Browsing by Author "Jahan, Ishrat"

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An Analysis on Money Laundering and Its Impact in Bangladesh Submitted
(Daffodil International University, 23-03-18) Jahan, Ishrat
Due to the specific features of the means by which such crimes are perpetrated, the States face a major challenge in the battle against crimes committed over the Internet, including cybercrime, cyberterrorism, cyberwar, and other types of cybercrime. Crimes perpetrated with information technology (particularly cybercrime) or those in which new technology plays a crucial role are expanding exponentially in the information society in which we live. so on. Everyone is connected to their place of employment, banks, the energy and water industries, the transportation industry, markets, book stores, and friends from other countries. Also, it is ready to assault unprepared internet users with cyberattacks. Cyber and technology-related crimes are becoming more prevalent in Bangladesh. This is a significant issue in Bangladesh. The sector of information technology has already witnessed the emergence of a distinct threat. Recent email threats received to various people are among them. The government itself is beginning to be threatened by cybercrime, on the other hand. The first chapter provides a general overview of cybercrime and my strategies for stopping it. The second part of the article examines the features of cybercrime and how it has evolved through time. The chapter defines a cybercriminal and explores the causes of and strategies employed in cybercrime. The variety of cybercrimes that go unreported is examined in the third chapter. The consequences of cybercrime are illustrated in the fourth chapter. The rules governing cybercrime in Bangladesh are discussed in chapters seven and eight, along with the recommendations that must be put into action. The main goal of this study is to identify and classify the traits of cybercrime and how it affects Internet users.
An eﬃcient deep learning approach for detecting lung disease from chest X-ray images using transfer learning and ensemble modeling
(BRAC University, 2021-01) Sagor, Mostofa Kamal; Jahan, Ishrat; Chowdhury, Susmita; Ansary, Rubayet; Alam, Md. Ashraful
Among the most convenient bacteriological assessments for the diagnosis and treatment with several health complications is the chest X-Ray. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, for instance, that pneumonic plague induces between 250,000 to 500,000 fatalities annually. Pneumonia and ﬂu are serious challenges towards global health as well as being a source of signiﬁcant death rates globally. [1]. In X-Ray imaging, it is a common technique to standardize the extracted image reconstruction with usual uniform disciplines taken before the study. Unfortunately, there has been relatively little study on several separate lung disease monitoring, including X-Ray picture analysis and poorly labelled repositories. Our paper suggests an eﬀective approach for the detection of lung disease trained on automated chest X-ray images that could encourage radiologists in their moral choice. Besides, with a weighted binary classiﬁer, a particular technique is also deployed that will optimally leverage the weighted predictions from optimal deep neural networks such as InceptionV3, VGG16 and ResNet50. In addition to the existing, transfer learning, along with more rigorous academic training and testing sets, is used to ﬁne-tune deep neural networks to achieve higher internal processes. In comparison, 88.14 percent test accuracy was obtained with the ﬁnal proposed weighted binary classiﬁer, where other models give us about 76.91 percent average accuracy. For a brief recurring diagnosis, the legally prescribed procedure may also be used which may increase the course of the same condition for physicians. For a prompt diagnosis of pneumonia, the suggested approach should be used and can improve the diagnosis process for health practitioners.
Application of combined GA and NAA treatments to improve yield and quality of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) 3
(Discover Agriculture, 2024-08) Abdullah, Md.; Anik, Sultan Mahmud; Nishi, Nusrat Jahan; Jahan, Ishrat; Khatun, Mst. Ananya; Rahman, Md. Hassanur; Akther, Farjana
In Bangladesh, okra is an important popular summer vegetable. However, traditional farming practices often lead to suboptimal yields. Thus, the study was designed to determine the ideal GA3 and NAA doses for accelerating okra growth, yield, and quality characteristics. A three-replication, randomized complete block design was adopted. Foliar sprays with three concentrations of GA3 (0 ppm, 150 ppm, and 250 ppm) and NAA (0 ppm, 150 ppm, and 250 ppm) were applied in 2022 and 2023. In comparison to the control, the combined application of GA3 @ 150 ppm and NAA @ 150 ppm improved plant height, leaf number, leaf area, branch number, internode length, bud number, pod number, pod length, pod diameter, and 1000 seed weight average over the two years. Furthermore, GA3 @ 150 ppm with NAA 150 ppm increased yield by 35.08% and 27.01% in 2022 and 2023 respectively, above the control. Combining NAA @ 150 ppm with GA3 resulted in higher levels of vitamin C, TSS, magnesium, and zinc by 19.31%, 81.2%, 22.73% and 21.43% in 2022 and 22.83%, 50.57%, 18.07%, 33.33% in 2023 respectively, compared to the control. In contrast, GA3 and NAA decreased potassium and calcium in both year when compared to the control. Overall, the results of this experiment indicated that using GA3 @ 150 ppm with NAA @ 150 ppm could enhance okra growth, yield, and quality. These findings provide insightful information for improving okra cultivation techniques and improving Bangladesh’s productivity in agriculture and food security.
