Browsing by Author "Haque, Anamul"

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Antioxidant, analgesic and CNS depressant effects of Synedrella nodiflora
(© 2012 Elsevier Ltd., 2016-10) Nahar, Laizuman,; Zahan, Ronok; Ibn Morshed, Mahmud Tareq; Haque, Anamul; Alam, Zahangir; Mosaddik, Ashik
Synedrella nodiflora (L) Gaertn. belonging to the family Asteraceae contains steroids, reducing sugars, phenolic, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and triterpenoids. Therefore, this study is designed to investigate its antioxidant, analgesic and CNS depressant effects. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of S. nodiflora (SN) was determined using Folin Ciocalteu reagent, phosphomolybdenum method, free radical scavenging activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and the reducing power activity. Analgesic activity was done by acetic acid and formalin model and CNS depressant activity was measured by the hole cross and open field method. Results: The total phenols and total antioxidant capacity of SN was found to be 37.38 < 2.01 mg/g equivalent of gallic acid and 433.37 < 4.22 mg/gm equivalent of ascorbic acid. The percentage (%) scavenging of DPPH free radical was found to be concentration dependent and IC50 value was 125.89 < 2.23 µg/ml while the IC50 value of standard ascorbic acid was found to be 16.76 < 0.11 µg/ml. The reducing power of SN was found to be concentration dependent. Acetic acid and formalin models are peripherally acting analgesic methods. The oral administration of both doses (100 and 200 mg/kg b.wt.) of SN significantly (p<0.001) inhibited 40.06% and 61.83% writhing response induced by acetic acid whereas oral administration of the same doses of SN significantly (p<0.001) inhibited 56.96% and 62.60% itching response induced by formalin. The methanolic extract of SN, at the dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg b.wt. produced significant (P<0.001) decrease of locomotion. This is the first report of CNS depressant activity of the plant.
Antioxidant, analgesic and CNS depressant effects of Synedrella nodiflora
(© 2012 Elsevier Ltd., 2016-10) Nahar, Laizuman,; Zahan, Ronok; Ibn Morshed, Mahmud Tareq; Haque, Anamul; Alam, Zahangir; Mosaddik, Ashik
Synedrella nodiflora (L) Gaertn. belonging to the family Asteraceae contains steroids, reducing sugars, phenolic, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and triterpenoids. Therefore, this study is designed to investigate its antioxidant, analgesic and CNS depressant effects. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of S. nodiflora (SN) was determined using Folin Ciocalteu reagent, phosphomolybdenum method, free radical scavenging activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and the reducing power activity. Analgesic activity was done by acetic acid and formalin model and CNS depressant activity was measured by the hole cross and open field method. Results: The total phenols and total antioxidant capacity of SN was found to be 37.38 < 2.01 mg/g equivalent of gallic acid and 433.37 < 4.22 mg/gm equivalent of ascorbic acid. The percentage (%) scavenging of DPPH free radical was found to be concentration dependent and IC50 value was 125.89 < 2.23 µg/ml while the IC50 value of standard ascorbic acid was found to be 16.76 < 0.11 µg/ml. The reducing power of SN was found to be concentration dependent. Acetic acid and formalin models are peripherally acting analgesic methods. The oral administration of both doses (100 and 200 mg/kg b.wt.) of SN significantly (p<0.001) inhibited 40.06% and 61.83% writhing response induced by acetic acid whereas oral administration of the same doses of SN significantly (p<0.001) inhibited 56.96% and 62.60% itching response induced by formalin. The methanolic extract of SN, at the dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg b.wt. produced significant (P<0.001) decrease of locomotion. This is the first report of CNS depressant activity of the plant.
