Browsing by Author "Hossain, Md. Anwar"

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Automatic Bangla Image Captioning Based on Transformer Model in Deep Learning
(Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science (IAES), 2023-11-02) Hossain, Md. Anwar; Hasan, Mirza AFM Rashidul; Hossen, Ebrahim; Asraful, Md; Faruk, Md. Omar; Abadin, AFM Zainul; Ali, Md. Suhag
"Indeed, Image Captioning has become a crucial aspect of contemporary artificial intelligence because it has tackled two crucial parts of the AI field: Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing. Currently, Bangla stands as the seventh most widely spoken language globally. Due to this, image captioning has gained recognition for its significant research accomplishments. Many established datasets are found in English but no standard datasets in Bangla. For our research, we have used the BAN-Cap dataset which contains 8091 images with 40455 sentences. Many effective encoder-decoder and Visual Attention approaches are used for image captioning where CNN is utilized for the encoder and RNN is used for the decoder. However, we suggested a transformer-based image captioning model in this study with different pre-train image feature extraction models like Resnet50, InceptionV3, and VGG16 using the BAN-Cap dataset and find out its effective efficiency and accuracy based on many performances measured methods like BLEU, METEOR, ROUGE, CIDEr and also find out the drawbacks of others model. "
Construction of Automatic Solar Tracking System
(2014-07-07) Hossain, Md. Monowar; Hossain, Md. Anwar
Solar energy is one of the popular renewable energy nowadays. It is consider as total free and clean energy source since the sun is estimated still able to exist for more 5 years. In addition, some natural resources like fossil fuels is consider as short-term resources because it is estimated will finished in next 30 years. Based on this situation, renewable energy like solar energy is essential to human being after the natural resources is finish. The fact is, conventional solar panel power system is stationary, means the solar panel will not always facing to the direction of sun, this make the light intensity falling on the solar panel is not in maximum level so the solar panel will not always work in its maximum performance. This paper demonstrates a novel method which will automatically track the sun’s position and accordingly change the direction of the solar panel to get the maximum output from the solar cell with the help with LM339, sensor and DC motor. This method enable the solar panel work in maximum performance because the light intensity falling on the panel will be in maximum intensity level in all long day. A solar tracker is designed and experimentally tested. The information and design detail are shown in the report.
Dual-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Plasmonic RI Sensor in the Visible to Near-IR Operating Band
(IEEE, 2020-10-04) Mahfuz, Mohammad Al; Hossain, Md. Anwar; Haque, Emranul; Hai, Nguyen Hoang; Namihira, Yoshinori; Ahmed, Feroz
In this paper, a dual-core photonic crystal fiber (DC-PCF) based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bio-compatible sensor is proposed for various bio-organic molecules and biochemical analytes refractive index (RI) detection in the visible to near-infrared region (0.5 to 2 μm). Two hexagonal ring lattice with all circular air-holes are used to simplify the sensor structure. To make the practical applications feasible, plasmonic material and analyte sensing layer both are employed at the outer surface of the fiber. Noble plasmonic material gold (Au) having a thickness of 30 nm is used to excite the surface plasmons. A thin layer of titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) having a thickness of 5 nm is also considered as an adhesive layer between the Au and silica glass. The sensor response is investigated using the mode solver based finite element method (FEM). Numerical results indicate that the proposed sensor shows a maximum amplitude sensitivity (AS) of 6829 RIU -1 , amplitude resolution (AR) of 5 × 10 -6 RIU, maximum wavelength sensitivity (WS) of 28,000 nm/RIU, and wavelength resolution (WR) of 3.57 × 10 -6 RIU, using the amplitude and wavelength interrogation methods, respectively. Moreover, a maximum figure of merit (FOM) of 2800 RIU -1 is obtained, which is the highest among the reported PCF-SPR sensor. Owing to the promising sensitivity and simple structure, the proposed sensor can be potentially applicable for the detection of biochemical solutions and biological samples.
Effect of Fluctuating surface heat and mass flux on natural convection flow along a vertical flat plate
(© 2015 Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2015) Hussain, Sharmina; Roy, Nepal Chandra; Hossain, Md. Anwar; Saha, Suvash Chandra
An investigation has been carried on double diffusive effect on boundary layer flow due to small amplitude oscillation in surface heat and mass flux. Extensive parametric simulations were performed in order to elucidate the effects of some important parameters, that is, Prandtl number, Schmidt number, and Buoyancy ratio parameter on flow field in conjunction with heat and mass transfer. Asymptotic solutions for low and high frequencies are obtained for the conveniently transformed governing coupled equations. Solutions are also obtained for wide ranged value of the frequency parameters. Comparisons between the asymptotic and wide ranged values are made in terms of the amplitudes and phases of the shear stress, surface heat transfer, and surface mass transfer. It has been found that the amplitudes and phase angles obtained from asymptotic solutions are found in good agreement with the finite difference solutions obtained for wide ranged value of the frequency parameter.
