Browsing by Author "Islam, Md. Anamul"

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Coherence in muscle activity of the biceps brachii at middle, proximal and distal tendon region among the arm wrestling contestants
(Allied Academics, 2013-02-06) Ahamed, Nizam Uddin; Sundaraj, Kenneth; Ahmad, R. Badlisha; Rahman, Matiur; Islam, Md. Anamul; Ali, Md. Asraf
The aim of this study was to analyze the electromyographic (EMG) activity of biceps brachii (BB) muscle under the same muscle contraction in three different locations. For this reason, arm wrestling contest was conducted to record the EMG signal from ten male subjects. Electrodes were placed on the three locations of upper arm BB; i.e. middle (belly) of BB (M), lower part (L) and upper part (U) of the BB belly. Average EMG (EMGAVG), root mean square (EMGRMS) and highest peak of the signal [EMGHigh(pk)] were calculated from the sum of EMG activity. The analysis of the effect of electrode placement location using ANOVA (analysis of variance) tests yielded a number of statistically significant differences. The results indicated, 1) majority of the EMG results confirmed the muscle activity was higher in the order of L, M and U, 2) among the 16 comparisons among the muscles (from winners and losers), there was main interaction found between the entire BB of winners and losers, also another 7 results displayed same interaction (p<0.05), but remaining 8 locations did not significant (p>0.05), 3) in the loser, the BB was forced to perform eccentric contraction as the forearm is being pronated and elbow was gradually being extended, on the other hand, contraction of the BB was concentric in the winner, and 4) winners (during concentric contraction) did not always produce highest EMG peak and some of the results (muscle activity) of loser’s (during eccentric contraction) revealed higher than the winners. The findings of the study contain a precious contribution to rehabilitation, biomedical and sports medicine by describing an experimental set up to measure muscle electrophysiology during physical activity in the case of arm activities.
Cross-Talk in Mechanomyographic Signals from the Forearm Muscles during Sub-Maximal to Maximal Isometric Grip Force
(PLOS ONE, 2014-05-06) Islam, Md. Anamul; Sundaraj, Kenneth; Ahmad, R. Badlishah; Sundaraj, Sebastian; Ahamed, Nizam Uddin; Ali, Md. Asraf
Purpose: This study aimed: i) to examine the relationship between the magnitude of cross-talk in mechanomyographic (MMG) signals generated by the extensor digitorum (ED), extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU), and flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) muscles with the sub-maximal to maximal isometric grip force, and with the anthropometric parameters of the forearm, and ii) to quantify the distribution of the cross-talk in the MMG signal to determine if it appears due to the signal component of intramuscular pressure waves produced by the muscle fibers geometrical changes or due to the limb tremor. Methods: Twenty, right-handed healthy men (mean 6 SD: age = 26.763.83 y; height = 174.4766.3 cm; mass = 72.79614.36 kg) performed isometric muscle actions in 20% increment from 20% to 100% of the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). During each muscle action, MMG signals generated by each muscle were detected using three separate accelerometers. The peak cross-correlations were used to quantify the cross-talk between two muscles. Results: The magnitude of cross-talk in the MMG signals among the muscle groups ranged from, R2 x, y = 2.45–62.28%. Linear regression analysis showed that the magnitude of cross-talk increased linearly (r2 = 0.857–0.90) with the levels of grip force for all the muscle groups. The amount of cross-talk showed weak positive and negative correlations (r2 = 0.016–0.216) with the circumference and length of the forearm respectively, between the muscles at 100% MVIC. The cross-talk values significantly differed among the MMG signals due to: limb tremor (MMGTF), slow firing motor unit fibers (MMGSF) and fast firing motor unit fibers (MMGFF) between the muscles at 100% MVIC (p,0.05, g2 = 0.47–0.80). Significance: The results of this study may be used to improve our understanding of the mechanics of the forearm muscles during different levels of the grip force. Full Text Link: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096628
Effects of anthropometric variables and electrode placement on the SEMG activity of the biceps brachii muscle during submaximal isometric contraction in arm wrestling
(De Gruyter, 2013-09-09) Ahamed, Nizam Uddin; Sundaraj, Kenneth; Ahmad, Badlishah; Rahman, Matiur; Ali, Md. Asraf; Islam, Md. Anamul
