Browsing by Author "Islam, S. M. Shahinul"

Now showing 1 - 9 of 9

Distribution, Adaptation and Cytotype Diversity of Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers. In Different Bio-Ecological Zones of Bangladesh
(University of Rajshahi, 2021-07) Nitu, Saika Kabir; Islam, S. M. Shahinul; Tarique, Md. Hasan
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. is a typical warm season turfgrass belongs to the family Poaceae and this grass species is widely adapted to various environments of tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world (Zheng et al. 2017). It spreads by scaly rhizomes and flat stolons. This plant species is a C4 grass species, which has been included in the Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall 2012). It has also been listed as one of the most serious agricultural and environmental weeds in the world (Holm et al. 1977). This grass species has different vernacular names. In Bengali, it is known as Durba, Dub, Dubla, Doorva, Neel Doorva (Asthana et al. 2012). In English it is termed as Couch grass, Bahama grass, Bermuda grass, Dun grass, Doab grass etc. mentioned common name for all the East African rhizomatous species of Cynodon as Bermuda grass Harlan (1970) and Burton and Hanna (1985). However, Harlan and de Wet (1969) mentioned that Cynodon dactylon has become a ubiquitous cosmopolitan weed.
Enhancement of Abiotic Stress Tolerance Through Somatic and Gametic Embryogenesis in Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.)
(University of Rajshahi, 2019) Hassan, Mirza Fida; Islam, S. M. Shahinul
The present work has been carried out to improve wheat through somatic and gametic embryogenesis using biotechnological approaches. To evaluate the effect of starvation in combination with NaCl in three wheat varieties viz. Akbar, Balaka and Kheri were considered and the evaluation procedures were done on the basis of callus viability, relative growth rate, tolerance index, relative water content, necrosis and regeneration. Here calli were pre-treated by different concentrations of NaCl and among the tested genotypes Kheri showed best (4.67%) performance on callus viability were higher. concentration of NaCl (3.25g/l) was used. The maximum values of RGR, TI and RWC were recorded in Kheri. To evaluate the effect of starvation four weeks old calli were taken and pre-treated them by different durations of starvation (0, 12h, 24h, 36h, 48h and 60h). Calli derived mature seeds of Kheri showed best performance on regeneration (21.33%) that incubated at 36 h starvation for four weeks and then cultured them in medium that contained with higher concentration of NaCl (3.25 g/1). From this finding it may be concluded that Balaka is salt sensitive genotype, whereas Kheri showed salt tolerant in nature based on their survival characteristic than Akbar……………….
Evaluation of Serum Prostate Specific Antigen Levels to Differentiate Prostate Cancer from Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
(University of Rajshahi, 2024) Islam, Md. Azizul; Islam, S. M. Shahinul; Haque, Md. Jawadul; Hossain, Md. Mokter
The prostate gland is the male secondary sexual organ most commonly affected by benign or malignant neoplasm. Prostate cancer (Ca-P) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men and is now the third commonest cause of cancer death in western countries. The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of serum prostate-specific antigen levels in differentiating prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia. This study was carried out with 288 patients-benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) = 192 and carcinoma prostate-96) and the study population included the male patients above 50 years of age, who attended at the Department of Urology, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital (RMCH), Rajshahi, and different private clinics in Rajshahi City complaining irritative or obstructive lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suspected as clinically prostate cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostatic carcinoma was observed to be significantly higher from 80 years onwards, while BPH was common between 60 - 80 years (p = 0.00001). Data shows the validity or accuracy of the free/total ratio of serum PSA as a diagnostic test in differentiating prostatic carcinoma from BPH in patients with total PSA PSA levels between 4-10 ng/ml. The percentage of false positives was significantly higher when total PSA ratio was used to diagnose the disease compared to when free to total PSA ratio was used as a diagnostic tool (p<0.000001). The overall accuracy of total PSA was also significantly lower (61.45%) than that of free/total PSA (91.67%) (p<0.011526). Another study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of prostatic carcinoma is the outcome of several factors including improved awareness the general population of the significance of carcinoma of the prostate and progresses in diagnostic approaches. The PSA is a probable prostate cancer tumour marker, although it cannot distinguish prostate cancer from BPH solely. To assess the usefulness of ree, total, and free/total PSA ratios in differentiating BPH and prostate cancer has been studied under this research work. Here, 350 patients with symptoms of the lower urinary tract, such as frequent urination, urgency, reluctance, poor flow, incontinence and nocturia, excessively big or nodular prostate detected by digital rectal examination suspected for BPH or prostate cancer were studied in men aged 50 and older. Prostatic cancer was more prevalent in men aged 70-80, whereas BPH was more common in men aged 60-70 (p = 0.00032). Histopathology revealed 95 prostate cancer patients, 82 with PSA >4 ng/ml and 85 patients had f/t PSA ratio>0.16. BPH was found in 255 individuals. 139 BPH patients had total PSA >4 ng/ml and 245 BPH patients had f/t PSA ratio ≤0.16. Total PSA had sensitivity and specificity of 86.32% and 45.49%, respectively, lower than f/t ratio. The (positive predictive value) PPV and accuracy was significantly higher in f/t ratio than total PSA.