Antioxidant, analgesic and CNS depressant effects of Synedrella nodiflora
(© 2012 Elsevier Ltd., 2016-10) Nahar, Laizuman,; Zahan, Ronok; Ibn Morshed, Mahmud Tareq; Haque, Anamul; Alam, Zahangir; Mosaddik, Ashik
Synedrella nodiflora (L) Gaertn. belonging to the family Asteraceae contains steroids, reducing sugars, phenolic, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and triterpenoids. Therefore, this study is designed to investigate its antioxidant, analgesic and CNS depressant effects. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of S. nodiflora (SN) was determined using Folin Ciocalteu reagent, phosphomolybdenum method, free radical scavenging activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and the reducing power activity. Analgesic activity was done by acetic acid and formalin model and CNS depressant activity was measured by the hole cross and open field method. Results: The total phenols and total antioxidant capacity of SN was found to be 37.38 < 2.01 mg/g equivalent of gallic acid and 433.37 < 4.22 mg/gm equivalent of ascorbic acid. The percentage (%) scavenging of DPPH free radical was found to be concentration dependent and IC50 value was 125.89 < 2.23 µg/ml while the IC50 value of standard ascorbic acid was found to be 16.76 < 0.11 µg/ml. The reducing power of SN was found to be concentration dependent. Acetic acid and formalin models are peripherally acting analgesic methods. The oral administration of both doses (100 and 200 mg/kg b.wt.) of SN significantly (p<0.001) inhibited 40.06% and 61.83% writhing response induced by acetic acid whereas oral administration of the same doses of SN significantly (p<0.001) inhibited 56.96% and 62.60% itching response induced by formalin. The methanolic extract of SN, at the dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg b.wt. produced significant (P<0.001) decrease of locomotion. This is the first report of CNS depressant activity of the plant.
Antioxidant, analgesic and CNS depressant effects of Synedrella nodiflora
(© 2012 Elsevier Ltd., 2016-10) Nahar, Laizuman,; Zahan, Ronok; Ibn Morshed, Mahmud Tareq; Haque, Anamul; Alam, Zahangir; Mosaddik, Ashik
Synedrella nodiflora (L) Gaertn. belonging to the family Asteraceae contains steroids, reducing sugars, phenolic, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and triterpenoids. Therefore, this study is designed to investigate its antioxidant, analgesic and CNS depressant effects. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of S. nodiflora (SN) was determined using Folin Ciocalteu reagent, phosphomolybdenum method, free radical scavenging activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and the reducing power activity. Analgesic activity was done by acetic acid and formalin model and CNS depressant activity was measured by the hole cross and open field method. Results: The total phenols and total antioxidant capacity of SN was found to be 37.38 < 2.01 mg/g equivalent of gallic acid and 433.37 < 4.22 mg/gm equivalent of ascorbic acid. The percentage (%) scavenging of DPPH free radical was found to be concentration dependent and IC50 value was 125.89 < 2.23 µg/ml while the IC50 value of standard ascorbic acid was found to be 16.76 < 0.11 µg/ml. The reducing power of SN was found to be concentration dependent. Acetic acid and formalin models are peripherally acting analgesic methods. The oral administration of both doses (100 and 200 mg/kg b.wt.) of SN significantly (p<0.001) inhibited 40.06% and 61.83% writhing response induced by acetic acid whereas oral administration of the same doses of SN significantly (p<0.001) inhibited 56.96% and 62.60% itching response induced by formalin. The methanolic extract of SN, at the dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg b.wt. produced significant (P<0.001) decrease of locomotion. This is the first report of CNS depressant activity of the plant.