Effect of Fluctuating surface heat and mass flux on natural convection flow along a vertical flat plate
(© 2015 Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2015) Hussain, Sharmina; Roy, Nepal Chandra; Hossain, Md. Anwar; Saha, Suvash Chandra
An investigation has been carried on double diffusive effect on boundary layer flow due to small amplitude oscillation in surface heat and mass flux. Extensive parametric simulations were performed in order to elucidate the effects of some important parameters, that is, Prandtl number, Schmidt number, and Buoyancy ratio parameter on flow field in conjunction with heat and mass transfer. Asymptotic solutions for low and high frequencies are obtained for the conveniently transformed governing coupled equations. Solutions are also obtained for wide ranged value of the frequency parameters. Comparisons between the asymptotic and wide ranged values are made in terms of the amplitudes and phases of the shear stress, surface heat transfer, and surface mass transfer. It has been found that the amplitudes and phase angles obtained from asymptotic solutions are found in good agreement with the finite difference solutions obtained for wide ranged value of the frequency parameter.
Effects of different fatty acids on cholesterol metabolism in Rats
(© University of Dhaka, 2025-02-20) Hossain, Md. Anwar
Efficacy of large language models in facilitating exam preparation for medical students
(BRAC University, 2025-06) Tunan, Humayera Tabassum; Amit, Md Muntasir Mahmud; Hasan, Syed Tasrif; Hossain, Md. Anwar; Sadeque, Farig Yousuf
The complex medical curriculum compels the students to study a significant quantity of textbooks authored by various writers in each subject. These books contain a considerable amount of topics, and as a consequence, students frequently become overwhelmed by the heavy load of academic pressure. Moreover, in the four phases of medical studies, students perform six cards, three terms, and one professional examination in each phase to advance to the next phase. In this particular circumstance, students need adequate guidance to clarify their understanding and to address any questions that may arise during their preparation. To resolve these issues, an expert LLM developed with RAG, especially for medical students, is required. We intend to develop a retriever model powered by the proficiency of LLMs that will have access to the comprehensive resources of the medical curriculum and is able to solve any study-related confusion a medical student may have. We believe that our algorithm will help medical students overcome their fear of examinations, as well as improve their overall academic performance. LLM has great potential to give the perfect guide a medical student requires. LLMs integrated with the RAG system has the ability to give a medical student the perfect tutoring required to test their exam preparation. Our driving force motivation behind implementing this algorithm is to lessen the mental pressure of medical students and enhance their study experience by providing curriculum-aligned assessment tools.
Gender issues in community-based disaster management: A study on flood affected people in Bangladesh
(University of Dhaka, 2015-05-18) Hossain, Md. Anwar
Prediction of some studies on global warming and climate change delineate that global warming could bring drastic change in nature and extent of natural disasters. Many areas of the globe will be severely affected by various types of natural disasters. Hence, experts in disaster management, international aid agencies and other stakeholders emphasized that disaster events should be faced with proper plans and programs where participation of the affected people, both male and female, should be ensured. In such a situation, the present study is an attempt to analyze gender issues in disaster management practices embedded in rural society ofBangladesh with specific reference to flood. It identifies the nature of problems faced by the flood victims,and explores the indigenous mechanisms adopted by the people at household level and roles of other stakeholders to combat the flood situation. It examines the nature of people’s gender-specific participation in disaster management activities and explores the factors constructing their responses to flood. It also examines whether women of the flood affected area are merely passive victims of flood or their problems are addressed properly and their roles are considered as an important contribution in managing natural disaster event like flood. In achieving the defined objective and responding to above-mentioned question, a mixed method approach was followed in this study. Data were collected from 408 samples, of whom 204 were men and 204 were women, selected by using mixed method sampling procedure. A survey with face to face interview was conducted. Primary data were also collected through focus group discussions(FGDs), and non-participantand direct observations to increase the validity of data through triangulation. Data were also collected from key informants to supplement the survey data. However, both qualitative and quantitative data analysis approaches were followed to analyze the collected data. From the findings, it appears that problems faced by the flood victims and strategies adopted to combat the situation are gender identical. Flood affects women more severely than men because of their gender-specific needs and responsibilities that become much more difficult to perform during flood. Although GAs and NGOs provide some services in addressing women’s problems that are not sufficient compared to their needs. However, data indicate that women’s participation in disaster management activities and decision-making process is constrained by prevalent gendered norms. But it is important to mention that despite the existing barriers, sprung from