Surface electromyography (SEMG) has been widely used to analyze the biceps brachii (BB) muscle during voluntary contraction, and the effect of the interelectrode distance has been studied. However, the effect of anthropometric variations and the placement of electrodes on the BB activity during arm wrestling (i.e., during isometric contraction at a submaximal intensity) has seldom been investigated. In this study, the BB strength throughout this type of static contraction was evaluated. The SEMG signals were recorded from three locations on the BB: the muscle belly (M), near proximal (P), and distal tendon (L) regions. Twenty subjects who participated in the experiment were divided into five groups (A, B, C, D, and E). The average SEMG, root mean square, and variability of the signal were calculated using the coefficient of variance. The results indicated that the M region was more active and exhibited increased signal consistency (10.91%) compared with the other two regions (P: 24.47% and L: 19.13%). Significant differences were observed between the L and P regions and between the M and P regions (p<0.05); however, there were no differences between the M and L regions (p>0.05). The increase in the SEMG value in groups B and C was significant (p<0.05), whereas groups A, D, and E did not exhibit a significant increase (p>0.05). In addition, muscle size was the strongest predictor of strength compared with body weight and height. The results suggest that the M region displays considerable SEMG effects and signal reliability. Furthermore, the SEMG measurements were found to correlate strongly with the strength of the contractions and the muscle size, and not with weight and height. Full Text Link: https://doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2013-0005
EMG-force relationship during static contraction: Effects on sensor placement locations on biceps brachii muscle
(IOS Press, 2014-07-06) Ahamed, Nizam Uddin; Sundaraj, Kenneth; Alqahtani, Mahdi; Altwijri, Omar; Ali, Md. Asraf; Islam, Md. Anamul
BACKGROUND: The relationship between surface electromyography (EMG) and force have been the subject of ongoing investigations and remain a subject of controversy. Even under static conditions, the relationships at different sensor placement locations in the biceps brachii (BB) muscle are complex. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the activity and relationship between surface EMG and static force from the BB muscle in terms of three sensor placement locations. METHODS: Twenty-one right hand dominant male subjects (age 25.3 ± 1.2 years) participated in the study. Surface EMG signals were detected from the subject's right BB muscle. The muscle activation during force was determined as the root mean square (RMS) electromyographic signal normalized to the peak RMS EMG signal of isometric contraction for 10 s. The statistical analysis included linear regression to examine the relationship between EMG amplitude and force of contraction [40–100% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)], repeated measures ANOVA to assess differences among the sensor placement locations, and coefficient of variation (CoV) for muscle activity variation. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that when the sensor was placed on the muscle belly, the linear slope coefficient was significantly greater for EMG versus force testing (r^2= 0.62, P < 0.05) than when placed on the lower part (r^2= 0.31, P> 0.05) and upper part of the muscle belly (r^2= 0.29, P< 0.05). In addition, the EMG signal activity on the muscle belly had less variability than the upper and lower parts (8.55% vs. 15.12% and 12.86%, respectively). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate the importance of applying the surface EMG sensor at the appropriate locations that follow muscle fiber orientation of the BB muscle during static contraction. As a result, EMG signals of three different placements may help to understand the difference in the amplitude of the signals due to placement. Full Text Link: http://doi.org/10.3233/THC-140842
Evaluation of repetitive isometric contractions on the heads of triceps brachii muscle during grip force exercise
(IOS Press, 2014-05-02) Ali, Asraf; Sundaraj, Kenneth; Ahmad, R. Badlishah; Ahamed, Nizam Uddin; Islam, Md. Anamul; Sundaraj, Sebastian
OBJECTIVES: Normally, surface electromyography electrodes are used to evaluate the activity of superficial muscles during various kinds of voluntary contractions of muscle fiber. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of repetitive isometric contractions on the three heads of the triceps brachii muscle during handgrip force exercise. METHODS: Myoelectric signals were recorded from the lateral, long and medial heads of the triceps brachii muscle in 13 healthy males during maximal isometric contractions for 10 s of concurrent handgrip force and elbow extension. The subjects were asked to perform their contraction task five times with 3 minutes interval between two successive contractions. RESULTS: Decreasing electromyographic activities were found for the lateral and long heads, and increasing for the medial head throughout the 5 different contractions. Electromyographic activities were found for the lateral head with mean=199.84, SD=7.65, CV=3.83%, the long head with mean=456.76, SD=18.10, CV=3.96%, and the medial head with mean=505.16, SD=8.47, CV=1.68%. Electromyographic activities among the three heads of triceps brachii were significantly different (F=3.82) at the alpha level of (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings support that repetitive isometric contractions decrease the contractile activity in the lateral and long heads, and increases in the medial head of the triceps brachii muscle during handgrip force exercise with full elbow extension, and the electromyographic activity changes are observed to be more significant at the long head as compared to the lateral and medial heads. Full Text Link: http:doi.org/10.3233/THC-140833
Hybrid markerless tracking of complex articulated motion in golf swings
(Elsevier, 2013-06-05) Fung, Sim Kwoh; Sundaraj, Kenneth; Ahamed, Nizam Uddin; Kiang, Lam Chee; Nadarajah, Sivadev; Sahayadhas, Arun; Ali, Asraf; Islam, Md. Anamul; Palaniappan, Rajkumar
Sports video tracking is a research topic that has attained increasing attention due to its high commercial potential. A number of sports, including tennis, soccer, gymnastics, running, golf, badminton and cricket have been utilised to display the novel ideas in sports motion tracking. The main challenge associated with this research concerns the extraction of a highly complex articulated motion from a video scene. Our research focuses on the development of a markerless human motion tracking system that tracks the major body parts of an athlete straight from a sports broadcast video. We proposed a hybrid tracking method, which consists of a combination of three algorithms (pyramidal Lucas-Kanade optical flow (LK), normalised correlation-based template matching and background subtraction), to track the golfer's head, body, hands, shoulders, knees and feet during a full swing. We then match, track and map the results onto a 2D articulated human stick model to represent the pose of the golfer over time. Our work was tested using two video broadcasts of a golfer, and we obtained satisfactory results. The current outcomes of this research can play an important role in enhancing the performance of a golfer, provide vital information to sports medicine practitioners by providing technically sound guidance on movements and should assist to diminish the risk of golfing injuries. Full Text Link: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2013.05.011
Longitudinal, Lateral and Transverse Axes of Forearm Muscles Influence the Crosstalk in the Mechanomyographic Signals during Isometric Wrist Postures
(PLOS ONE, 2014-08-04) Islam, Md. Anamul; Sundaraj, Kenneth; Ahmad, R. Badlishah; Sundaraj, Sebastian; Ahamed, Nizam Uddin; Ali, Md. Asraf
Problem Statement: In mechanomyography (MMG), crosstalk refers to the contamination of the signal from the muscle of interest by the signal from another muscle or muscle group that is in close proximity. Purpose: The aim of the present study was two-fold: i) to quantify the level of crosstalk in the mechanomyographic (MMG) signals from the longitudinal (Lo), lateral (La) and transverse (Tr) axes of the extensor digitorum (ED), extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) and flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) muscles during isometric wrist flexion (WF) and extension (WE), radial (RD) and ulnar (UD) deviations; and ii) to analyze whether the three-directional MMG signals influence the level of crosstalk between the muscle groups during these wrist postures. Methods: Twenty, healthy right-handed men (mean 6 SD: age = 26.763.83 y; height = 174.4766.3 cm; mass = 72.79614.36 kg) participated in this study. During each wrist posture, the MMG signals propagated through the axes of the muscles were detected using three separate tri-axial accelerometers. The x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis of the sensor were placed in the Lo, La, and Tr directions with respect to muscle fibers. The peak cross-correlations were used to quantify the proportion of crosstalk between the different muscle groups. Results: The average level of crosstalk in the MMG signals generated by the muscle groups ranged from: 34.28–69.69% for the Lo axis, 27.32–52.55% for the La axis and 11.38–25.55% for the Tr axis for all participants and their wrist postures. The Tr axes between the muscle groups showed significantly smaller crosstalk values for all wrist postures [F (2, 38) = 14–63, p, 0.05, g2 = 0.416–0.769]. Significance: The results may be applied in the field of human movement research, especially for the examination of muscle mechanics during various types of the wrist postures. Full Text Link: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104280
Mechanomyographic application for automatic rehabilitation system on tennis elbow muscles
(UniMAP Library, 2012-06-18) Islam, Md. Anamul; Sundaraj, Kenneth; Ahmad, R. Badlishah; Ahamed, Nizam Uddin