Determining the Marketing Efficiency of Land-Developing Real Estate Companies in Bangladesh- A Study of NRB GROUP
(Daffodil International University, 2014-02-27) Jahan, Ishrat
The objective of this paper is to highlight the business activities of NRB Group Bangladesh Ltd. It is a real estate developer in nature. Now a day’s real estate market is very demanding & most of the consumers of this market are facing huge problems like developer selection, procedure, rules etc. This report has not covered entire market but contains all major information about NRB So, the user could easily evaluate the organization by going through this report. Major portion of this report contains information about products, price, payment & purchasing procedure, rules of the company, business activities, financial status, organizational Structure etc.
Dialogue and Discourse
(The Daily Star, 2015-06-11) Jahan, Ishrat
Evaluating of Factors Influencing Bank Operating Efficiency in Private Commercial Banking Sector of Bangladesh
(Comilla University, 26-May-2025) Jahan, Ishrat
This study investigates the effect of bank-specific factors on the operational efficiency of private commercial banks in Bangladesh, analyzing data from ten banks over the period 2014 to 2023. Key internal variables considered include bank size, the ratio of non-performing loans (NPLs) to total loans, total NPL ratio, the loan-to-deposit ratio, loan loss provisions to total loans, interest rate spread, and operating expenses as a share of total income. Macroeconomic indicators such as GDP growth and inflation were also included for broader analysis. To ensure robust results, the study utilizes four econometric models: Pooled OLS, Generalized Least Squares (GLS), Fixed Effects, and Random Effects. Several diagnostic tests—covering heteroskedasticity, autocorrelation, cross-sectional dependence, and unit roots—were conducted to verify the reliability and validity of the models. The findings reveal that only a subset of bank-specific variables—namely bank size, NPL-related ratios, loan loss provisions, and operating expenses— have a statistically significant impact on operational efficiency. This indicates that internal bank
Exploring machine learning techniques for symptom-based detection of livestock diseases
(BRAC University, 2024-05) Niloy, Mahir Ahmed; Bhowmik, Tanmay; Abedin, Jennifer; Ferdous, Syeda Jannatul; Jahan, Ishrat; Noor, Jannatun
Effective livestock monitoring ensures food security and sustainability in our rapidly growing world. However, proper cattle disease is still not taken seriously in our country. Even in the livestock industry, it has not become important yet. Very few livestock farms in Bangladesh collect data on their cattle, so gaining enough data is very tough. Most farm owners are not interested in collecting data; they fear the cost of IoT-based digital farms. Cost is a major concern for small farms as well. The proposed research aims to analyse the application of ML models in this specific sector of livestock management which is disease detection, by analysing various symptoms. Traditionally, Bangladeshi farms provide initial treatment to cattle based on symptoms. Most veterinary doctors in the village used these techniques as a tool for disease detection. We have worked with a dataset of about 43800 instances where almost 28 symptoms were used to detect a disease accurately. Advanced machine learning models such as Neural Network, Gradient boosting classifier, Decision tree classifier, Random forest, XGBoost, KNN etc. were used to determine possible diseases based on the collected symptoms. Overall, this research seeks to provide valuable insights and proper mitigation techniques into the livestock industry by analysing the impact of disease, as this will reduce mortality rates, fulfil the market demand for protein, and bring benefits to the dairy industry.