the gendered norms of rural Bangladesh, a significant number of women are found to participatein training and awareness-building programs. Consequently, the study investigates which factors influence their participation. The study finds that women’s participation is associated with socioeconomic factors such as age, educational qualification, household income, and organizational involvement. It appears that the male members of the family and society do not simply dominate women by assigning additional workload to them during and in the aftermath of floods rather they acknowledge their (women’s)rolesas a valuable contribution in combating flood-induced problems. It indicates the social transformation of power-based hierarchical relationship with reciprocity and mutuality as their contribution was not recognized earlier. However, GAs and NGOs provide various types of services for preparedness, response to and recover from flood induced disasters that indicate the GA-NGO partnership in every phase of disaster management. But the services are confined to distributing relief items, and constructing and repairing kancha roads and other infrastructure. None of the organizations are found to organize the flood-affected community and assess the needs, strengths and weaknesses of the community before or after floodsfor adopting a risk management plan for better adaptation of the flood victims. It indicates that the GA-NGO collaboration in Bangladesh yet achieved the goal of shifting disaster management paradigm from conventional emergency response to disaster risk management. But it is on way to achieve the defined goals as GAs and NGOs have already adopted and implemented some programs in accordance with the philosophical notion of Alternative Perspective of disaster management. In addition, although majority of the flood-affected people of the study area receive GA-NGO support services finally they follow indigenous strategies such as selling assets, receiving assistance and borrowing from non-institutional sources such as friends, relatives and neighbors, changing eating behavior and occupation and so on to combat the situation created by flood. Therefore, the study proposes some mechanisms to empower the community at risk and enhance the resiliency of the flood prone areas like Bangladeshfrom a pro-poor and pro-women socioeconomic development intervention perspective.
Improvement of Medical Imaging Equipment Management System of Bangladesh
(Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh, 2012-06) Hossain, Md. Anwar; Ahmad, Prof. Dr. Mohiuddin
This thesis deals with the development of a standard Medical Imaging Equipment Management System (MIEMS) in the public hospitals of Bangladesh. Medical imaging equipment management has become an important component of health services delivery in Bangladesh. One of the most serious issues of Hospitals, Medical Center, Clinics and the health Systems is the threat in diagnosing diseases due to improper medical imaging equipment management system in Bangladesh. Presently a proper equipment management set-up does not exist in public hospitals and the overall diagnostic equipment condition in various departments is very poor. To find the facts and reasons the author visited fifteen medical imaging equipment departments in public hospitals of Bangladesh. From the data it is seen that a big percentage of the required management steps were found to be lacking. Based on the findings of the studies and with a view to improving the existing MIEMS, it is proposed to improve the medical imaging equipment management system for public hospitals in Bangladesh. The major findings are insufficient Biomedical Engineering Team, negligible in-house and central MIEMS, weak bridge between users and biomedical engineering team. The Ministry of Health and Family welfare of Bangladesh Govt., maintains a separate Medical Imaging Equipment Management System, which is not consistent with this plan. The MIEMS is designed to assure selection of appropriate medical imaging equipment to support the medical care processes of the nation and its ambulatory care facilities. The program is designed to assure effective preparation of staff responsible for the use or maintenance of the equipment. Finally, the program is designed to assure continuous availability of safe, effective equipment through a planned maintenance program, timely repair and evaluation of all events that could have an adverse impact on safety of patients or staff. The Clinical Biomedical Engineering Department staff has primary responsibility to maintain and repair all medical equipment including equipment under contract maintenance agreement by Vendors. All staff who uses medical equipment is required to learn and implement various general and specific procedures to ensure safe and reliable use of medical equipment. In addition, it will provide a proper guideline for all patient care staff, failures and user errors associated with the use of medical equipment. Regular maintenance and evaluation are necessary to assure that particular equipment delivers the expected performance within specified para
Infinite horizontal rolls under the effect of vertical and horizontal temperature gradients
(© University of Dhaka, 2025-03-19) Hossain, Md. Anwar
Nutritional and socio-economic status of riverine and marine fishing communities of Bangladesh
(© University of Dhaka, 2025-03-02) Hossain, Md. Anwar
Quality of food products in Bangladesh: analysis in the framework of quality control and econometric techniques
(University of Dhaka, 2018-11-29) Hossain, Md. Anwar
