Browsing by Author "Amanullah, Md."

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Impact of Motivation on the Performance of Women Workers in Garment Industry in Bangladesh
(University of Rajshahi, 2009) Begum, Ms. Zeennat Ara; Amanullah, Md.
Industrial outcomes depends on skill and workmanship. A worker may be highly skilled, he knows his job, but this alone cannot ensure perfection of work or quality of goods. In order to produce quality goods or improve productivity, the worker must be motivated. Motivation implies that the worker is willing spontaneously to work effectively. Motivation is the willingness of people to exert high levels of efforts towards organizational goal, conditioned by efforts, ability to satisfy some individual needs. Unless properly motivated, worker will not be able to produce quality goods or improved productivity. In our study, garment industry is selected. During the late 1980s garment industry drew attention not only as earners of foreign currency but also due to the rush of women workers walking in groups that one saw in the early morning hours and after the sunset. Not all could appreciate the advent of such social changes. Complaints were raised, often in news media on possible labour lawlessness including employment condition, exploitation of labour by providing low wages, overwork gender difference in earnings, social insecurity of female workers, etc. Most of these were based on wild guesses rather than direct observation. The broad purpose of the study is to highlight the motivational aspects of women workers of garment industry in Bangladesh and to assess the impact of motivation on workers' performance. Eight hypotheses have been formulated based on intensive review. For collecting data both primary and secondary sources were used. In some cases observation method worked. For collecting primary data 30 garment factory were selected randomly where at least 500 female workers were employed. All of our sampled workers were female and machine operator as per skilled category III. 300 workers were selected from 30 garment factories randomly and proportionately. On the other hand, 60 executive (two in each sample unit) were selected purposively from human resource department. Two different sets of semi-structured questionnaire were used for interviewing the respondents. For rating the performance of the workers, performance rating schedule was used. Concerned supervisor of the workers rating their performance. Opinions at the respondents have been classified following ordinal scale and Likert's five point scale. Statistical tools like, frequencies, percentages, mean standard deviation, minimum, maximum, t-value, p-value etc. are shown. Testing of hypotheses are done through z-test and chi-squire test. The overall conclusion of the study is that garment female workers are not motivated properly and their performance are in lower level. The findings also indicate that the garment workers are not reasonably satisfied with job satisfaction measures. Result at the present study further shows that the garment workers desire for higher order needs is not so much dominant, which implies that these higher order needs may be suspended before some progress is made to job characteristics and job context factors. The present observation proves that sample garment workers' primary needs are not reasonably satisfied. Our garment female workers have been facing lot of social and economical problems. Most of them are younger in age, unmarried and lower educated. They have come from rural background with economic sufferings. Majority of them are the primary earner of their family. The most adverse social impact of garment industry is on violence against women, verbal abuse at workplace is highest. They are to listen demeaning remarks of neighbours for performing overtime work at night. In the street they are attacked by mast an or local touts. There residence are not also secured. They had to face lot of problems there. Their standard of living is lower also. Their commuting problem is highest specially at night. The workers health condition is not so good. They have been suffering from lot of physical problems like physical weakness, eye problem, headache, waist & back pain, cough and fever etc. They are not able to take treatment for economic reason. Occupational hazards, uncongenial working conditions. Inability to take adequate healthy food are the responsible for their ill health. Moreover, they have no time to take rest, they are to work from morning till night. Among motivating factors, workers gave highest priority to financial factors like wage, bonus and fringe benefits. It follows supervision. If we sum up the findings of our survey, we find that financial incentives are not at all satisfactory for the workers. On the other hand, among non-financial incentives, relationships with peers are reasonably satisfactory but to supervision, relationship with management, company's policy and administration, they expressed dissatisfaction. The workers feel highest job insecurity. Moreover, lack of promotion, self development opportunity, work autonomy and gender differential behaviour are the major grievances of the garment workers. Even they have no right to form trade union. In garment factories, legal machineries are not implemented properly. AS a result, physical working conditions, leave, employment matters are ignored to a large extent. These problems and dis satisfactions should be duely considered and properly handled by the management. Special care should be taken so as to remove the crucial problems. Under the circumstance I would like to suggest for motivating workers to improve their performance and to make sound working environment. Job satisfaction measures for the workers should be taken seriously. Economic dissatisfaction should be handled carefully. Payment of wage and other financial benefit may be given on the basis of performance. Measures should be taken for advancement and self development of workers. Legal machineries should be implemented properly. For ensuring social security of the workers, law and order situation should be improved in general. Social awareness should be developed by the initiative of the government and non-government organizations. Finally human relation atmosphere should be developed in the factory.