Improvement of Abiotic Stress Tolerant Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Through Biotechnological Techniques
(University of Rajshahi, 2016) Siddique, Md. Abu Baker; Islam, S. M. Shahinul
The present study was conducted to improve rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars considering the features related to tolerance in abiotic stresses, through biotechnological approaches. Seventeen Bangladeshi indica rice varieties were tested to evaluate the efficiency on somatic embryogenesis (SE), organogenesis, relative growth rate (RGR), tolerance index (TI), relative water content (RWC), test of viability of calli in salt stress, effect of partial air desiccation to enhance regeneration. Under this study regeneration has been enhanced by applying desiccation as stress pre-treatment factors. To develop transgenic plants tolerance to major abiotic stress (salt) Agro bacterium-mediated genetic transformation has been conducted. For SE, callus induction (CI) and its subsequent regeneration were done to screen a suitable rice cultivar. For this purpose, effects of fifteen different concentration and combination (T1-T15) of plant growth regulators (PGRs) singly and/ or combined were tested for CI. Out of seventeen varieties, BRRI dhan29 performed the highest number of CI (78.67%) in T5 (MS + 2.5 mg/l 2,4-D) and the lowest was for both BR11 and BRRI dhan27 (33.33%) in T1 (MS + 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D). Effects of four basal media i.e. MS, N6, LS and SK1 were examined to CI where maximum callusing was recorded for BRRI dhan29 (77.33%) in MS; while the lowest was in SK1 for BR23 (36.00%). Fifteen types of PGRs (H1-H15) individually and/ or combined were examined for regeneration; the maximum performance was found for BRRI dhan29 (70.67%) when 3 weeks old calli were transferred to MS that supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BAP + 1.0 mg/l Kin + 1.0 NAA (H11); and BRRI dhan32 (22.67%) gave the lowest plant regeneration in H15 (MS + 4.0 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l Kin + 0.5 mg/l NAA). Considering 2.0 mg/l BAP + 1.0 mg/l Kin + 1.0 NAA (H11) as constant, highest plant regeneration was recorded for BRRI dhan29 (69.33%) in MS, out of four basal media (MS, N6, LS and SK1) tested; and lowest in LS for BR10 (24.00%). To observe the viability of calli in salt stress, four concentrations of NaCl (50, 100, 150 and 200 mM) were tested. The varieties BRRI dhan47, BR10 and BRRI dhan32 gave 53.33, 14.67 and 2.67% viable calli after one week cultured in 200 mM NaCl levels respectively. When the calli of BRRI dhan32 were cultured for 4 weeks no calli were viable; while in case of BRRI dhan47 45.33% calli were alive at 200 mM salt level. Three weeks old calli were cultured in 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl levels also for 3 weeks; and RGR (relative growth rate), TI (tolerance index) and RWC (relative water content) were determined. The recorded RGRs were 1.03, 0.23 and 0.11 at 200 mM for BRRI dhan47, BR10 and BRRI dhan32; while in control condition (without salt) RGRs were 5.12, 4.02 and 4.61 respectively. BRRI dhan47 carried the highest ability to grow in salt stress showing TI of 0.20 in 200 mM salt level. Comparatively lower TI values were recorded for BR10 (0.06) and BRRI dhan32 (0.02). The WRC were BRRI dhan47 (10.23%), BR10 (7.22%) and BRRI dhan32 (7.03%) in 200 mM salt. The growth pattern of BRRI dhan47 was determined in 0, 50, 150 and 200 mM salt stress. In this case RGR was increased up to two weeks at all NaCl levels. While after 2 weeks RGR was restricted at 100, 150 and 200 mM stress levels. In 50 mM, RGRs were gradually increased up to 4 weeks. Applying air desiccation pretreatment (15, 30, 45 and 60 hrs) to the calli of four age groups (3, 4, 5 and 6 w), around 2 folds enhanced regeneration was gained for BRRI dhan32 when the calli age of 4 weeks was desiccated by 45 hrs. Desiccated calli at optimal level (45 hrs) gave enhanced plant regeneration in salt stress. In this case, BRRI dhan47 gave 1.98 folds higher regeneration (26.98%) than undedicated (control) calli (14.29%) at 200 mM NaCl. In the same stress level (200 mM), BR10 and BRRI dhan32 could not be regenerated from undedicated calli; whereas, after desiccation pretreatment they were been capable to regenerate plants with frequency of 11.11% and 4.76%, respectively. The experiments on organogenesis were done for investigating regeneration efficiency of nine explants viz. mature seeds (zygotic embryos, ZE), radicle, adventitious root (AT), adventitious root tips (ART), mesocotyl nodal segments (MNOS), mesocotyl internodal segments (MINS), coleoptiles, primary leaf (PL) and secondary leaf (SL) of BRRI dhan29. The highest callusing was found in ZE (70.63%) and lowest in coleoptile (12.50%) in MS + 2.5 mg/l 2, 4-D + 1.0 mg/l kin + 300 mg/l L-proline + 400 mg/l. It was observed that maximum primary calli of ZE couldn’t be proliferated for producing secondary callus, while almost all the primary calli of MNOS and MINS were proliferated and produced secondary callus. The calli of four age groups (3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks) induced from different explants were separately transferred to regeneration medium (MS + 2.0 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l NAA + 1.0 mg/l Kin) for plant regeneration. Among nine explants, 6 weeks old calli of MNOS gave the highest regeneration (90.63%), and lowest in AR (32.50%) for 3 weeks old calli. ZE gave maximum 55.00% regeneration by 4 weeks old calli which was lower than MNOS (90.63%), MINS (89.06%), PL (75.00%), SL (72.92%) and coleoptile (71.88%). Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was conducted using BRRI dhan29 by targeted gene of PDH47 (pea DNA helicase 47). The co-cultured calli derived from ZE and MNOS produced 23.33 and 18.33% putatively transgenic plants respectively after infection of Agro bacterium tumefaciens strain of LBA4404. Out of eleven putatively transgenic plants, four showed PCR positive which obtained from ZE derived calli, analyzed through genomic DNA isolation. Further studied have been done and all four showed positive results that confirmed gene integration by southern hybridization analysis. It was observed that the potentiality of explants to regenerate transgenic plants were varied 6.67% for ZE and 3.33% for MNOS. In the experiment of leaf disk senescence (LDS), the transgenics were able to hold chlorophyll contents in their mesophyll tissues and remaining healthy with green in color.
Improvement of Androgenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis Using Physical and Chemical Pretreatment Factors in Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.)
