failure models are subject to change with thermal aging which is a common phenomenon in electronic assemblies that causes great changes in the microstructure, mechanical response, and failure behavior of Lead-Free solder joints, whichare not considered in the traditional finite element analysis of thermal cycling method.Besides, in commercially available solders, the percentage of silver is generally varied between 1 ~ 4%, which in turn affects the mechanical properties of solder joints. In this study, finite element analysis of a 3D plastic ball grid array (PBGA) package has been performed firstly for the power cycling simulations to observe the effects of variation of aging time (between 0 to 365 days) and specified range of Ag% of solder materials. The non uniform temperature distribution of the package is first obtained by a non-linear transient heat transfer analysis for this purpose. In next, another cycling named as mechanical bend cycling is considered in this study. Electronic packages may be subjected to mechanical cycling during manufacturing or assembly processes, in transportation, and in application stages that can pose a threat to the package life. Three different loading frequencies 1, 3, and 5 Hz with three different testing temperatures (25, 75, and 125 ℃) have been used in mechanical cycling simulations. Effects of solder aging (0 to 365 days) and variation of Ag (1 ~ 4 %) on the mechanical cycling life has also been investigated. Results show that solder aging enhances power cycling life of the PBGA packages while it becomes detrimental in case of mechanical bend cycling. Similarly, a boost up of the power cycling life has been observed with changing the Ag % from 1 to 4% while it has proven to deteriorate the mechanical cycling life of the PBGA package.
Employee Motivation and Human Resource Development in the Banking Sector of Bangladesh: Theories and Practices
(University of Rajshahi, 2021) Rahman, Mohammad Azizur; Sarker, Md. Omar Faruk; Kamruzzaman, Md.
Banking organizations are striving to enhance and build themselves into a competitive giant in the country's financial sector. Due to increasing competition, banks have to perform well in the core business which reflects sustainability in corporate business. Banks are performing four key functions of HRM to get (find), prepare, activate and keep the employees (GPAK). Human resources are the key contributor of excellence management of the banks. How to attract the brilliant manpower—is regarded the significant issue of the banks. This is why; banking organization provides the facilities, and to create the employees more skilled and efficient performing well in their assigned duties and responsibilities. They (employees) will be satisfied more depending when they perform well than the earlier they can. Satisfied employees strive to achieve the goal of the bank. This satisfaction influences by the different factors such as better packages of salary and incentives, job security, leave facilities, training and development, HRD and work environment in the workplace. The main objective of this study is to identify stimulating factors from the motivation theories and to relate them to the Human Resource Development (HRD) Matrix along with evaluating its practices to assess employee motivation in the banking sector of Bangladesh. In this study, the final investigation was to measure the organizational effectiveness influencing employee motivation of banks. This study has been conducted on 400 employees serving the state-owned or public and private banks. The stratified random sampling technique has been used to collect data through self-administered survey questionnaire. The approach of this study is followed by quantitative method and complemented by few qualitative observations. The structured questionnaire (close-ended) survey has employed to the required number of employees (n = 400) in selected branches of the ten banks in Bangladesh. Descriptive statistics such as Frequency Distribution, Mean, Standard Deviation, P-P, Q-Q, plots and Inferential Statistics i.e., Bivariate Correlation, Chi-square Test of Fisher’s Exact p-value, Levene’s Variance Equality Test for Comparison, Binary Linear Regression, Binary Logistic Regression, Wald Test, ANOVA, , PCA, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Total Variance Explained, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) for considering the latent factors. SPSS version 21.0 and STATA version 13.0 have been used to analyze the collected data for testing the hypotheses.
Entrepreneurship development in bangladesh: Youth perception and institutional initiatives
(University Of Rajshahi, 2024-04) Helal Mridha, Md. Mokarremul Hoque; Kamruzzaman, Md.