Antioxidant, analgesic and CNS depressant effects of Synedrella nodiflora
(© 2012 Elsevier Ltd., 2016-10) Nahar, Laizuman,; Zahan, Ronok; Ibn Morshed, Mahmud Tareq; Haque, Anamul; Alam, Zahangir; Mosaddik, Ashik
Synedrella nodiflora (L) Gaertn. belonging to the family Asteraceae contains steroids, reducing sugars, phenolic, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and triterpenoids. Therefore, this study is designed to investigate its antioxidant, analgesic and CNS depressant effects. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of S. nodiflora (SN) was determined using Folin Ciocalteu reagent, phosphomolybdenum method, free radical scavenging activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and the reducing power activity. Analgesic activity was done by acetic acid and formalin model and CNS depressant activity was measured by the hole cross and open field method. Results: The total phenols and total antioxidant capacity of SN was found to be 37.38 < 2.01 mg/g equivalent of gallic acid and 433.37 < 4.22 mg/gm equivalent of ascorbic acid. The percentage (%) scavenging of DPPH free radical was found to be concentration dependent and IC50 value was 125.89 < 2.23 µg/ml while the IC50 value of standard ascorbic acid was found to be 16.76 < 0.11 µg/ml. The reducing power of SN was found to be concentration dependent. Acetic acid and formalin models are peripherally acting analgesic methods. The oral administration of both doses (100 and 200 mg/kg b.wt.) of SN significantly (p<0.001) inhibited 40.06% and 61.83% writhing response induced by acetic acid whereas oral administration of the same doses of SN significantly (p<0.001) inhibited 56.96% and 62.60% itching response induced by formalin. The methanolic extract of SN, at the dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg b.wt. produced significant (P<0.001) decrease of locomotion. This is the first report of CNS depressant activity of the plant.
Comparative study of antidiabetic activity of Cajanus cajan and Tamarindus indica in alloxan-induced diabetic mice with a reference to in vitro antioxidant activity
(© 2014 Pharmacognosy Network Worldwide) Nahar, Laizuman; Haque, Ekramul; Nasrin, Fatema; Mosaddik, Ashik; Zahan, Ronok; Haque, Anamul
Oxidative stress not only develops complications in diabetic (type 1 and type 2) but also contributes to beta cell destruction in type 2 diabetes in insulin resistance hyperglycemia. Glucose control plays an important role in the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance. Some antidiabetic agents may by themselves have antioxidant properties independently of their role on glucose control. Objective: The present investigation draws a comparison of the protective antioxidant activity, total phenol content and the antihyperglycemic activity of the methanolic extract of Cajanus cajan root (MCC) and Tamarindus indica seeds (MTI). Materials and Methods: Antidiabetic potentials of the plant extracts were evaluated in alloxan-induced diabetic Swiss albino mice. The plant extracts at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight was orally administered for glucose tolerance test during 1-hour study and hypoglycemic effect during 5-day study period in comparison with reference drug Metformin HCl (50 mg/kg). In vitro antioxidant potential of MCC and MTI was investigated by using 1, 1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity at 517 nm. Total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity and reducing power activity was also assayed. Results: There was a significant decrease in fasting serum glucose level (P < 0.001), reduction in blood glucose level (P < 0.001) in 5-days study, observed in the alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The reduction efficacy of blood glucose level of both the extracts is proportional to their dose but MCC is more potent than MTI. Antioxidant study and quantification of phenolic compound of both the extracts revealed that they have high antioxidant capacity. Conclusion: These studies showed that MCC and MTI have both hypoglycemic and antioxidant potential but MCC is more potent than MTI. The present study suggests that both MCC and MTI could be used in managing oxidative stress.
Comparative study of antidiabetic activity of Cajanus cajan and Tamarindus indica in alloxan-induced diabetic mice with a reference to in vitro antioxidant activity
(© 2014 Pharmacognosy Network Worldwide) Nahar, Laizuman; Haque, Ekramul; Nasrin, Fatema; Mosaddik, Ashik; Zahan, Ronok; Haque, Anamul
Oxidative stress not only develops complications in diabetic (type 1 and type 2) but also contributes to beta cell destruction in type 2 diabetes in insulin resistance hyperglycemia. Glucose control plays an important role in the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance. Some antidiabetic agents may by themselves have antioxidant properties independently of their role on glucose control. Objective: The present investigation draws a comparison of the protective antioxidant activity, total phenol content and the antihyperglycemic activity of the methanolic extract of Cajanus cajan root (MCC) and Tamarindus indica seeds (MTI). Materials and Methods: Antidiabetic potentials of the plant extracts were evaluated in alloxan-induced diabetic Swiss albino mice. The plant extracts at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight was orally administered for glucose tolerance test during 1-hour study and hypoglycemic effect during 5-day study period in comparison with reference drug Metformin HCl (50 mg/kg). In vitro antioxidant potential of MCC and MTI was investigated by using 1, 1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity at 517 nm. Total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity and reducing power activity was also assayed. Results: There was a significant decrease in fasting serum glucose level (P < 0.001), reduction in blood glucose level (P < 0.001) in 5-days study, observed in the alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The reduction efficacy of blood glucose level of both the extracts is proportional to their dose but MCC is more potent than MTI. Antioxidant study and quantification of phenolic compound of both the extracts revealed that they have high antioxidant capacity. Conclusion: These studies showed that MCC and MTI have both hypoglycemic and antioxidant potential but MCC is more potent than MTI. The present study suggests that both MCC and MTI could be used in managing oxidative stress.