(University of Rajshahi, 2015) Haque, Md. Mozidul; Islam, S. M. Shahinul
In vitro androgenesis and somatic embryogenesis are an essential tools for advance biotechnological research for barley and other crops improvement. To evaluate the growth and yield contributing characters six BARI barley and eight European genotypes were considered for this study. The major goals of this study was to screen a suitable genotype; optimization of media, plant growth regulators (PGRs), to evaluate the effect of salt and heat pretreatment factors on regeneration; various concentrations of copper sulphate and cobalt chloride added in medium to improve somatic embryogenesis. Various carbon sources were also evaluated with MS and other medium and standardized silver nitrate and amino acids concentration. Callus age and sizes were considered for their effects on plant regeneration. Different physical pretreatment factors such as cold and drought stresses also applied directly to the targeted explants (anthers, spikes) to improve anther culture responses of barley in Bangladesh. To assess the performance of the genotypes, variability and influence of sowing times on yield and yield contributing characters, six local and eight European barley genotypes were considered. Among the studied genotypes BB-5 showed earliest booting (59 days) and the maturity was found after 101 days from the date of sowing. Most yield contributing traits were found in Hor-9465, BB-5, Hor-291, Hor-9580 and BB-6 promising with good yield compared to other studied genotypes. Six barley genotypes were tested and among them four (BB-6, BB-3, BB-1 and BB-2) showed significant results on callus induced and regeneration. Twelve different combinations of MS medium (CIM1 – CIM12) used for primary callus induction. It was observed that CIM8 (4.0 mg/l 2,4-D, 200 mg/l L-proline and 300 mg/l casein) showed better performance on callus induction (38.17%) in BB-6. Nine different concentrations of plant growth regulators were used in MS medium and among them RM7 (MS + 1.5 mg/l BAP + 30 g/l sucrose) showed better performance on plant regeneration in BB-6 (9.26%). Another attempt was taken about heat pretreatment factor along with various concentration of NaCl. For this experiment, mature embryos were used that derived from three barley genotypes (BARI barley-3, BARI barley-6 and BHL-18). In this case BB-6 showed highest viability on callus (14.72%) induction and regeneration (7.69%) with high concentrations of NaCl (6.5 g/l). With high amount of NaCl (6.5 g/l) BB-6 exhibited maximum relative growth rate (0.91) and tolerance index (0.42) among the three studied genotypes. The result revealed that calli of BHL-18 performed highest desiccation (59.70%) when it was incubated at 40℃ and BB-6 gave the best regeneration (41.66%) when the calli incubated at 35℃ temperature. To evaluate the effect of copper sulphate and cobalt chloride in medium, mature embryos of BARI barley-3 and BARI barley-6 were considered. The concentration of both chemicals at 2.5 to 7.5 mg/l was suitable for callus induction. In the case of plant regeneration T10 showed maximum plant regeneration (53.25%) in BARI barley-6 that was around 3 fold higher in comparison with control. For another experiment seeds of BARI barley-6 were pretreated with different concentrations of 2,4-D and various durations prior to culture. The highest frequency of callus induction (71.38%) was recorded with 3.5 mg/l 2,4-D that pretreated up to 4 days. To optimize a suitable carbon sources for callus induction various amount of sucrose, maltose and D-sorbitol were used either single or in combination with three media. The maximum percentage of primary callus (89.16%) was recorded in MS medium that supplemented with 60 g/l D-sorbitol (T6). For another experiment various concentrations of PGRs were evaluated and the maximum embryogenic calli (70.0%) obtained when 2,4-D (2.0 mg/l) + BAP (0.5 mg/l) were used. Highest plant regeneration (47.40%) was recorded when the MS medium was supplemented with 0.5 mg/l NAA + 1.0 mg/l BAP. For rooting GM showed better performance in addition with 1.0 mg/l IAA. In Exp. 6 (section 4.5) an efficient protocol has been established for callus induction and regeneration. In this case AgNO3 and two different types of amino acids were used in addition to the medium. As explants immature embryos were used that derived from three genotypes viz. BB‐1, BB‐3 and BB‐6. Here five doses of AgNO3 either single or in combination were used along with two amino acids (L-proline, L‐glutamine). The maximum callus were recorded for BB‐6 (49.20%) and BB‐3 (32.66%) when 2.0 mg/l AgNO3 and 200 mg/l L‐glutamine were added. Plant regeneration (37.20%) remarkably increased on MS medium that supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BAP + 1.5 mg/l AgNO3 + 150 mg/l L‐glutamine in BB‐6. Other attempts (Exp. 7; section. 4.6) have been done using callus size, age and their fresh weight to improve regeneration using mature embryos that derived from immature embryos (milky phases of seeds) in BB-6. It was observed that callusing and plant regeneration was better when 1.6-2.0 mm size of embryos, 4-6 weeks old calli and 151-200 mg weight were used. To identify a suitable androgenetic genotype two BARI barley cultivars (BB-3 and BB-6) were used for anther culture. Under this study cold pretreatment for 8-12 days showed better performance on embryos formation in FHG medium. The highest level of embryoids (14.6%) was found at 10 days cold pretreatment and finally produced 13.8% plantlets and 10.72% green plants in BB-6. MSR medium showed better results on green plant regeneration. Another attempt was done for drought stress pretreatment factors that applied to the excised anthers of BB-3 and BB-6 (Expt. 9; section 5.2). It was observed that drought stress for 150 min (T5) showed highest percentage of embryoids (26.50%) and green plants (13.58%) in BB-6. For all cases the number of androgenic embryos and regenerated green plants increased in liquid induction (FHG) medium. From these experimental findings it might be concluded that the cold and drought stress pretreatment factors enhanced anther culture responses. The protocol established under this study might be helpful for future advance level of biotechnological research for barley and other cereal crops in Bangladesh.