Elbow muscles (brachiradialis and brachialis) injury is one of the major muscle disorders caused by accident or excessive use of it. People with such disorders more often undergo for treatment under physiotherapist. Consequently, patients with this disorder need to monitor by interfacing a real time automatic rehabilitation system. Therefore, the purpose of this proposed system is to develop a Mechanomyography (MMG) assisted automatic rehabilitation system for tennis elbow muscles. The MMG signal is recorded via an accelerometer from the elbow muscles. 10 subjects will be considered as control and another 10 subjects who have no previous record with any muscular disorders will be included to compare the recorded signal. After identifying suitable MMG signal from the exact elbow muscle location and both from the normal and affected person, the signal will be stored into a computer for further processing and statistical analysis using MATLAB and SPSS, respectively. However, based on the recorded MMG signal, signal processing and statistically analyzed data, we shall develop a low cost portable device. In addition, we will build up a user friendly GUI for the automatic rehabilitation system. Thus, our proposed system will be aided as real time, portable, home and clinic based, user friendly device for medical rehabilitation system for Tennis Elbow muscles.
Mechanomyography Sensor Development, Related Signal Processing, and Applications: A Systematic Review
(IEEE Xplore, 2013-03-29) Islam, Md. Anamul; Sundaraj, Kenneth; Ahmad, R. Badlishah; Ahamed, Nizam Uddin; Ali, Md. Asraf
Mechanomyography (MMG) is extensively used in the research of sensor development, signal processing, characterization of muscle activity, development of prosthesis and/or switch control, diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders, and as a medical rehabilitation tool. Despite much existing MMG research, there has been no systematic review of these. This paper aims to determine the current status of MMG in sensor development, related signal processing, and applications. Six electronic databases were extensively searched for potentially eligible studies published between 2003 and 2012. From a total of 175 citations, 119 were selected for full-text evaluation and 86 potential studies were identified for further analysis. This systematic review initially reveals that the development of accelerometers for MMG is still in the initial stage. Another important finding of this paper is that sensor placement location on muscles may influence the MMG signal. In addition, we observe that the majority of research processes MMG signals using wavelet transform. Time/frequency domain analysis of MMG signals provides useful information to examine muscle. In addition, we find that MMG may be applied to diagnose muscle conditions, to control prosthesis and/or switch devices, to assess muscle activities during exercises, to study motor unit activity, and to identify the type of muscle fiber. Finally, we find that the majority of the studies use accelerometers as sensors for MMG measurements. We also observe that currently MMG-based rehabilitation is still in a nascent stage. In conclusion, we recommend further improvements of MMG in the areas of sensor development, particularly on accelerometers, and signal processing aspects, as well as increasing future applications of the technique in prosthesis and/or switch control, clinical practices, and rehabilitation. Full Text Link: http://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2013.2255982
Muscle Fatigue in the Three Heads of the Triceps Brachii During a Controlled Forceful Hand Grip Task with Full Elbow Extension Using Surface Electromyography
(De Gruyter, 2015) Ali, Md. Asraf; Sundaraj, Kenneth; Ahmad, R. Badlishah; Ahamed, Nizam Uddin; Islam, Md. Anamul; Sundaraj, Sebastian
The objective of the present study was to investigate the time to fatigue and compare the fatiguing condition among the three heads of the triceps brachii muscle using surface electromyography during an isometric contraction of a controlled forceful hand grip task with full elbow extension. Eighteen healthy subjects concurrently performed a single 90 s isometric contraction of a controlled forceful hand grip task and full elbow extension. Surface electromyographic signals from the lateral, long and medial heads of the triceps brachii muscle were recorded during the task for each subject. The changes in muscle activity among the three heads of triceps brachii were measured by the root mean square values for every 5 s period throughout the total contraction period. The root mean square values were then analysed to determine the fatiguing condition for the heads of triceps brachii muscle. Muscle fatigue in the long, lateral, and medial heads of the triceps brachii started at 40 s, 50 s, and 65 s during the prolonged contraction, respectively. The highest fatiguing rate was observed in the long head (slope = -2.863), followed by the medial head (slope = -2.412) and the lateral head (slope = -1.877) of the triceps brachii muscle. The results of the present study concurs with previous findings that the three heads of the triceps brachii muscle do not work as a single unit, and the fiber type/composition is different among the three heads. Full Text Link: http://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0035