Comparative study of antidiabetic activity of Cajanus cajan and Tamarindus indica in alloxan-induced diabetic mice with a reference to in vitro antioxidant activity
(© 2014 Pharmacognosy Network Worldwide) Nahar, Laizuman; Haque, Ekramul; Nasrin, Fatema; Mosaddik, Ashik; Zahan, Ronok; Haque, Anamul
Oxidative stress not only develops complications in diabetic (type 1 and type 2) but also contributes to beta cell destruction in type 2 diabetes in insulin resistance hyperglycemia. Glucose control plays an important role in the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance. Some antidiabetic agents may by themselves have antioxidant properties independently of their role on glucose control. Objective: The present investigation draws a comparison of the protective antioxidant activity, total phenol content and the antihyperglycemic activity of the methanolic extract of Cajanus cajan root (MCC) and Tamarindus indica seeds (MTI). Materials and Methods: Antidiabetic potentials of the plant extracts were evaluated in alloxan-induced diabetic Swiss albino mice. The plant extracts at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight was orally administered for glucose tolerance test during 1-hour study and hypoglycemic effect during 5-day study period in comparison with reference drug Metformin HCl (50 mg/kg). In vitro antioxidant potential of MCC and MTI was investigated by using 1, 1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity at 517 nm. Total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity and reducing power activity was also assayed. Results: There was a significant decrease in fasting serum glucose level (P < 0.001), reduction in blood glucose level (P < 0.001) in 5-days study, observed in the alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The reduction efficacy of blood glucose level of both the extracts is proportional to their dose but MCC is more potent than MTI. Antioxidant study and quantification of phenolic compound of both the extracts revealed that they have high antioxidant capacity. Conclusion: These studies showed that MCC and MTI have both hypoglycemic and antioxidant potential but MCC is more potent than MTI. The present study suggests that both MCC and MTI could be used in managing oxidative stress.
CORONA VIRUSES AND THEIR ANIMAL RESERVOIR: A REVIEW
(Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Chattogram-4225, Bangladesh, 2020-09) Haque, Anamul
The pandemic of Corona virus disease – 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now considered as one of the greatest calamities in human history. Despite of its aggressive impact on human, SARA-CoV-2 is not originated in human rather in animal, which is supported by most of the substantial and molecular evidences. To contain any of upcoming similar hazards, it is important to have clear knowledge on the dynamics of corona viruses and their potential reservoir hosts, as many of them has significant potential to cause pandemics in both animals and humans. The zoonotic diseases caused by corona virus had a great influence in human and animal life. Furthermore, corona virus infection in food animals can affect a country’s economy severely, as in many countries the economy depends on their livestock and poultry. As people live close to their food animals and pet animals, there is chance of having zoonotic corona virus infection in human caused by the mutant corona virus of animals. In this report we reviewed different published articles to summarize the health hazards causing by different corona viruses in both humans and animals along with their transmission dynamics and zoonotic potential
Online Charity Service
(Daffodil International University, 23-01-18) Haque, Anamul
The main goal of my project is to create a new platform for helping all country orphans and underprivileged children. provide them Support of Food, Education, Medical, Accommodation and Cloth. This project also intended as a guide for social workers and philanthropists when helping orphans and underprivileged children. This Project work is a try to analyze web-based services oriented towards financial Support for various country orphans and charity Campaign.Through this project we will create campaigns to help orphans and underprivileged children of different countries and upload it on the website. Through this, social workers and philanthropists who want to help can visit our website and see our campaigns. Social workers and philanthropists can donate to the campaign of the country they wish to help orphans and underprivileged children. There will be options of different accounts for donating, donors can donate through any account and can select different currencies. As our project will be global, we will have volunteers in each country to conduct volunteer investigations and list orphans and underprivileged children. And we will campaign with them. No charges will be deducted from the donor's account until the campaign is over. And our volunteers will present all the documentation after the campaign. Donors can live chat with us for any need. Basically through this project we will be able to help orphans and underprivileged children in all kinds of ways .