Rapid Development of in Vitro Germination, Micropropagation and Antimicrobial Activities of Indigenous Orchid Species in Bangladesh
(University of Rajshahi, 2015) Bhattacharjee, Bakul; Islam, S. M. Shahinul
In vitro micropropagation, hybridization and cryopreservation techniques are essential tools for orchid development. Considering the importance of rapid and mass propagation and medicinal value of indigenous orchids in Bangladesh this research programme has been under taken with a major view to develop a reproducible micropropagation technique, to estimate antimicrobial activity and to analyze of bioactive compounds of indigenous orchids. For this research five different orchid species were selected. It was observed that immature capsule showed better performance for germination (100%) and development of PLBs (90%). The highest number (90%) and weight of PLBs (5.53g), best plant regeneration (16.50) and shoot length (3.25 cm) were recorded when the medium supplemented with BAP (1.0 mgl-1) and NAA (1.5 mgl-1). On the other hand, somatic embryos were induced from leaf and shoot that cultured on MS medium supplemented with BAP, NAA and kinetin. Among them BAP (0.5 mgl-1) and kinetin (1.0 mgl-1) showed better performance on somatic embryogenesis. Germination and regeneration efficiency of somatic embryos were recorded as highest 60.83% in ½MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mgl-1 BAP. Maximum number of multiple shoots (10.8 ± 0.22) was recorded in MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mgl-1 BAP and 1.0 mgl-1 NAA. So far as we know there is no report regarding the plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis from leaf and stem explants of V. tessellata. In case of multiple shoot induction and subsequent development, twenty different plant growth regulators (PGRs) were tested. It was revealed that the combination of 1.0 mgl-1 NAA and 1.0 mgl-1 BAP was proved to be the best combination for multiple shoot development and elongation. Another experiment were conducted using different PGRs were applied for in vitro development of protocorms, regeneration and mass multiplication derived from immature seeds of Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume. The maximum percentage of seed germination (72.60%) was recorded after 7-8 weeks of culture initiation. The highest numbers of secondary PLBs (16.0) were obtained from each of primary protocorms in MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mgl-1 BAP and 1.0 mgl-1 NAA. On the other hand, the somatic embryo induction was highest in leaf (75%) and root (50.2%) when 1.0 mgl-1 BAP + 1.5 mgl-1 kinetin was used. Another investigation for in vitro germination and enhancing PLBs development were carried out in three indigenous orchids. Under this study three basal media were tested and among them PM was found to be the best because of the highest rate of seed germination (98.20%), PLBs development and plant formation. The MS with 1.0 mgl-1 BAP and 0.1 mgl-1 picloram was the most efficient medium for seedling growth of A. premorsa and A. khasianum. But in the case of P. cornorerris the best seedling growth was observed using medium supplemented with 0.5 mgl-1 BAP and 0.1 mgl-1 NAA. In case of antimicrobial activity and photochemical screening the whole plant extracts of Vanda tessellata and Rhynchostylis retusa were studied. The various solvent extracts such as chloroform, methanol, ethanol and hexane of this orchid were considered for in vitro antimicrobial activity against five clinical pathogenic bacteria and three fungi by disc diffusion method. A preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed for the detection of alkaloid, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, steroids and glycosides etc. The antibacterial activity against all bacteria with the zone of inhibition ranging from 5 ‐ 15 mm were observed and found that highest inhibition zone (14 - 15 mm) with the concentration of 10.0 mgl-1 of chloroform extract. Chloroform extract showed significant antifungal activity against Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp. and Aspergillus niger with the highest zone (16‐17 mm) of inhibition. In R. retusa, the antibacterial activity against all bacteria with the zone of inhibition ranging from 5 ‐ 12 mm were observed and found that highest inhibition zone (10 - 12 mm) with the concentration of 10.0 mgl-1 of chloroform extract. Chloroform extract also showed significant antifungal activity against Penicillium, Rhizopus and Aspergillus niger with the highest zone (12‐15 mm) of inhibition. Another attempt of this study was taken to enhance anther culture response of Vanda tessellata by applying physical and chemical pre-treatment factors including with different media. It was observed that 3 days cold pretreatment at 4°C and ½MS medium slightly modified by adding CuSO4.5H2O (2.2 mgl-1) with BAP (10 mgl-1), NAA (1.5 mgl-1), peptone (2.0 mgl-1) and 3% sucrose as carbon sources was the best medium for callus induction. From the experimental findings it might be concluded that the cold pretreatment, different media composition and carbon sources and their interaction clearly influence the anther culture ability of V. tessellata and this protocol will be helpful to commercial growers for mass multiplication of orchids.