Food Craving, Vitamin a, and Menstrual Disorders
(PLOS ONE, 2024-09-25) Sen, Liton Chandra; Jahan, Ishrat; Salekin, Nadia; Shourove, Jahid Hasan; Rahman, Mosiur; Uddin, Md Jamal; Zhang, Cuilin; Hamer, Davidson H.; Islam, G. M. Rabiul
Background: Menstrual disorders, influenced by dietary habits like high fat intake and low fruit and vegetable consumption, are a global public health issue. This study assessed the prevalence of dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and irregular menstrual cycle (IMC) among female university students in Bangladesh, focusing on food cravings and low vitamin A intake as risk factors. Methods: In this comprehensive study, data from randomly selected female university students were collected using a structured questionnaire. The associations were analyzed through chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression, reported as adjusted odds ratios (AOR). Results: The most prevalent menstrual disorder was dysmenorrhea (68.3%) followed by PMS (33.8%), and IMC (24.3%). Food cravers for high-fat and sweet foods were likely to experience dysmenorrhea (AOR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.5-3.9, P<0.001), suffer from PMS (AOR: 3.9, 95% CI: 2.3-6.6, P<0.001), and have IMC (AOR: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.6-5.3, P<0.001) vs. subjects who didn't. Subjects consuming vitamin A-rich plant foods had 40% (AOR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4-0.9, P < 0.01) and 60% (AOR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-0.6, P<0.001) less likely suffering from dysmenorrhea and IMC vs. who didn't. Both underweight and overweight/obese subjects experienced more than 2-fold dysmenorrhea vs. normal-weight peers. The chance of IMC was nearly 3-fold among overweight/obese subjects. However, lower physical activity was associated with PMS and IMC whereas family history was associated with dysmenorrhea and PMS. Among the socio-demographic factors, maternal education, place of residence, and earlier menarche (≤12 years) were associated with dysmenorrhea while marital status was associated with IMC. Conclusion: This study indicates that increasing the intake of vitamin A-rich plant foods and reducing high-fat, sweet foods can lower the risk of dysmenorrhea and IMC. Additionally, it highlights the need for regular exercise to mitigate the increased risk of PMS and IMC.
Food craving, vitamin A, and menstrual disorders: A comprehensive study on university female students
(2024-09-25) Sen, Liton Chandra; Jahan, Ishrat; Salekin, Nadia; Shourove, Jahid Hasan; Rahman, Mosiur; Uddin, Md Jamal; Zhang, Cuilin; H Hamer, Davidson; Rabiul Islam, G M
Menstrual disorders, influenced by dietary habits like high fat intake and low fruit and vegetable consumption, are a global public health issue. This study assessed the prevalence of dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and irregular menstrual cycle (IMC) among female university students in Bangladesh, focusing on food cravings and low vitamin A intake as risk factors. In this comprehensive study, data from randomly selected female university students were collected using a structured questionnaire. The associations were analyzed through chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression, reported as adjusted odds ratios (AOR). The most prevalent menstrual disorder was dysmenorrhea (68.3%) followed by PMS (33.8%), and IMC (24.3%). Food cravers for high-fat and sweet foods were likely to experience dysmenorrhea (AOR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.5-3.9, P<0.001), suffer from PMS (AOR: 3.9, 95% CI: 2.3-6.6, P<0.001), and have IMC (AOR: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.6-5.3, P<0.001) vs. subjects who didn't. Subjects consuming vitamin A-rich plant foods had 40% (AOR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4-0.9, P < 0.01) and 60% (AOR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-0.6, P<0.001) less likely suffering from dysmenorrhea and IMC vs. who didn't. Both underweight and overweight/obese subjects experienced more than 2-fold dysmenorrhea vs. normal-weight peers. The chance of IMC was nearly 3-fold among overweight/obese subjects. However, lower physical activity was associated with PMS and IMC whereas family history was associated with dysmenorrhea and PMS. Among the socio-demographic factors, maternal education, place of residence, and earlier menarche (≤12 years) were associated with dysmenorrhea while marital status was associated with IMC. This study indicates that increasing the intake of vitamin A-rich plant foods and reducing high-fat, sweet foods can lower the risk of dysmenorrhea and IMC. Additionally, it highlights the need for regular exercise to mitigate the increased risk of PMS and IMC.