An abstract of the thesis of Md. Anwar Hossain for the Ph.D Degree in the Department of Statistics, Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Dhaka. Recent global increases in food contamination and adulteration have further exacerbated vulnerabilities and made it imperative to examine food products in the country. Food is identified as one of the sustainable approaches to farming and offers insights towards a paradigm shift in food and nutritional quality. The binary logit or probit regression model is one of the popular choices to study effects on dichotomous responses. This study is designed at monitoring a definite response i.e., food acceptability result in terms of some predictors, determines the goodness of fit as well as strength of the assumptions and selecting an appropriate and more parsimonious technique there by proffer helpful suggestions and recommendations. The technique was used as a tool to representation the major factors viz. food quality characteristic (moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate and iron etc.) and microbial (aerobic plate count, coliform etc.) that affected the acceptability of food. The fit, of the technique was illustrated with 8 (eight) types of food, 678 food samples and several physiochemical and microbial test parameters records obtained from Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST), BCSIR, Dhaka by the method of Single Stage Cluster Sampling. This study contents some visible and numeric statistical methods for checking the level of significance of technique. The technique spotlight on assessing acceptability of statistical methods for specific food analysis variate effects. The tested technique showed best fit and performed differently depending on classification of result, sufficiency in relation to assumptions and goodness of fit. The outcome specify that different methods for analyzing binary data are likely to vary in their presentation under the subsequent conditions: 1. the distribution of the interpreter variables follows significantly from normality, 2. the two group must have equal variances. While these conditions are by no means inclusive, the being of conditions should concern the study that the choice of a particular method should be made carefully. Reliable with precedent studies, the presentation of logit and probit was similar under the different conditions. Hence, a selection between these two may not be significant (except in computational cost). However, the selection among logit, probit model, Linear Discriminant Analysis and OLS is still not uncomplicated. Therefore, the study be supposed to first carry out different preliminary data study to decide the statistical properties of the forecaster variables. Possibly part of the data might be analyzed by these techniques to decide which one is most suitable. Otherwise, the study could change the data to comply with the assumptions of a particular technique. Comparing the consequences, we observed that the Logit and Probit model outperforms other models and techniques as because they fulfill necessary assumptions as required. If in the case of normality assumptions fullfill, Discriminant analysis also yields better results. The results of one sample t-test and wilcoxon signed-rank/ sign test indicate that, in almost every case when the null hypothesis was false, the t-test performed same results with the Wilcoxon signed-rank/ sign test though the normality assumptions violated. But when H0 was true, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test perform efficient or more power predicted probability (p-value) than the t-test as fullfill the assumptions.
Sustainable Improvement of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Yield Through Soil Amendments with Probiotic and Organic Manures
(University of Rajshahi, 2021-05) Hossain, Md. Anwar; Islam, S. M. Shahinul; Hasan, Md. Mahmodol
The present research work was conducted at Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory and the experimental field under Institute of Biological Sciences (IBSc), Rajshahi University and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Agricultural Extension, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh during the period from July 2016 to June 2019 to study the sustainable improvement of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield through soil amendments with probiotic and organic manures. The treatments used in the research consisted of two factors i.e. factor-A (wheat varieties) viz. BARI wheat-28 (V1), BARI wheat-29 (V2), BARI wheat-30 (V3) and factor-B (soil amendments) viz. Rice straw + vermicompost + green manure (T1), Cow dung + vermicompost + green manure (T2), Compost + vermicompost + green manure (T3), Poultry manure + vermicompost + green manure (T4), Trichoderma harzianum + vermicompost + green manure (T5), Mung bean residue + vermicompost + green manure (T6), Trichoderma viride + vermicompost + green manure (T7), Chemical fertilizer (T8) and Control (T0). Sesbania rostrata was produced as green manure crop in this study. The experiment was designed as randomized complete block design (RCBD) having three replications. Initially the soil was analyzed and mainly featured with loam textured, bulk densities 1.27 g/cc, particle densities 2.65 g/cc, pH 8.10 and organic matter 1.20%. After organic amendments the value in respect of bulk density, particle density and sand particles which were found to be decreased though porosity, moisture content and silt particles were increased. The chemical characters of soil like pH and carbon nitrogen ratio were noted as negative changes with probiotic and organic manures amendments. Furthermore, the organic matter content, total N, exchangeable K, available P, available S, available Zn and electrical conductivity were found to be improved during the three sequential years of the study. Seedling infection (14 days after sowing) and seedling blight (21 days after sowing) was examined and recorded significant reduction by the application of probiotic and organic manures. The probiotic fungi T. harzianum (T5) significantly reduced the seedling