Somatic and Gametic Embryogenesis to Improve Chilli Pepper (Capsicum Annum L.)
(University of Rajshahi, 2020) Mondal, Tushar Kanti; Islam, S. M. Shahinul
Under this study, three experiments were conducted on somatic embryogenesis (SE), i.e., (i) in vitro improvement of calluses and its subsequent regeneration, (ii) direct organogenesis from different explants, and (iii) effect of PGRs and AgNO3 on callus induction and regeneration of chilli cultivars in Bangladesh. Another two experiments were done on gametic embryogenesis (GE), i.e., (i) embryoids induction and plant regeneration via anther culture, and (ii) effects of cold stress pre-treatment factors on another culture responses in chilli cultivars. Six chilli cultivars of Bangladesh (three local e.g Boltu, Bullet and Halda and three hybrids e.g., Kulali, California wonder and yellow wonder) were taken for in vitro improvement and its subsequent regeneration. Among the studied genotypes Bullet showed highest percentage (97.10%) for seed germination in in vitro culture whereas in the field condition the Bullet showed 67.20% germination. The variety yellow wonder showed best performance on callus induction (98.60%) followed by Boltu (97.80%) and Bullet (96.20%) with 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D + 2.0 mg/l kin. For regeneration, Bullet produced the highest regenerated plantlets (71.40%) from cotyledonary explants which cultured on MS medium in addition with 0.50 mg/l kinetin. The highest number (76.40%) of shoot elongation was observed for yellow wonder from cotyledonary explants followed by Kulali (71.60%) and California wonder (70.80%). Among the tested PGRs combination kinetin (0.5 mg/l) and GA3 (1.0 mg/l) showed better results on shoot elongation (76.40%). Highest rooting was observed in Halda (98%) and Boltu (98%) which cultured on MS medium supplemented with IAA (0.5 mg/l) and kinetin (0.1 mg/l). In the present study, simple and suitable protocols on callus induction of the selected chilli genotypes were established for somatic embryogenesis…………………………
Statistical Modeling for Genome Wide Association Studies
(University of Rajshahi, 2020) Alam, Md. Jahangir; Mollah, Md. Nurul Haque; Hossain, Md. Ripter; Islam, S. M. Shahinul
Genomics is the study of the whole genome of any living organism along with its environment and it incorporates different elements from genetics (a branch of biology that generally deals with the heredity). Genomics uses “DNA sequencing methods” to generate sequences of genomes using recombinant DNA, and it utilizes Bioinformatics to assemble the sequences of whole genomes and analyze the structure and function of genomes. It differs from 'classical genetics' in that it considers an organism’s full complement of hereditary material, rather than one gene or one gene product at a time. Moreover, genomics focuses on interactions between loci and allele within the genome and other interactions such as epistasis, pleiotropy and heterosis (Figure 1.1). The availability of complete DNA sequences for entire organisms is made easy by the Genomics. Genomics was made possible by both the pioneering work of Fred Sanger and the more recent next-generation sequencing technology. Fred Sanger's group established techniques of sequencing, genome mapping, data storage, and bioinformatics analyses in the 1970s and 1980s. This work paved the way for the human genome project in the 1990s (Bentley et al., 2008) an enormous feat of global collaboration that culminated in the publication of the complete human genome sequence in 2003. Nowadays, next-generation sequence technologies have led to remarkable improvements in the speed, capacity and affordability of genome sequencing. Moreover, advances in bioinformatics have enabled hundreds of life- science databases and projects that provide support for scientific research. Information stored and organized in these databases can easily be searched, compared and analyzed………….