Recent Observations in Surface Electromyography Recording of Triceps Brachii Muscle in Patients and Athletes
(IOS Press, 2014) Ali, Md. Asraf; Sundaraj, Kenneth; Ahmad, R. Badlishah; Ahmed, Nizam Uddin; Islam, Md. Anamul
OBJECTIVE: To observe and analyse the literature on the use of surface electromyography electrodes, including the shape, size, and metal composition of the electrodes used, the interelectrode distance, and the anatomical locations on the muscle at which the electrodes are placed, for the observation of the triceps brachii muscle activity in patients and athletes. METHODS: We searched the ScienceDirect and SpringerLink online databases for articles published in the English language during the last six years (between January 2008 and December 2013). We specifically searched for the keywords “EMG” and “triceps brachii” in the full text of each of the articles. The inclusion criteria were articles on the use of surface electromyography electrodes to observe the activity of the triceps brachii muscle in patients and athletes. RESULTS: In the 23 selected articles, the activities of the triceps brachii muscle in a total of 402 subjects were measured using surface electromyography electrodes: 262 subjects in the studies that focused on the rehabilitation of patients with various disorders, and 140 subjects in the studies that focused on the sports performance of various athletes. To record the surface electromyography activity of the triceps brachii muscle, the electrodes were placed over the muscle belly or the three heads (lateral, long, and medial) of the triceps brachii muscle with diverse interelectrode distances. Seventeen studies used bipolar or triode silver/silver chloride electrodes, one study utilised bipolar gold electrodes, one study applied bipolar polycarbonate electrodes, one study used a linear array of four silver bar electrodes, one study utilised DELSYS parallel bar nickel silver electrodes, and two studies did not clearly mention the composition of the electrodes used. CONCLUSIONS: Bipolar silver/silver chloride circular-shaped electrodes are utilised more frequently than electrodes with a different metal composition and shape. The anatomical locations of the triceps brachii muscle that mainly considered for electrode placement are the lateral, long, and medial heads. A 10-mm electrode size is commonly used to measure the sEMG activity more efficiently. However, we found that an electrode size of up to 40 mm may be used to reliably measure the sEMG activity on the triceps brachii muscle. A 20-mm interelectrode distance is commonly used to measure the sEMG activity using the above mentioned muscle locations and silver/silver chloride electrodes. We also identified others factors that should be taken into account for the use of the sEMG recording technique on the triceps brachii under real-time conditions. Full Text Link: http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ABB-140098
Rehabilitation systems for physically disabled patients: A brief review of sensor-based computerised signal-monitoring systems
(Allied Academics, 2013-03-21) Ahamed, Nizam Uddin; Sundaraj, Kenneth; Ahmad, Badlishah; Rahman, Matiur; Ali, Md. Asraf; Islam, Md. Anamul; Palaniappan, Rajkumar
This brief review addresses the existing systems and challenges and provides future recommendations on computer- and biosensor-assisted rehabilitation systems for physically disabled patients. We further list the types of sensors, technical issues, and different software and hardware technologies that are currently used in rehabilitation systems to make the whole process dynamic and real-time. The review focused on 36 consolidated studies that were found using the following keywords: rehabilitation system, sensor, and computer. The electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant articles that were published from 2007 through 2012. These published articles included discussion of several biosensors, automated rehabilitation systems, and the application of these systems in the affected body parts of the individuals. We found that 54 types of biosensors have been used for real-time and computer-assisted rehabilitation systems. The findings suggest that there are still some body parts (such as the muscle tendons area and abdomen) and application areas (e.g., post- and pre-pregnancy) that have not yet been targeted by biosensor-supported medical rehabilitation systems aided by suitable hardware, software, and other assistive technologies.