Performance Appraisal of Dhaka Bank Limited
(East West University, 1/5/2005) Haque, Anamul
Always there are two groups under consideration of financial condition, one is the surplus unit and another one is deficit unit. So, between these two groups easy transaction of money is very necessary and important for balance. Bank and financial institution do this important job. DBL foresee high growth in business in 2004. The growth will predictably generate from the diversified Corporate Sector, Personal Banking, Money market operations, Consortium financing and Export oriented initiatives. Problems ofDBL like- Lack of Commitment, No Marketing Department, Conservative Banking Approach (Risk Avers Approach), Centralized Decision Making, Few Staff meeting, Recruitment Policy, Lack of Qualified System Operation and Computer Operation, Few Staff, Staff Loan and Credit Card Suggestion to over come the problem like-Advertisement and promotion, More Appropriate Recruitment Policy, Improve network System and staff training and Staff Loan.Today's business is very competitive and complex. To survive in the related sector the organization need competitive people and has to take some effective policy. Banking sector in Bangladesh.
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in South Asian Countries
(Daffodil International University, 2017-07-01) Haque, Anamul; Ghosh, Susmita
Childhood obesity is a global health problem with immediate and long-term health consequences. The increasing trend of childhood overweight & obesity has emerged as a major public health threat. The study reviewed relevant articles on prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in South Asia during 2008 to 2017. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of childhood overweight & obesity in South Asia. Literature search was done in accessible logical open areas, for example, Google Scholar, PubMed, Bio-Med central and Science Hub from the most recent ten years. Extra investigations were likewise recognized through cross-references and sites of authority organizations. Twenty primary studies were included in the final review, of which were conducted in schools settings in the South Asian countries; Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka. The prevalence of overweight and obesity showed wide variations in the included studies. The study showed that the prevalence rate is higher in Bangladesh, India & Pakistan and relatively lower in Bhutan, Nepal & Sri Lanka. This survey indicated expanding patterns in the commonness of overweight and weight rates among children in South Asia. This investigation underlines on the earnest need to advance solid ways of life among children to handle childhood overweight and corpulence.