Sustainable Improvement of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Yield Through Soil Amendments with Probiotic and Organic Manures
(University of Rajshahi, 2021-05) Hossain, Md. Anwar; Islam, S. M. Shahinul; Hasan, Md. Mahmodol
The present research work was conducted at Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory and the experimental field under Institute of Biological Sciences (IBSc), Rajshahi University and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Agricultural Extension, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh during the period from July 2016 to June 2019 to study the sustainable improvement of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield through soil amendments with probiotic and organic manures. The treatments used in the research consisted of two factors i.e. factor-A (wheat varieties) viz. BARI wheat-28 (V1), BARI wheat-29 (V2), BARI wheat-30 (V3) and factor-B (soil amendments) viz. Rice straw + vermicompost + green manure (T1), Cow dung + vermicompost + green manure (T2), Compost + vermicompost + green manure (T3), Poultry manure + vermicompost + green manure (T4), Trichoderma harzianum + vermicompost + green manure (T5), Mung bean residue + vermicompost + green manure (T6), Trichoderma viride + vermicompost + green manure (T7), Chemical fertilizer (T8) and Control (T0). Sesbania rostrata was produced as green manure crop in this study. The experiment was designed as randomized complete block design (RCBD) having three replications. Initially the soil was analyzed and mainly featured with loam textured, bulk densities 1.27 g/cc, particle densities 2.65 g/cc, pH 8.10 and organic matter 1.20%. After organic amendments the value in respect of bulk density, particle density and sand particles which were found to be decreased though porosity, moisture content and silt particles were increased. The chemical characters of soil like pH and carbon nitrogen ratio were noted as negative changes with probiotic and organic manures amendments. Furthermore, the organic matter content, total N, exchangeable K, available P, available S, available Zn and electrical conductivity were found to be improved during the three sequential years of the study. Seedling infection (14 days after sowing) and seedling blight (21 days after sowing) was examined and recorded significant reduction by the application of probiotic and organic manures. The probiotic fungi T. harzianum (T5) significantly reduced the seedling infection and seedling blight by 86% and 81% in comparison with control treatment. xiii Total dry matter content increased with increasing the age of the crop. The leaf area index and crop growth rate was lower at the early stage of crop growth and reached a maximum during 55 and 55-70 days after sowing and then declined. All the aforesaid growth parameters were improved by the application of probiotic and organic manures application and produced maximum value especially with poultry manure combination (T4) over control. Studied yield contributing characters including plant height, total plant/m2, total tiller/plant, effective tiller/plant, awn length, spike length, spikelet/spike, fertile spikelet/spike, grains/spike, deformed grains/spike, grain weight/spike and 1000-grain weight were influenced significantly due to application of organic amendments. As grain yield positively linked with the above mentioned yield contributing characters, thus grain yield was significantly enhanced with organic amendments. Besides this, the straw yield and harvest index was also recorded upturned with the similar amendments. Grain yield, straw yield and harvest index showed 73%, 27% and 22% greater response at the final research period under poultry manure combination (T4) over control. Seed quality parameters such as germination, vigor index and total soluble protein content significantly affected by different organic amendments. Among the treatments, poultry manure combination (T4) exhibited higher results in this regard, whereas lower value was recorded in control. However, with few exceptions, V3 (BARI Wheat-30) and T4 (Poultry manure + vermicompost + green manure) not only individually performed better results than others but also their interactivity (V3T4) exhibited better results under this study. In connection with the above findings, it can be recommended that the wheat growers to adopt the most efficient soil amendment option poultry manure + vermicompost + green manure (T4) to improve soil fertility and productivity by its positive changing ability and to enhance the growth, yield and grain quality of wheat in a sustainable manner.