infection and seedling blight by 86% and 81% in comparison with control treatment. xiii Total dry matter content increased with increasing the age of the crop. The leaf area index and crop growth rate was lower at the early stage of crop growth and reached a maximum during 55 and 55-70 days after sowing and then declined. All the aforesaid growth parameters were improved by the application of probiotic and organic manures application and produced maximum value especially with poultry manure combination (T4) over control. Studied yield contributing characters including plant height, total plant/m2, total tiller/plant, effective tiller/plant, awn length, spike length, spikelet/spike, fertile spikelet/spike, grains/spike, deformed grains/spike, grain weight/spike and 1000-grain weight were influenced significantly due to application of organic amendments. As grain yield positively linked with the above mentioned yield contributing characters, thus grain yield was significantly enhanced with organic amendments. Besides this, the straw yield and harvest index was also recorded upturned with the similar amendments. Grain yield, straw yield and harvest index showed 73%, 27% and 22% greater response at the final research period under poultry manure combination (T4) over control. Seed quality parameters such as germination, vigor index and total soluble protein content significantly affected by different organic amendments. Among the treatments, poultry manure combination (T4) exhibited higher results in this regard, whereas lower value was recorded in control. However, with few exceptions, V3 (BARI Wheat-30) and T4 (Poultry manure + vermicompost + green manure) not only individually performed better results than others but also their interactivity (V3T4) exhibited better results under this study. In connection with the above findings, it can be recommended that the wheat growers to adopt the most efficient soil amendment option poultry manure + vermicompost + green manure (T4) to improve soil fertility and productivity by its positive changing ability and to enhance the growth, yield and grain quality of wheat in a sustainable manner.
The positioning of the Bengali settlers in Chittagong hill tracts: A development understanding
(University of Dhaka, 2018-11-20) Hossain, Md. Anwar
This anthropological study titled “The Positioning of the Bengali Settlers in Chittagong Hill Tracts: A Development Understanding” has been conducted to determine the actual positioning of Bengali settlers within the development dynamics of the CHT. The major concern of this study has to explore and determine the positioning of Bengali settlers within some dynamics which are the impacting factors for belonging to the CHT. There are some important dynamics such as land disputes, CHT peace accord, refugees and IDPs issues, Bengali settlements context, economic conditions of ethnic groups, basic amenities, business and tourism, social life context and development dynamics in the CHT, that the present research was going through with considered these issues. The present study has categorized the people of the CHT into three broad categories; one of them is minor ethnic groups, popularly known as Phahari, second one is Adi Bengalis, who have been living in the CHT by natural process before the huge migration of Bengali families took place and third one is Bengali settlers, who migrated from plain land as a part of Government policy and sponsorship. During 1979 to 1984 there are around 400,000 Bengalis were said to have been settled in the CHT. As a result of Bengali settlement, the population ratio of Phahari and Bengali in the CHT became nearly equal as of now. However, by the government settlement processes most of the Bengali settlers came to CHT from the Chittagong, Noakhali, Comilla, Sylhet and Mymansing district. The issues of Bengali settlement and the real conditions and position of Bengali settlers in CHT have not been studied earlier. Unfortunately there is a dearth of information about Bengali settlers in the CHT. There is no specific research work been found on the Bengali settlers. Moreover, shortage of attention trained in this regard, lack of resources for conducting research, and similar other reasons might have been responsible for an inadequate number of studies on the Bengali settlers of the CHT. Researchers and development practitioners’ attention has not received a lot in this regard. Due to that with a proper anthropological investigation into the different dimensions of Bengalis migration and development dynamics, certain facts have been carried out to understand the actual scenarios of Bengali settlers positioning in the CHT. The present study has been conducted in the Khagrachari sadar and Panchhari upazilla area of Khagrachori districts in the CHT. The number of Upazilla (sub district) in Khagrachari district is 09, named- Khagrachari Sadar, Mahalchori, Manikchori, Panchori, Luxmichori, Dighinala, Matiranga, Ramgor and Guimara containing 38 Unions. The total population of Khagrachari district is 613917 (Male- 313793 and Female- 300124), Phahari and Bengali ratio is 52:48. There are eight important Paras/Villages (in terms of respondents) for conducting fieldwork, namely– Shalbon Gucha Gram, Comilla Tila Gucha Gram, Shaat Vaiya Para (Marma), Haduk Para (Tripura), Narayn Khaiya and Upali Para (Chakma), of Khagrachori sadar area and Ultha Chari, Zia Nagar of Panchari Upazila areas. The weightage of the selected paras/villages for conducting fieldwork this study has considered some factors such as these areas are inhabited by the study people (Chakma, Marma, Tripura, Adi Bengali and Bengali settlers) and most of the Bengali settlers and their residential area ‘Cluster Villages’ situated in the Khagrachari sadar and Panchari Upazilla area. This anthropological research on the proposed theme and for a comprehensive