Socio Economic Impact of Leather Industry in Bangladesh: An Empirical Study
(University of Rajshahi, 2016) Khan, Wahiduzzaman; Islam, Md. Rabiul; Amanullah, Md.
The leather industry is one of the most prospective industries in Bangladesh. This sector occupies an important position in relation to the other manufacturing sectors in terms of gross output, high value addition, employment generation, poverty alleviation, income generation and a socio-economic benefactor for the country. It has enough scope for both vertical and horizontal expansion in terms of economic return and social benefits. The leather industry of Bangladesh is the largest foreign exchange earner of the country, contributing 8% of total export earnings. However, there is little systematic research into this sector. This study addressed the research gap by seeking to understand how leather industry contributes to socio economic development in Bangladesh. A number of studies have addressed economic, social, and community development issues of leather industry in Bangladesh. However, few have combined these constructs (i.e. economic, social, and community development) into a theoretical framework that can be used to assess the impact of a leather industry in Bangladesh. This study developed a Conceptual framework as a model to assess the social and economic impact of leather industry in Bangladesh. Cross-sectional exploratory quantitative and qualitative approaches were used for this study. A semi-structured questionnaire survey was used to collect data from over 400 participants in various tanneries in Bangladesh. The data were analyzed by using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method, a statistical analysis technique based on the Structural Equation Model (SEM). The study found that service and facility (t = 15.7547, β = 0.6599, p < 0.05) and social security (t = 5.5610, β = 0.2730, p < 0.05) had positive influence on social impact of leather industry in Bangladesh, while working environment (t = 0.6281, β = 0.0409, p > 0.05) and health security (t = 0.0264, β = 0.0023, p > 0.05) had no significant effect on social impact of leather industry in Bangladesh. It was also found that wages and productivity (t = 6.1996, β = 0.2802, p < 0.05), employment impact (t = 14.3071, β = 0.6198, p < 0.05) and personal income (t = 2.1532, β = 0.1561, p < 0.05) had positive influence on economic impact of leather industry in Bangladesh, while job security (t = 1.4186, β = 0.0913, p > 0.05) had no significant effect on economic impact of leather industry in Bangladesh. The findings of the present study will contribute to the development of strategies and policies for leather industry in Bangladesh. In addition, the Conceptual Model developed in this study can be easily adapted for studying socio economic impact of leather industry or other industry in developing countries.
Sustainable Development of Ecotourism in Bangladesh
(University of Rajshahi, 2011) Ahmed, Feroz; Amanullah, Md.; Mondal, A.K.M. Galam Rabbani
This study was designed to identify the benefit of local people with the development of ecotourism in Bangladesh. To fulfill the above stated objective this study has been intended to identify the socio-economic status of the local people of various tourism spots, discover the perception of local people regarding ecotourism development, spot out the job opportunity possibilities through ecotourism development, to recognize the relationship between income and consumption pattern• of the local people with the ecotourism development and to check whether the locality is being benefited through ecotourism development. In relation to the objectives of the study and supporting literature, five hypotheses were drawn to be tested through this research. The hypotheses were firstly, local people have positive perception toward ecotourism development; secondly, ecotourism development creates various types of job opportunities for the local people; thirdly, ecotourism development enhances the consumption power of the local people; fourthly, ecotourism development is sustainable livelihood option for the local community and finally ecotourism development enhances the overall development in that locality. To test the above stated hypotheses, interview technique was being undertaken for collecting necessary data from the respondents i.e., local people. Besides the demographic and other issues, the perception of the local people and their feelings regarding economic, social and economic aspects were identified through frequency distribution and weighted average methods. Moreover, three linear regression models have been administered in order to assess the factors that influence, the income, consumption of the local people and community development perspective through ecotourism development. After analyzing the data it was found that most of the family of the local people ranged in between three to eight persons. 