GlaxoSmithKline Bangladesh Limited (GSK)
(Daffodil International University, 2018-03-03) Jahan, Ishrat
In-vitro antacid screening of methanolic leaf extracts of Elaeocarpus floribundus
(BRAC University, 2020-02) Jahan, Ishrat; Chowdhury, Namara Mariam
Elaeocarpus floribundus is a sort of tropical and subtropical evergreen trees and shrubs. Elaeocarpaceae is a family which has very nearly 615 types of plants in 12 genera. Among them with roughly 350 species Elaeocarpus is the biggest genera which has anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial property. This present study focuses on the in-vitro antacid screening of methanolic leaf extracts by doing preliminary antacid test, acid neutralizing capacity, acid neutralizing effect of extracts on GSF and lastly acid buffering capacity. Concentration of 1 mg/mL of leaf extract and 1 mg/mL of standard sodium bicarbonate was used for conducting all the tests. Methanolic extract of leaves shows very poor antacid properties. Using methanol instead of ethanol or aqueous extraction can be a reason for not showing proper result. However, a comparative study between methanolic and ethanolic extracts can be done in future to evaluate better results. Moreover, an anti-ulcer test can also be done from the leaf extracts.
Influential Factors On Prescription: a Cross Sectional Study From Bangladesh: Focus On Pharmaceutical Marketing
(Researchgate, 2016-12) Biswas, Kushal; Islam, Md. Ariful; Azad, A. K.; Jahan, Ishrat
A physician’s decision to adopt a drug is influenced by their exposure to other physicians’ attitude, knowledge, or behavior. Quality of drug, efficacy of drug, pricing, status of the pharmaceutical company etc. more or less influence the physician to choose medication for patients. Pharmaceutical marketing is strongstrategy to impact on prescription behavior. Because it is quite different from general marketing as the decision makers are the physicians not the patients, thus maximum marketing strategies are designed on focusing to them. This study explores the influence of pharmaceutical marketing on the prescription practices of physicians in Bangladesh. A self-administered questionnaire was applied to collect data from 500 physicians all over the country. The main theme of the study is to develop a framework to find out the impact of different kinds of promotional tools offered by pharmaceutical companies on the prescription of physicians. In this study it was found that prescription behavior of a physician greatly influenced by pharmaceutical marketing. Skillful presentation, up to date information, maintaining good relation and free gift sample can boost up the brand in physicians prescription. The reflection and feedback of this research work is a complete picture of present Bangladesh. Full Text Link: http://doi.org/10.20530/IJPRI_9_17-22
LRFMVD : a customer segmentation model
(BRAC University, 2023-05) Sagor, Kawsar Mahmud; Sadhin, Masrur Arefin; Jahan, Ishrat; Prottay, Rezwanul Karim; Zaman, Shakila; Noor, Jannatun
Customer segmentation is a big part of the superstore industry. Traditionally, the RFM model has been used to segment customers to maximize profit. This work proposes a new customer segmentation named LRFMVD based on RFM and LRFMV models in hopes of providing a more sure-fire way of segmenting customers. The k-means clustering method will be used for the proposed model. The clusters created by K-means are then analyzed using the LRFMVD model to find a correlation between profit and volume. Many works have been done previously on customer segmentation for maximizing profit, but none of those were able to show a straightforward representation of profit, volume, and discounts on products. Unsupervised learning was used to investigate the correlations between volume, discount, and profit. Customers are then segmented using the Customer Classification Matrix, which looks at the properties of all clusters. The L, R, F, M, VD parameters’ values are compared to the cluster mean values, and based on whether these values are higher or lower than the average, customers are segmented. Comparisons among the three models reveal that the latter provides more profit per head than the other two, and is able to identify customers who cause superstores to lose money or make a loss.