understanding, different methods have been applied for collecting and interpreting data. An integrated approach (qualitative and quantitative) has been taken for the purpose of the study. Both primary and secondary data was collected from several of sources using both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Data also obtained through participant and non-participant observation method. Primary data has been collected from different individuals as well as from key informants who have knowledge about Bengali settlers and other ethnic groups of the CHT. Specific information gathered through case studies to supplement the data obtained from other sources. Therefore, the methodological tools and techniques of this study was primary based focused on qualitative one, on the other hand, quantitative methods have been used wherever needed and this have brought strength and comprehensive to this study. However, as an anthropologists and a researcher the long term training in this field has helped to develop an understanding for applying anthropological methods. Which appears to be most important is that there are few things that helped generating the base of the methodological understanding and these are settlement processes, cultural assimilation, development dynamics, behavioral understanding, cultural diversity and ethical consideration during the field study. The theoretical framework and conceptual understanding of this study, a substantial literature on the integration, internal migration or settlement, and development issues in the context of CHT has appeared, and on this the present review focuses. This literature encompasses theoretical contributions. Study of internal migration and new settlement is a key importance in social sciences as well as economics and it emerges not only the movement of people from one locality to another for new settlement inside the country but also influences on livelihoods and betterment of life. There are some perspectives on integration of different groups confront themselves in the social sciences such as assimilation theory, multiculturalism, and structuralism theory. Not only is each framework useful in its own right in addressing of the study problem, the all complements one another, giving rise to a more dialogical and interdisciplinary tool in understanding oppression in the context of the Bengali settlement and their positioning in the CHT. More importantly, these frameworks help to contextualize the development paradigm in the context of CHT. The comprehensive reviewing of the literatures was an important segment for this study. Because it provided an up-to-date data for understanding of the subject and identified the methods used in previous research on the topic. Moreover the literary works provided information to corresponding and comparisons to the present research findings. The reviewed literatures acted as a stepping-stone towards achievement of the study objectives. Nevertheless, the literatures reviews provided a solid background to back one’s investigation and helped to understand the nature of Bengali settlement and development dynamics in the CHT. Access to basic amenities such as safe drinking water, electricity, sanitation, health care and communication is imperative for a decent life. The need for these basic amenities has been universally recognized. Belongings always considered as essential to make life easier and more pleasant. The local authority has to provide the isolated people like Bengali settler with basic amenities. Presence of the communication facilities within the villages (Paras) indicates that the Chakma community received more attention from the government and NGOs for their development compared to Phaharis belonging to other ethnic groups. One possible reason for this was that after the CHT Peace Accord of 1997 Phahari communities received more attention from Government and NGOs, whereas Bengali settlers are not getting well communication facilities from both government and NGOs compared to other groups of the CHT. It is observed that the Bengali settlers’ paras (Cluster Villages) were neglected in terms of getting ‘common para facilities’ like good road communications. Living conditions are the most important factor in people’s lives. Housing is often viewed as a barometer for the households of the economy, and this is certainly the case at the moment. As different financial capacities or social determinants in general - may lead to different housing conditions, they can be a potential source of inequalities. In this regards the present study has unfold that the Bengali settlers are living in substandard houses and it supposes to expose that their social and household financial conditions are weaker than other counterparts. The present study has tried to explore relationship among the ethnic groups of the CHT. Different types of dimensions were observed in terms of their relationship. Usually Phaharis have good relationship with Adi Bengalis but relations with Bengali settlers are quite different. Most of the Phaharis think that, Bengali settlers were the creator of harmful life and destroyed their natural peaceful life in the CHT. Adi Bengalis have been peacefully living inside and beside their Paras (Villages) and their relationships with Bengali households are usual. On the contrary, major portion of Bengali settlers informed that the Shanti Bahini (SB) burnt their houses, occupied lands by killing them. On an average adi Bengali and Bengali settler relations are good in condition. So, considering all the circumstances it is very clear that, long after the ceasefire and the peace accord, distrust and suspicion still exist and previous bitter experiences which are reflected in their relationship. However, due to lack of mutual trust between Bengali settler and Phahari could not become cordial dwellers of