sEMG activities of the three heads of the triceps brachii muscle during cricket bowling
(World Scientific, 2016) Ali, Md. Asraf; Sundaraj, Kenneth; Ahmad, R. Badlishah; Ahamed, Nizam Uddin; Islam, Md. Anamul; Sundaraj, Sebastian
The aim of the present study was to analyze the surface electromyography (sEMG) activities generated by the three heads of the triceps brachii (TB) muscle among the different phases during fast and spin bowling. sEMG signals from the lateral, long and medial heads of the TB from 20 bowlers were measured individually during bowling. To analyze the sEMG activities, the root mean square (RMS) value in each bowling phase for every trial per bowler was calculated from the sEMG signals from the three heads of the TB. Higher sEMG activities at the three heads of the TB were found during the fifth phase followed by the sixth, seventh, third, fourth, second and first phases in both types of bowling. sEMG activities were significantly different among the three heads of the TB and among the seven bowling phases for both bowling types at an alpha level of p<0.05. These findings will be of particular importance for assessing different physical therapies for the three headed TB muscle which can improve the performance in ball delivery of cricket bowlers. Full Text Link: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219519416500755
Significance of The Electromyographic Analysis of The Upper Limb Muscles of Cricket Bowlers: Recommendations From Studies of Overhead-Throwing Athletes
(World Scientific, 2014) Ahamed, Nizam Uddin; Sundaraj, Kenneth; Ahmad, Badlishah; Rahman, Matiur; Islam, Md. Asraf; Islam, Md. Anamul
The purpose of this study was twofold: (i) to review the existing literature on electromyographic (EMG) analysis of the upper limb muscles of present overhead-throwing (OT) athletes during throwing and of cricket bowlers (CBs) during cricket bowling (CB) and, (ii) to discuss the importance of and generate recommendations for the EMG assessment of the muscle activity of CBs with respect to previous studies of OT athletes. A literature search of the PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar electronic databases was performed to identify relevant articles published up to December 2012. This search was performed to evaluate the following areas, (i) what are the upper limb muscles that should be evaluated during OT sports and cricket bowling? (ii) what types of EMG methodologies have been used? (iii) what are the anthropometric, performance and physical functional variables that are usually selected? and (iv) what recommendations can be made for the assessment of the muscle activity of CBs? The search identifies 32 publications on OT athletes and 4 on CBs. The results note the following conclusions: (i) there are relatively few CB-related papers that utilize EMG, particularly for the assessment of muscle activity and coordination, (ii) a total of 22 upper limb muscles were investigated using EMG (from both criteria), (iii) surface electrodes are used more frequently than needle electrodes, (iv) most of the article normalized and analyzed the EMG amplitudes than the frequency, and the data was more often analyzed through a descriptive statistical analysis and (v) the majority of the studies analyzed the right limb of physically normal (uninjured) male's both the amateur and professional athletes that were 20 to 29 years of age. Finally, the published evidence on CBs is inadequate to validate a sound recommendation for the assessment of the muscles of CBs using EMG. However, the studies on OT athletes do provide guidelines that can be used to analyze CBs. The overall conclusion of this review show that, further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of EMG for the assessment of the upper limb muscle of CBs to ultimately identify and prevent injury which is still a matter of discussion in the sports medicine community. Full Text Link: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219519414300051
Surface electromyographic analysis of the biceps brachii muscle of cricket bowlers during bowling
(Springer, 2014-01-30) Ahamed, Nizam Uddin; Sundaraj, Kenneth; Ahmad, Badlishah; Rahman, Matiur; Ali, Md. Asraf; Islam, Md. Anamul