Luminous measurement of LED lights in cost effective way
(BRAC University, 2014-08) Halim, Abdul; Billah, Abdul Shakib; Jahan, Ishrat; Azad, A.K.M. Abdul Malek
This paper targets economic and sustainable methods of lumen testing of LED lights. Its resurgence being in a developing nation, like Bangladesh, it is necessary that such an expensive method, around the world, be brought down to reasonable circumstance. We initially acknowledge and elaborate the varying methods that are already present. Furthermore, we discuss the methods of our experiments and their results using varying techniques to strengthen our initial hypothesis, which focuses on lumen testing affordability.
Obstacles to womens’ participation in the politics of Bangladesh
(University of Dhaka, 2016-01-19) Jahan, Ishrat
There is emergent recognition that constant peace and national cornucopia can only be achieved when institutions are democratic and representative of all groups of society. Hence, a truly democratic and representative government cannot be established without women’s participation in the political processes. In a democracy, women should enjoy equal rights of political participation and exercise their rights fully. By ensuring men and women empowerment holistically, effective democratic society could be established and political empowerment is the main prerequisite of women empowerment. Women political participation, leadership and fundamental contribution to society mainly relied upon establishment of accessibility to political party’s constitution, manifesto, and state policy structure and to establish equal participation in every sphere of society. Though, women highest leadership to state power in Bangladesh has got enormous appraisal around the world, but in reality in Bangladesh women generally remain in parliament, local government body and entire political domain insignificant. Women highest position in state along with opposition does not denote gender sensitive political system, then it as form of family inheritance endeavor to patriarchal link of father, husband or brother. In this study, majority of respondent expressed their perception on party system of Bangladesh is not women friendly. However, moderate percent of respondent prefers current level of women participation in politics as fairly satisfactory where few respondents staying on lowers satisfactory. In Bangladesh, participation of women in parliament have ensured by constitutional obligation and in local government body by legal obligation but this commitment of quota system does not ensure spontaneity of women participation in the whole from local to policy level. Patriarchal societal system, religious value and culture of society rather act as obstacle to women participation in politics. This study reveals in this context, majority of respondent prefer social cultural factor as main obstacle. On the other hand, women dual role, religion base politics, prohibition of women leadership in Islam, absent of women friendly electoral system as well as present negative women psychology of political culture also work as obstacle. According to findings, it has seen that respondent acknowledge politics as dirty influencing women disagrees to join politics and dislike politics as career. Besides that, present environment of politics has been accounted to women as violence against women. Patriarchy system of society influenced social cultural environment in society and polity designed to political party’s principles and programme as men dominant and this mainly influenced women negative psychology to politics. Women cannot play role on decision making into their environment and scope due to being outsider of this patriarchal power domain. Furthermore, generally women are being victim of traditional value as to be men dominant. To influence women political participation in this type of socio economic and political circumstance, quota system could be effective for shorter period of time but as longer effectiveness more conducive programme need to ensure women real political participant. To this aim, increasing women contribution in mainstream party politics and participation in policy structure of political parties, enhancing more women nomination to general seat, controlling muscle power and black money and creating women friendly electoral environment are necessary on this context. Above all, empowering women as socially and economically alongside changing attitude of men toward women and a cross-cutting strategy towards gender equality in all political decisions, in institutional structures and in the allocation of resources could acquire this equal participation to democratic development.