the CHT. Household’s economy of the different ethnic groups have been studied intensively and with special attention to the Bengali settlers, reasons for that it was assumed, Bengali settlers are going through economic hardship and have very limited access to income generating activities in the CHT. The presence of trade and business in the CHT and their status in this regard is very poor. Where most of the businesses under the controlling of Adi Bengalis, nevertheless there had some traditional small industries and hand looming, bamboo and wooden craft industries are running under the ownership of Phaharis. On the contrary, Bengali settlers’ position is very poor regarding their presence in the business sector. However, once the Phahari people were back warded in terms of getting services in the CHT but now they are in onwards in this particular sector. It could be a positive outcome of the CHT Peace Accord. However insignificant number of Bengali settlers were doing job in a lower levels and most of the middle and higher level jobs in the CHT were under the positioning of Phaharis, mainly Chakma and Adi Bengalis. The households’ income, expenditure, and savings are revealed in the table 6.5. On an average, Adi Bengali households stood first in position followed by Chakma households in terms of income, expenditure, and savings. The Marma and Tripura household’s income, expenditure, and savings were almost same, though Marma households little were bit ahead than Tripura. It is very interesting that there has no similarity between income and expenditure of the Bengali settler. Without ration their households’ monthly deficit was 416.67 Tk. Bengali settlers- large part of the population are economically dependent on government rations, the gap in living standards between Bengali settlers and other inhabitants of CHT has been widening in course of time. The study has been tried to unfold the development features of the CHT. However, it was also needed to explore the actual positioning of Bengali settlers within the development dynamics in the CHT. It is observed that after the CHT peace accord Phaharis are getting more facilities from the both International Organizations (IOs) and non government organization (NGOs) than Bengali settlers, though they are as marginalized as ethnic minorities. The development initiatives of the IOs and NGOs, which is mostly in favor of Phaharis. Bengali settlers’ issues are very insignificant in the index of International Donor Agencies and NGOs. Therefore, it is evidentially proven that Bengali settlers in CHT are backward in position that there has very limited space or option for them to gain socio-economic benefits thereby without boosting from both GOs and NGOs position it would be more difficult to go equally with other groups of CHT. Land issue is the most crucial one of the CHT problems. On average Phahari households own more land then both types of Bengalis in the CHT where they (Phahari) had least number of registered ownership documents. Most of the Phahari’s lands fall under the category of traditional-customary property. Most of the Bengali settler respondents informed that, in general “Phahari’s has lands without documents and Bengali settlers’ have documents without lands” this is the main climax of the CHT land problems. The Chittagong Hill Tracts Land Dispute Resolution Commission (Amendment) Act, 2016 added a provision that “No appeal shall be maintainable against the judgment of this commission and the decision of this commission shall be deemed to be final”. The Bengalis are protesting against this clause because they seemed to be deprived without appeal provision. In the Land Commission there has no representative from Bengali Settlers, whereas most of the land dispute cases were pit Bengali settlers against Phahari people. The Bengali settlers worried for that, if once the Land Commission gives decision against them then they have no alternative place to put up their land documents for reviewing again. The Peace Accord introduced a special governance system for the CHT with a CHT Regional Council (CHTRC) as the apex body of three Hill District Councils (HDCs) under a special Ministry for Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs (MOCHTA). Two-thirds of the seats in the CHTRC and HDCs, including the positions of chairs, are reserved for Phahari people and one-third for permanent Bengali residents. All most all the offices headed by Phahari with two-third reserved seats and also they are enjoying all the local level official power in the CHT. Whatever the total population of Bengali settlers in the CHT hence they have no official power at all, they are only demographic figure of CHT. According to the Peace Accord, the internally displaced refugees will be rehabilitated by the Task Force. One of the most contentious issues in connection with the rehabilitation of these internally displaced refugees is over the role of the Task Force. Not only is their rehabilitation still pending, but a major conflict erupted between the government and the JSS leadership over the mandate of the Task Force, or more concretely over the question whether Bengali settlers should also be considered internally displaced people. The inclusion of Bengali settlers who were brought into the region under the transmigration programme carried out between 1979 and 1984 in the list was denounced by PCJSS and the Jumma Refugees Welfare Association, which boycotted subsequent meetings of the Task Force. The Task Force made a list of the internally displaced people that shows now there are at least 1,28,364 internally displaced families in the CHT of which 90,208 families are ‘tribal’ and 38,156 are ‘non-tribal’. Notwithstanding, these depreciated refugees (including Phahari and Bengali settlers) are wistfully waiting for a better life. The peace could be rebuilt in the CHT