Entrepreneurship development is one of the pre-conditions for economic surges in a country. It has a great deal of prospects in Bangladesh, as it has a huge number of young people. If the young generation of the country turns into skilled human resources through building self-efficacy, education, training, and providing the required entrepreneurial facilities and awareness, sustainable economic development might be more augmented. But the youth of Bangladesh are confronting a great deal of hitches in their perception regarding entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial ecosystem. There are some reasons behind, for which the young generation does not aspire after being entrepreneurs. This issue urges to be addressed with deep concern, especially for the youth studying in various higher educational institutions. If the desired portion of the youth of Bangladesh builds positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship rather than chasing a job, an evolution may occur in the socio-economic arena in the near future. So, this study aimed at unraveling youth perception and institutional initiatives, and the nexus with entrepreneurship development in Bangladesh. Mixed-method and convergent research design has been used in this study. Multi-stage sampling techniques have been used to determine sample size and distribution. 400 randomly selected respondents have been surveyed with structured questionnaires for quantitative data, while 21 in-depth interviews and nine KIIs have been conducted for qualitative data. Data collected from primary and secondary sources has been analyzed to get the findings of the study. The findings show that 71.5 percent of the respondents are male, 11.8 percent are married, 84.3 percent are Muslims, 58.3 percent of the respondents’ families live in rural areas, and 77.2 percent are nuclear. The scenario of the desired occupation of the respondents’ shows that 85 percent of the respondents do not want to be entrepreneurs in the existing perceived situation. The study shows that only 26.5 percent of the respondents have a positive perception toward socio-economic initiatives (SOCECO). While the rest are either negative or neutral. The overall scenario of perception toward political, government, and NGO initiatives (POGONGO) is not found to be satisfactory. The study shows that only 30.2 percent of the respondents have strongly positive or positive perceptions. That is not conducive to entrepreneurship development in Bangladesh. The study findings also show that 59.8% of the respondents have positive attitudes toward entrepreneurship. The average score (3.699) of the responses to the variables measuring entrepreneurial intention (YEI) also represents the same scenario. In addition, there is a significant correlation found between youth perceptions toward institutional initiatives (YPII) and (YEI). That means there is a significant relationship between the variables YPII and YEI. The PERFAM, SOCECO, and POGONGO (IVs) can statistically and significantly impact the YEI (DV). PERFAM and SOCECO have a significant positive impact on YEI and, in turn, entrepreneurship development. Though POGONGO has a negative impact on YEI, which is not significant at all. The YPII and YEI have a strong nexus with entrepreneurship development. Though the score of PERFAM is found to be 3.46, which is slightly positive. The score of SOCECO is found to be only 3.00, which indicates that the respondents are neither negative nor positive in these respects. And the score of POGONGO is found to be only 3.04, which also points out that the respondents are neither negative nor positive. These portray that entrepreneurship development is unfeasible in Bangladesh in the concurrently perceived situation. In summary, it can be concluded that PERFAM is slightly congenial, while SOCECO and POGONGO are uncongenial for entrepreneurship development in Bangladesh. Though YEI is found to be conducive to entrepreneurship development. But YPII demands some corrective measures, without which entrepreneurship development may be unattainable in the contemporary context of Bangladesh. Because there is a strong nexus between the YEI, YPII, and entrepreneurship development (ED). These need a fine-tuned, synchronized, and balanced relationship among them to ensure the development of entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. Based on the major findings, the researcher recommends taking some remedial measures to reshape the youth mindset for entrepreneurship development in Bangladesh. It is expected that the findings of this study will carry multiple benefits for the concerned stakeholders, like the youth, educational institutions, policy-makers, and so forth, for the development of the entrepreneurial ecosystem and youth entrepreneurship in Bangladesh.