Obstacles to womens’ participation in the politics of Bangladesh
(University of Dhaka, 2016-01-19) Jahan, Ishrat
There is emergent recognition that constant peace and national cornucopia can only be achieved when institutions are democratic and representative of all groups of society. Hence, a truly democratic and representative government cannot be established without women’s participation in the political processes. In a democracy, women should enjoy equal rights of political participation and exercise their rights fully. By ensuring men and women empowerment holistically, effective democratic society could be established and political empowerment is the main prerequisite of women empowerment. Women political participation, leadership and fundamental contribution to society mainly relied upon establishment of accessibility to political party’s constitution, manifesto, and state policy structure and to establish equal participation in every sphere of society. Though, women highest leadership to state power in Bangladesh has got enormous appraisal around the world, but in reality in Bangladesh women generally remain in parliament, local government body and entire political domain insignificant. Women highest position in state along with opposition does not denote gender sensitive political system, then it as form of family inheritance endeavor to patriarchal link of father, husband or brother. In this study, majority of respondent expressed their perception on party system of Bangladesh is not women friendly. However, moderate percent of respondent prefers current level of women participation in politics as fairly satisfactory where few respondents staying on lowers satisfactory. In Bangladesh, participation of women in parliament have ensured by constitutional obligation and in local government body by legal obligation but this commitment of quota system does not ensure spontaneity of women participation in the whole from local to policy level. Patriarchal societal system, religious value and culture of society rather act as obstacle to women participation in politics. This study reveals in this context, majority of respondent prefer social cultural factor as main obstacle. On the other hand, women dual role, religion base politics, prohibition of women leadership in Islam, absent of women friendly electoral system as well as present negative women psychology of political culture also work as obstacle. According to findings, it has seen that respondent acknowledge politics as dirty influencing women disagrees to join politics and dislike politics as career. Besides that, present environment of politics has been accounted to women as violence against women. Patriarchy system of society influenced social cultural environment in society and polity designed to political party’s principles and programme as men dominant and this mainly influenced women negative psychology to politics. Women cannot play role on decision making into their environment and scope due to being outsider of this patriarchal power domain. Furthermore, generally women are being victim of traditional value as to be men dominant. To influence women political participation in this type of socio economic and political circumstance, quota system could be effective for shorter period of time but as longer effectiveness more conducive programme need to ensure women real political participant. To this aim, increasing women contribution in mainstream party politics and participation in policy structure of political parties, enhancing more women nomination to general seat, controlling muscle power and black money and creating women friendly electoral environment are necessary on this context. Above all, empowering women as socially and economically alongside changing attitude of men toward women and a cross-cutting strategy towards gender equality in all political decisions, in institutional structures and in the allocation of resources could acquire this equal participation to democratic development.
Online Class Observation and Conduction in English During the Outbreak of COVID-19
(Daffodil International University, 2020-12-21) Jahan, Ishrat
This paper determines to depict the present scenario of Online Class Observation and Conduction in English at Daffodil International University during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research has been designed based on the online internship to complete the requirements of a course titled “Project Paper (ENG-334)” offered by the Department of English, Daffodil International University. In my university, I always attend many seminars like STS (student teaching students), ELT, etc., and I learn by these seminars from my seniors and teachers, how to take a class and from the course of my department's presentation skill’. I complete this intern from the experience of conducting the classes of mine. Those seminars teach me to be connected with students and entertain them, using homer and attract them to learn the topic interestingly. In my conducting class, I know that students are not comfortable when the facilitators speak in English. Though the student was from the department of English. So, I took my conduct class in Bangla so that they can accept me easily and they can learn their topic. There are many methods of teaching English. The intern applied various methods and followed several steps such as class observation, filling up the checklist provided by the supervisor during the observation, class conduction, and evaluation online to reach out the objectives. After scrutinizing all the strengths and weaknesses of my intern I’ve given some suggestions and I’ve adopted some suggestions myself some techniques myself which can also help other teachers.
PERFORMANCE OF A CPDM-QPSK COHERENT HOMODYNE OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM DUE TO CROSS POLARIZATION EFFECTS
(DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING, 2017-12) Bin Ali, Major Fuad; Choyon, A.K.M. Sharoar Jahan; Jahan, Ishrat
An analytical development on a Circular Polarization Division Multiplexing (CPDM) Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) based optical transmission system with coherent homodyne detection is carried out in order to maximize the spectral efficiency of Fiber Optic transceivers by assessing the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of the system considering the crosstalk induced by cross-polarization (XPol). Considering Maxwell- Boltzman distribution for the probability distribution function (pdf) of the misalignment angle, the average BER is derived. This analysis is extended to find the BER and Signal to Crosstalk plus Noise Ratio (SCNR) considering the power penalty due to different mean misalignment angle. Results show that the system suffers significant deterioration in BER performance and power penalty due to XPol-induced crosstalk. Penalty in signal power is found to be 6.43, 16.78, 31.99 and 76.99 dB for mean misalignment angle of 20, 30, 40 and 60 degree respectively. CPDM inherently operates QPSK to increase the bit rate within the same spectral width of the transmitter. So, the outcome of this research can be an effective candidate to upgrade the design of the existing optical polarization diversity PDM coherent transmission systems.