Cricket bowling generates forces with torques on the upper limb muscles and makes the biceps brachii (BB) muscle vulnerable to overuse injury. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there are differences in the amplitude of the EMG signal of the BB muscle during fast and spin delivery, during the seven phases of both types of bowling and the kinesiological interpretation of the bowling arm for muscle contraction mechanisms during bowling. A group of 16 male amateur bowlers participated in this study, among them 8 fast bowlers (FB) and 8 spin bowlers (SB). The root mean square (EMGRMS), the average sEMG (EMGAVG), the maximum peak amplitude (EMGpeak), and the variability of the signal were calculated using the coefficient of variance (EMGCV) from the BB muscle of each bowler (FB and SB) during each bowling phase. The results demonstrate that, (i) the BB muscle is more active during FB than during SB, (ii) the point of ball release and follow-through generated higher signals than the other five movements during both bowling categories, (iii) the BB muscle variability is higher during SB compared with FB, (iv) four statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) found between the bowling phases in fast bowling and three in spin bowling, and (v) several arm mechanics occurred for muscle contraction. There are possible clinical significances from the outcomes; like, recurring dynamic contractions on BB muscle can facilitate to clarify the maximum occurrence of shoulder pain as well as biceps tendonitis those are medically observed in professional cricket bowlers, and treatment methods with specific injury prevention programmes should focus on the different bowling phases with the maximum muscle effect. Finally, these considerations will be of particular importance in assessing different physical therapy on bowler’s muscle which can improve the ball delivery performance and stability of cricket bowlers. Full Text Link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13246-014-0245-1
Variability in surface electromyography of right arm biceps brachii muscles between male adolescent, vicenarian and tricenarian with distinct electrode placement
(IEEE Xplore, 2013-01-11) Ahamed, Nizam Uddin; Sundaraj, Kenneth; Ahmad, R. Badlishah; Rahaman, S.A.M Matiur; Islam, Md. Anamul; Ali, Md. Asraf
The aim of this paper was to verify and measure the variability in surface electromyography (sEMG) of upper arm biceps brachii muscle during isometric contraction. Nine healthy right arm dominated males from three age-groups (adolescents, vicenarian, and tricenarian) were selected for the study. Electrodes were placed horizontally on three individual locations of the subjects' biceps brachii muscle, i.e., on the muscle belly of the biceps brachii, and on the upper and lower portion of the muscle belly. Average EMG (mean), standard deviation (SD), and coefficient of variations (CV, %) were calculated to verify the consistency of the different age groups' muscle activities. Moreover, EMG mean values were analyzed with two-way repeated measures analysis of variances (ANOVA) to monitor significant intra- and inter-muscle coordination. An online, three-channel connected and touch-proof wireless sensor was used to record the EMG signal. The results revealed muscle variability and consistency as well as the significant superiority on the biceps brachii muscle. This findings attempt to fulfill the gaps left by previous experiments based on EMG variability, subject's age variation, electrode placement, muscle contractions, etc. and to identify areas for further researche in the fields of rehabilitation, sports, and other biomedical concerns. Full Text Link: http://doi.org/10.1109/STUDENT.2012.6408356
Vision-based motion tracking rehabilitation system for gait disorder
(IEEE Xplore, 2013-03-28) Ali, Md. Asraf; Sundaraj, Kenneth; Ahmad, R. Badlishah; Ahamed, Nizam Uddin; Islam, Md. Anamul
Aim of the present study was to review the articles for the vision-based motion tracking, usually applied on the rehabilitation systems of gait disorder. Based on our ultimate goal, we searched several articles, available from the online database of some journals and conferences, published in the English language between January, 1993 and June, 2012. We especially searched for the phrases, such as “vision sensor”, “motion tracking”, “gait disorder”, and “rehabilitation” in the title, abstract, or keywords sections. Besides, some common synonyms of these phrases, along with the logical words, like “and”, “or”, and “not” were also used in the article searching procedure. From among the 37 articles found, this review identified 25 articles, which utilized the marker during video recording for motion tracking of the subject; whereas about 10 articles did not utilize any marker, 1 article utilized both marker-based and markerless, and another 1 articles were unrelated to the motion tracking but related to the gait disorder. Moreover, through this literature, we presented a strong evidence that enabled the analysis of motion tracking by the help of vision sensor for the rehabilitation systems of gait disorder. Hence, we believe that the information contained in this review will remarkably assist and guide the progress of the vision-based motion tracking, applied on the rehabilitation systems of gait disorder. Full Text Link: http://doi.org/10.1109/ICCSCE.2012.6487173/