78% of the families had one to three children. The education condition was very diss at is factory: 63% of the inhabitant found illiterate and only 52% of their children were found school going, rest were either not goh1g to school or had dropped out from the school. The earning condition of the inhabitants found very diss at is factory. Most of the respondents found not earning enough to fulfill their basic requirements and had income less than TK. 9000 per month. The study also revealed that in a significant portion of the cases expenditure exceeded the income. Tourism related activities found increasingly becoming popular source of job opportunity. Hence, ecotourism development created job opportunities for them and enhanced their income and livelihood. Vast majority of the local people believed that ecotourism development increased various types of facilities for them. If it is being developed further in organized way, it would be able to contribute more in uplifting their livelihoods in various ways. Educational qualification, number of family member and number of children in the family have significant effect on income of the individual. With the increase of level of education and the number of family members, the income tends to increase, whereas with the increase of the number of children the income tends to decrease. This indicates that in relevance to the year of schooling, more the education the more the earning. As there is shortage of educated manpower, those who are comparatively educated can earn more. Large family may help each other for tourism related business and thus can help in earning more. On the other side, families having more children are being involved with child rearing and thus can spend less time in tourism activities and thus can earn less. This study also showed that Marginal Propensity to Savings is 0.32, indicates about one third of the income will be saved thus can be inferred that the consumption and saving increased with the increase in income through the ecotourism development. Therefore it can be revealed that with further development of ecotourism in their locality, the consumption and saving will increase further and thus the livelihood of the local people will develop further. The poor people in the community benefit more from the tourism and local people can live better with tourism than before are significant at one percent level. That means with increase of these factors community benefits would be increased. Side by side there are some factors which are negatively related with the community benefit from the tourism such as the hotel owners do not take into consideration the communities' interest, only the wealthiest benefit from the tourism and few numbers of people are benefited from tourism. These factors are also negatively significant at one percent level. So with the development in these factors the community would be more benefited. With the development of community, the local people consume various types of benefits and thus the livelihood of the local people also increase. This study suggests that the ecotourism development needs proper planning and coordination, without which the development ultimately may not provide total benefit for the country as well as for the locality.
The Effect of Cues on Consumers' Cognitive-Inference in Perspective of Beautification Items in Bangladesh
(University of Rajshahi, 2013) Parvin, Most. Nargis; Mondal, A. K. M. Golam Rabbani; Amanullah, Md.
"Consumers' cognitive inference" is an increasingly important topic in today's consumer behavior research. The consumers' cognitive inference is related to the extent of consumers' information search. The attitude has emerged in today's modern world due to the increased awareness of the importance to maintain beauty and sustain a lifestyle by using beautification products. From information processing perception, a product can be conceived as an array of cues where cues can be regarded as 'pieces of information'. This study investigates the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic cues, i.e., perceived brand image (PBI), perceived product price (PPP), perceived product ingredient (PPI), perceived product smell (PPS), perceived product expires date (PPED), perceived product size (PPSI), perceived side-effect (PSE), and perceived product color (PPC) on consumers' perception of product quality, value and cognitive inference for beautification items. It is hoped that the findings of this study will help consumer behavior researchers to extend their study about how consumers make their cognitive inference towards beautification items considering brand's extrinsic and intrinsic cues. It is a very difficult and complicated job to measure the consumers' cognitive inference. This study has developed some tentative question to measure the consumers' cognitive inference. The study has also answered the following questions: Q 1 a. Do intrinsic or extrinsic cues have a significant effect on consumers' judgment on perceived quality? Q 1 b. If there exists any significant influence, which among has/have the important effect? Q2a. Do intrinsic or extrinsic cues have a significant effect on consumers' judgment on perceived value? Q2b. If there exists any significant influence, which among has/have the important effect? Q3a. What are the exact roles of perceived quality and perceived value on consumers' cognitive inference? Q3b. If there exists any significant influence, which among has/have the important effect? Q4a. What are the exact roles of perceived quality and perceived value as mediating variables between the intrinsic and extrinsic cues and consumers' cognitive inference? Q4b. Are there any other mechanisms, such as, the direct effects of intrinsic and/or extrinsic cues on consumers' cognitive inference? The main purpose of this study is to examine the influence of cues on the consumers' cognitive inference. The first objective is to determine how intrinsic and extrinsic cues affect quality perception of a brand. The second objective is to determine how intrinsic and extrinsic cues affect perceived value of a brand. The third objective is to identify whether consumers' cognitive inference depend on consumers' perception of quality and value or not. Fourth objective is to determine the direct and indirect effects of the extrinsic and intrinsic cues on consumers' cognitive inference and to expose the combination of them which have the significant effects………………………………