by the rehabilitation of repatriated and internally displaced refugees. However, considering all these issues it is revealed that, though the Phahari-Bengali population ratio is near about same nonetheless development initiatives are not taken equally for all. Bengali settlers are seemed to be deprived on account of getting equal opportunities from the IOs and NGOs development initiatives. However, Bengali settlers have been going through various forms of struggles ranging from economic hardship to the politics of existence in the CHT. The political turbulence which lasted for a little more than two decades (1974-1996) in CHT have barred development organizations from taking any significant initiative directed towards the poor in the region. The signing of the Peace Agreement in 1997 created an environment for such ventures in the region. The Huge Development activities were started after a joint assessment by the government and the UNDP (2003) reported that the CHT is safe for development workers in the CHT. On the line of the constitutional recognition International Donor Agencies and NGOs have taken various development initiatives for the CHT people especially for the Phahari people. On the contrary, Bengali settlers are not under consideration of these International Agencies and NGOs, thereby many problems are creating among the CHT groups for prejudiced development initiatives. Though the huge development initiatives have been undertaken by IOs and NGOs for Phaharis but no specific development initiatives has taken for the betterment of Bengali settlers. Bengali settlers demanding that all development initiatives should be taken equally for the all communities of the CHT including Bengali settlers because it also has to be considered that they are almost one fourth populations and as marginalized group as the minor ethnic groups of the CHT.
Understanding the Needs of the Youths and their Coping Strategies
(East West University, 2024-11-16) Hossain, Md. Anwar
Youths are the most energetic and productive segment of the total population of any country. Generally, transitional period from childhood to adulthood is considered as youth. But the age limit of youth varies from country to country. People in Bangladesh within the age group of 18-35 years are considered as youth as per its National Youth Policy. Among the total population of Bangladesh about one-thirds are of youth group. As individuals move into youth from adolescence their needs and demands are changed. But what is the nature of needs of the youths of Bangladesh? Do they face any barrier to meet their needs? What kind of strategies do they follow to meet their needs? These questions should be addressed with empirical evidence for the betterment of the youths. Therefore, an exploratory study has been carried out by following qualitative approach to address the abovementioned research questions and the findings have been presented in this paper with policy implications and concluding remarks at the end. The findings show that quality education, pure and fresh food, healthcare and reproductive health services, employment opportunity, housing with utility services, training for skill development and recreational facilities are their prime needs. They could fulfill their needs to some extent but still there are a lot of barriers to fulfill their needs. Accordingly, they adopt a variety of indigenous mechanisms to cope with this situation. However, the findings would be useful for the policy makers, social workers and development practitioners, and create a new avenue for further study in this field.
Unsteady laminar mixed convection boundary layer flow near a vertical wedge due to oscillations in the free-stream and surface temperature
(© 2016 De Gruyter Open Ltd., 2016) Roy, Nepal Chandra; Hossain, Md. Anwar; Hussain, Sharmina
The unsteady laminar boundary layer characteristics of mixed convection flow past a vertical wedge have been investigated numerically. The free-stream velocity and surface temperature are assumed to be oscillating in the magnitude but not in the direction of the oncoming flow velocity. The governing equations have been solved by two distinct methods, namely, the straightforward finite difference method for the entire frequency range, and the extended series solution for low frequency range and the asymptotic series expansion method for high frequency range. The results demonstrate the effects of the Richardson number, Ri, introduced to quantify the influence of mixed convection and the Prandtl number, Pr, on the amplitudes and phase angles of the skin friction and heat transfer. In addition, the effects of these parameters are examined in terms of the transient skin friction and heat transfer.
Unsteady laminar mixed convection boundary layer flow near a vertical wedge due to oscillations in the free-stream and surface temperature
(© 2016 De Gruyter Open Ltd., 2016) Roy, Nepal Chandra; Hossain, Md. Anwar; Hussain, Sharmina
The unsteady laminar boundary layer characteristics of mixed convection flow past a vertical wedge have been investigated numerically. The free-stream velocity and surface temperature are assumed to be oscillating in the magnitude but not in the direction of the oncoming flow velocity. The governing equations have been solved by two distinct methods, namely, the straightforward finite difference method for the entire frequency range, and the extended series solution for low frequency range and the asymptotic series expansion method for high frequency range. The results demonstrate the effects of the Richardson number, Ri, introduced to quantify the influence of mixed convection and the Prandtl number, Pr, on the amplitudes and phase angles of the skin friction and heat transfer. In addition, the effects of these parameters are examined in terms of the transient skin friction and heat transfer.