Prospects of graphene and carbon nanotube for nanoscale interconnects
(BRAC University, 2017-12) Rayhan, Md. Shakhawat Hossain; Uddin, Md. Shifat; Biva, Jannatul Tazrin; Huda, Md. Shofiqul; Haque, Anamul
Interconnects are the channels that provide power and carry signals between various components on an integrated circuit. As technology is shrinking to nano scale the thickness of the interconnect wire is also decreasing. Currently, copper (Cu) is being used as interconnect material but with the scaling in nanometer regime, it exhibits much difficulties in terms of IC performance and reliability. Which is the bottleneck for improving IC performance in future. When the thickness of the copper wire reduces to 41nm its resistivity becomes approximately 1.5 times of the bulk resistivity[56]. When this thickness is 10nm the resistivity is infinite. Not only this to keep pace with the current technology node of interconnets a large amount of current has to flow within a very thick wire. for this reason the wire has to withstand with a high current density. But copper at nanometer range only sustain in 106A/cm2[81] of current densities with some structural defects. Also in this current density copper wire exhibits very high joule heating consequently degrades the IC’s performance. Progressively high curent density leads to electromigration faliure which degrades wire life time. As a result IC lose its longevity. To tackle this challenges and difficulties faced by copper wires it is high time to think of another material which can be used as interconnect for future devices. The new material have to have sustainability in nanoscale with higher breakdown current density, Elecromigration antagonist and joule heating preventive which leads to high performance IC’s. Also the new material need to be reliable which makes the interconnect lifetime higher. In this paper we are proposing two new material named graphene and carbon nanotube(CNT) which can be the effective replacement of copper. Graphene and CNT can be implemented in nanoscale interonnects for their magical characteristics. Both of this material have nanoscale physical configuaration. Graphene has low resistivity (1u cm)[72] is even lower compared to other good conductor like silver (1.5u cm). Not only this CNT’s and Graphene can withstand current densities up to 109A/cm2[81] which make them electromigration antagonist. But The only challenge for graphene is schottkey barrier it creates at the junction of the metal and semiconductor which causes a barrier height for electron to pass through. Another compound mixing where the barrier height is less can solve the problem of graphene. If this issue is resolved, we may then directly use Graphene and CNT for nano scale interconnects. This paper extensively illustrates why Graphene and CNT can be the best alternative for replacing copper. In the beginning of the paper different kinds of interconnect has been described. Later that the paper delivers a comprehensive review of the previous, existing materials used for interconnects v and then described the new materials for interconnects. The paper also elaborates the major limitations of copper in nanoscale interconnects and then successfully delineate the major advantages we may get from graphene and carbon nanotube as interconnect material. After that the production route of graphene has been described. In this dissertation we tried to establish the major issues of copper and the best alternative for that. Further study is needed for the capping material of graphene which will increase the lifetime of the interconnect.
Seasonal Effect of Production Performance of indigenous chicken and Predict the Traits Value By Fitting the Exponential Model
(Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Science University, 2020-09) Haque, Anamul
The present study was conducted in Pipulbaria village at Sirajganj district to know the production performance of indigenous chicken with seasonal effect and predict the values by fitting the exponential model. The average live weight of chicken was (912.73±31.02g) higher in winter than summer (888.27±20.377g).The average egg weight was higher (40.23.5±0.441g) in summer than winter (39.76±0.536 g).The average egg production per clutch higher in summer (12.2±0.536g) than in winter (10.53±0.376g).The Actual value of the traits (Live weight and clutch size) in Summer (888.27±20.377g, 12.2 ±0.536g) higher than predicted value (885.82 ±5.122g, 11.72±0.06g). The Actual value of the traits (Live weight and Egg weight) in winter (912.73±31.021g, 39.76±0.536g) higher than predicted value (906.17±1.848g, 39.01±0.143g). The R2 was used to compare the model performance and actual and predicted values
Seasonal Effect of Production Performance of indigenous chicken and Predict the Traits Value By Fitting the Exponential Model
(Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Science University, 2020-09) Haque, Anamul
The present study was conducted in Pipulbaria village at Sirajganj district to know the production performance of indigenous chicken with seasonal effect and predict the values by fitting the exponential model. The average live weight of chicken was (912.73±31.02g) higher in winter than summer (888.27±20.377g).The average egg weight was higher (40.23.5±0.441g) in summer than winter (39.76±0.536 g).The average egg production per clutch higher in summer (12.2±0.536g) than in winter (10.53±0.376g).The Actual value of the traits (Live weight and clutch size) in Summer (888.27±20.377g, 12.2 ±0.536g) higher than predicted value (885.82 ±5.122g, 11.72±0.06g). The Actual value of the traits (Live weight and Egg weight) in winter (912.73±31.021g, 39.76±0.536g) higher than predicted value (906.17±1.848g, 39.01±0.143g). The R2 was used to compare the model performance and actual and predicted values