Environmental Perspectives and Distance Decay Function: A Case Study of Rural Periodic Markets in Nawabganj Sadar Upazila, Bangladesh
(University of Rajshahi, 2014) Kamruzzaman, Md.; Sheikh, Md. Abu Hanif
Generally Rural Periodic Market (RPM) means a small scale market where people solemnize their every day purchasing and selling for mainly consumption purposes and continuing every day’s economic activities. The evolution and development of rural periodic markets are usually conditioned by population pressure, transport intensity, consumer’s income, inter-center distance and range of goods. This study concerns with the environmental perspectives and Distance Decay function of the rural periodic markets of Nawabganj upazila in Chapai Nawabganj district. The main theme of this study is that the present way of life of the people of the study area is closely interlinked with the rural periodic markets. Moreover, many people talk about the various aspects of rural periodic market including its environmental consequences. But none of the environmentalist or think-tank did conduct any comprehensive and rigorous study in this field. Being a much talked about issue, the researcher has conducted this study with a view to identifying and understanding the spatial nature of rural periodic markets and its impact on physical and human environment. Some selected methodology like social survey, observation and case study along with some techniques of data collection and analysis where some environmental aspects have been given special priority in the present study. The study area has a total 40 RPMs, and out of these 6 RPMs are growth center, 17 RPMs revenue collection haats and 17 non-government RPMs. The findings for the questionnaire survey in the study area shows the location of the RPMs and its historical background, land forms as well as physical condition of the area, climate, population density, agricultural, literacy and transport have been presented. Then the site and situation of RPM in each union has been discussed where only one RPM and the subject have been represent as the representative of the whole situation of the particular study area. The initiation and development of RPMs in the study area involved four factors such as personal influence (22.5%), population pressure (35%), communication facilities (17.5%) and surplus production (25%). The study area’s Rn value is 1.06 which is close to one and therefore, it indicates that the haats of this upazila are randomly distributed. The RPMs have been classified into four classes i.e. 08 is in 1st order haat, 09 is in 2nd order haat, 09 is in 3rd order haat and 14 RPMs are in 4th order. Temporal distribution of RPM means distribution relates with time context. Daily RPMs is 01, weekly 09 and Bi-weekly 30. Spatio-temporal synchronization of RPM such as same day markets 5.55 km., adjacent day markets 3.81 km. one day separated markets 3.47 km. and two days separated markets are 3.21 km. In Nawabganj sadar upazila out of nine RPM rings two are incomplete rings and seven are complete RPM rings. The main focus of the study is to determined trade as well as the spatial interactions among the markets and the products being assembled. The convergence of the product has been examined in the light of distance and perishability. There are two parameters which have analyzed the background of physical factors and social milieu. Such association has been documented in a matrix to find out the development of the positive and negative relationship. The total calculative positive impact points are one thousand five hundred thirty seven (+1537) and the total negative impact points are minus nine hundred and ninety (-990). So it may get 547 positive points often deleting the negative impact points from the total positive impact point and it is said that the study area have the positive impact of Rural Periodic Markets. However in order to get more expected positive value points regarding environmental perspective all RPMs should be established in well planned and environment friendly manner.
Evolution of Islamic Banking and Its Salient Features: An Overview
(2015-02-15) Islam, Rafiqul; Kamruzzaman, Md.
Abstract: Across the Muslim world, there has been a move to create Islamic financial institutions since 1960s. Islamic Banking has gained considerable momentum since second half of the 1970s and operative in more than forty-eight countries. One of the fundamental changes envisaged in the wake of the Islamic transformation of a modern economy is replacement of the institution of interest by profit-sharing. An attempt is made in this paper to trace the growth and development of Islamic banking and to highlight its salient characteristics. An outline of banking will be presented in an Islamic framework and the main focus will be on the forms of financial operations and key Islamic financial instruments. The concluding section will outline the relative importance and relevance of the monetary instruments for regulating money supply by the central bank in an environment of Islamic banking.
Examining University Students’ Behaviors Towards Online Shopping
(Daffodil International University, 2022-02-07) Asheq, Ahmed Al; Tanchi, Khadiza Rahman; Akhter, Sabrina; Kamruzzaman, Md.; Islam, K. M. Anwarul
The paper strives to investigate the influential factors that might significantly affect consumers’ intention to shop from online websites. On this premise, this paper aims to examine the impact of perceived trust (PT), convenience (CONV), perceived website quality (PWQ), and subjective norm (SN) on individuals’ intention towards online shopping (ITOS). The paper proposed a study framework based on previous relevant literature. The study has drawn samples from private university students of Bangladesh. A quantitative research approach was adopted, followed by a survey method. Only undergraduate and postgraduate students of two Bangladeshi universities were considered as respondents as it is believed that they were the primary online shoppers in Bangladesh perspective. The sample size in this paper is 339, which was deemed adequate to run regression analysis. SPSS software has been utilized to conduct correlation and regression analysis. The convenience sampling method was applied in the study as the population is not known. This paper applied a 95% confidence interval to accept the hypotheses. Correlation results confirm that all independent variables correlated with ITOS. The findings of the paper report that PT, CONV, PWQ, and SN have a significant impact on students’ intention towards online shopping (ITOS). Henceforth, the online business managers can utilize the findings of this paper to understand the young consumer behaviors and develop a solid and effective online marketing plan for sustainable business performance.